Submitted by Ubirajara Cruz (ubirajara.cruz@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T16:35:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Diane_Schiavon.pdf: 775620 bytes, checksum: ef7ee3eff59d2a06e02224b7b6522877 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T20:55:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Diane_Schiavon.pdf: 775620 bytes, checksum: ef7ee3eff59d2a06e02224b7b6522877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T20:55:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Diane_Schiavon.pdf: 775620 bytes, checksum: ef7ee3eff59d2a06e02224b7b6522877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A utilização dos vegetais é uma prática usual, principalmente para as comunidades rurais. Uma das formas de se obter esses dados sobre as plantas medicinais é através de levantamentos etnobotânicos. É através da etnobotânica que se busca o conhecimento e o resgate do saber tradicional particularmente relacionado ao uso dos recursos da flora. O trabalho tem como objetivo resgatar o conhecimento etnobotânico de informantes sobre plantas medicinais do município de Pelotas e Capão do Leão e validar in vitro a ação antibacteriana das plantas que possuem este fim, frente às principais bactérias isoladas do úbere bovino com mastite. Foi realizado um resgate etnobotânico com três informantes. Foram identificadas 83 espécies vegetais distribuídas em 40 famílias botânicas, sendo as famílias Asteraceae e Lamiaceae as de maior número de espécie sendo a folha a parte da planta mais utilizada. Das 83 plantas identificadas, 26 foram citadas como antimicrobianos e validadas através da Técnica de Microdiluição em Caldo. Foram 16 as espécies que apresentam alguma ação antibacteriana frente às bactérias testadas. Podemos concluir que as informantes utilizam uma grande diversidade de plantas medicinais tanto na cura como na prevenção das doenças e que as espécies pariparoba (Piper regnellii (Miq.) C. DC.) e teta de cadela (Zanthoxylum astrigerum (R.S.Cowan) P.G. Waterman) são as mais promissoras dentre as testadas, podendo ser posteriormente realizados estudos in vivo com a finalidade de determinar sua ação na prevenção da mastite bovina. / The use of plant is a common practice, especially for rural communities. One way to get this data on medicinal plants is through ethnobotanical surveys. It is through ethnobotany that seeks knowledge and the rescue of traditional knowledge particularly related to the use of flora resources. The study aims to rescue the ethnobotanical knowledge of informants on medicinal plants of Pelotas and Capão do Leão and validate the in vitro antibacterial activity of the plants that hold this end, against the major bacteria isolated from bovine udder with mastitis. An ethnobotanical rescue with three informants was conducted. We identified 83 plant species belonging to 40 botanical families, with the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families the most representative in number of species and the sheet of the most used plant. Of the 83 plants identified, 26 were cited as antimicrobial and validated through the microdilution technique in broth. There were 16 plants that have some antibacterial action in the face of bacteria tested. We can conclude that the informants use a wide variety of medicinal plants both in healing and in disease prevention and the pariparoba species (Piper reginelli (Miq.) C. DC.) And bitch theta (Zanthoxylum astrigerum (RSCowan) PG Waterman ) are the most promising among the different and may be performed later in vivo studies with the purpose of determining its effect on the prevention of bovine mastitis.

Despite decades of intense research, malaria remains a deadly worldwide disease. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to chemical treatment still remains important. Efforts are now being directed towards the discovery and development of new chemically diverse anti-malarial agents. In the course of the search for new antimalarial compounds, a study of plants traditionally used against malaria by the people inhabiting the forests located near Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India was made, which permitted the identification of 34 plants currently used. Among these, 27 plants were selected for testing for antiplasmodial activity aimed at identifying the most effective plants for further research. Also, their activities were compared with 27 randomly collected plant species in order to asess the value of an ethno-medical approach.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3533467 bytes, checksum: bbf8bea9a32ae2311cd924bf8ad167bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this work was to identify through an Etnobotanic study the most used medicinal plants for health treatment of oral diseases and to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the potential for medicine interactions (antibiotics) during the use of medicinal plants. For this purpose the study was performed in the municipal districts of Cruz do Espírito Santo, Guarabira, Jacaraú, João Pessoa, Mamanguape, Santa Rita and Sapé, where 62 healers, 385 users and 197 dentists participated in an interview. They answered to subjects that involved socioeconomic and cultural variables and other factors relative to the use of medicinal plants for oral health. The antimicrobial activity of the most cited plants (n=5) was evaluated. To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the crude ethanolic extracts and decocts of the peels of Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes (barbatimão), Anacardium occidentale L., (cashew tree-purple), Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira) and Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (juá) were tested against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC700610), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC10557), Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC7073) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538), the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (CBM) were determined for all strains through the diffusion method in solid medium, using disks of filter paper and using the microdilution method in broth, using plates of 96 wells. The interference of the crude extracts and decocts of the peels of the plants in the activity of the antibiotics Ampicillin 10μg/mL, Amoxicillin 10μg/mL and Cefalexina 30μg/mL was evaluated in an experimental model of microdiluição in broth. The results of the diffusion method evidenced that, except for the decoct of the Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., with activity just against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175) and the decot of Punica granatum L. against Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC7073), all the other tested products showed activity antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms. The diameters of halos varing from 12 to 28mm for the crude extracts and varying from 6 to18mm for the decocts. The MIC varying from 15 a 150 μg/mL and the 200 a 400 mg/mL, respectively, for the crude extracts and the decocts. The CBM for the crude extracts varying from 40 to 400 μg/mL and for the decocts was >400mg/mL. It was observed synergism and antagonism effect of the extracts in the activity of the selected antibiotics. The results of this study indicate that the medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutic source for oral health and that there is a potential association (synergic or antagonistic) of the plants and antibiotics in this experimental model. Therefore, the most used medicinal plants evaluated presented effective biological activity (antibacterial activity). However potential associations with medicines deserves attention among users and professionals of health. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar através de estudo etnobotânico, as plantas medicinais mais utilizadas para tratamento de doenças bucais e, avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e o potencial para interações medicamentosas com antibióticos. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo etnobotânico nos municípios de Cruz do Espírito Santo, Guarabira, Jacaraú, João Pessoa, Mamanguape, Santa Rita e Sapé, onde 62 raizeiros, 385 usuários e 197 cirurgiões-dentistas participaram de uma entrevista e responderam a questões que envolviam indicadores sócio-econômicos e culturais e, outras relativas ao uso de plantas medicinais para tratar doenças bucais. Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana das cinco plantas mais citadas no estudo etnobotânico. Para o ensaio da atividade antibacteriana dos extratos etanólicos brutos e decoctos das cascas de Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & J.W. Grimes (barbatimão), Anacardium occidentale L., (cajueiro-roxo), Punica granatum L. (romã), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (aroeira) e Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. (juá) em linhagens de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC700610), Streptococcus oralis (ATCC10557), Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC7073) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6538, determinou-se a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM). Os ensaios foram realizados através do método de difusão em meio sólido, utilizando discos de papel de filtro e, pelo método de difusão em meio líquido, utilizando placas de 96 poços. A interferência dos extratos etanólicos brutos e dos decoctos das cascas das plantas na atividade dos antibióticos Ampicilina - 10 μg/mL, Amoxicilina 10 μg/mL e Cefalexina 30 μg/mL foram avaliados em modelo experimental de microdiluição em caldo. Os resultados evidenciaram que, com exceção do decocto do Ziziphus joazeiro Mart., com atividade apenas frente ao Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175) e o da Punica granatum L., frente ao Streptococcus salivarius (ATCC7073), todos os demais produtos testados mostraram atividade antimicrobina frente aos microrganismos ensaiados. Os halos de inibição variaram de 12 a 28mm para os extratos e de 6 a 18mm para os decoctos ensaiados. A CIM variou de 15 a 150 μg/mL e de 200 a 400 mg/mL, respectivamente, para os extratos e decoctos testados. A CBM dos extratos estudados variou de 40 a 400 μg/mL e, a dos decoctos foi > 400 mg/mL. Observaram-se efeitos de sinergismo e de antagonismo nas associações entre as plantas medicinais e os antibióticos ensaiados, indicando interferência dos extratos testados na atividade dos antimicrobianos selecionados. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo indicam que as plantas medicinais são utilizadas popularmente como recurso terapêutico na área da Odontologia e que, a associação das plantas e antibióticos ensaiados, neste modelo experimental, apresentou potencial para promover interações medicamentosas sinérgicas ou antagônicas. Portanto, as plantas medicinais mais utilizadas pela população apresentaram atividade biológica antimicrobiana. No entanto, o uso simultâneo com medicamentos merece atenção dos usuários e dos profissionais de saúde.

Association of Commonwealth Universities. Commonwealth Scholarship Commission. United Kingdom.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Nowadays, obesity is an endemic condition of great importance and the treatment of obesity includes many pharmacological or non-pharmacological alternatives. Medicinal plants are found between these alternatives and many plants are used for this purpose in Brazil, but the ethnobotanical studies are restricted to isolated regions and no study was performed to integrate these information, in order to give direction to scientific studies. In this context, in the present study it was conducted a systematic review about the use of medicinal plants in Brazil for obesity and weight loss. We have used the terms ethnobotanical , obesity , weight loss , Brazil and their variations in English and Portuguese for searching for papers in scientific databases. Thirty-one studies were identified and indicated 43 species popularly utilized to this purpose. The main species found were Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. ( carqueja , 14 citations), Annona muricata L. ( graviola , 6 citations) and Hancornia speciosa Gomes ( mangabeira , 4 citations). Scarce scientific evidence was found for the majority of plants referred by the ethnobotanical surveys, which strengthened the need for more studies in this field. Interestingly, H. speciosa was the third plant more cited and the ethnobotanical surveys have demonstrated that the bark of H. speciose is the part of the plant that is popularly used to treat obesity or induce body weight loss. As there are no study that support the possible actions of this plant on obesity and/or weight loss, the present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of aqueous extract of the stem bark of H. speciosa (AEHS) on the glycemic and adipogenic profiles of obese mice. For this purpose, Swiss mice were divided into four groups that received standard diet (SD), standard diet plus AEHS (SDE), high-fat diet (HD) and high-fat diet plus AEHS (HDE). The EAHS was administered in the drinking water for the last 8 weeks of a total period of 18 weeks that animals received their diets. At the end of the experiment, the water and food intake, body weight, weight of adipose tissue pads, blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were evaluated. Data demonstrated the development of obesity in animals of group HD, which was associated to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, since this group showed increased area over the curve for insulin (p < 0.01) and glucose (p < 0.001) tolerance tests, along with augmented fasting blood glucose levels (p < 0.05) when compared to SD group. Besides, HD group showed increased weight of retroperitoneal (p < 0.05), perirenal (p < 0.001) and periepididymal (p < 0.05) adipose pads, as well as augmented the adiposity index (p < 0.05), in comparison with SD group. The addition of AEHS to mice did not changed the liquid or food intake, but it was not possible to observe difference between HD and HDE groups in the majority of the parameters evaluated. This treatment only caused a reduction in the weight of perirenal adipose pad, without affection the adiposity index. In this way, AEHS did not change the effects caused by the induction of obesity in mice, in contrast to ethnobotanical studies that indicate the use of the bark of H. speciosa in obesity and body weight loss. / A obesidade é uma condição endêmica, de grande importância nos dias atuais e para seu tratamento muitas alternativas farmacológicas ou não-farmacológicas são utilizadas. Dentre estas alternativas, encontram-se as plantas medicinais. Várias plantas são utilizadas para este fim no Brasil, mas os estudos etnobotânicos são restritos a regiões isoladas e não há na literatura estudos integrando estas informações para direcionar os estudos científicos. Neste contexto, no presente estudo foi realizada uma revisão sistemática sobre o uso de plantas medicinais no Brasil para a obesidade e perda de peso. Foram feitas buscas em bases de dados científicos com os termos ethnobotanical , obesity , weight loss , Brazil e suas variações em inglês e português e foram identificados 31 estudos que indicaram 43 espécies utilizadas popularmente para o fim proposto. As principais espécies encontradas foram Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. ( carqueja , 14 citações), Annona muricata L. ( graviola , 6 citações) e Hancornia speciosa Gomes ( mangabeira , 4 citações). Poucas evidências científicas foram encontradas para a maioria das plantas citadas nos estudos etnobotânicos, alertando para a necessidade de pesquisas para este fim. De forma interessante, a H. speciosa foi a terceira planta mais citada e os estudos etnobotânicos têm demonstrado que a casca do caule desta planta é a parte utilizada pela população para tratar a obesidade ou produzir perda de peso corpóreo. Como não há estudos que comprovem as ações desta planta sobe a obesidade e/ou perda de peso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar o potencial terapêutico do extrato aquoso da casca do caule da H. speciosa (EAHS) no perfil glicêmico e adipogênico de camundongos obesos. Para cumprir este objetivo, foram utilizados camundongos Swiss divididos em 4 grupos que receberam dieta padrão (DP), dieta padrão associada ao EAHS (DPE), dieta hiperlipídica (DH) e dieta hiperlipídica associada ao EAHS (DHE). O EAHS foi administrado na água de beber durante as 8 últimas semanas de um período total de 18 semanas em que os animais receberam as respectivas dietas. Ao final do experimento foram avaliados o consumo hídrico e de ração, peso corporal, peso dos coxins adiposos, glicemia, sensibilidade à insulina e tolerância à glicose. Foi observado o desenvolvimento de obesidade nos animais do grupo DH, associado à resistência à insulina e intolerância à glicose, pois este grupo apresentou maior área sob a curva nos testes de tolerância à insulina (p < 0,001) e à glicose (p < 0,001), além de maior glicemia de jejum (p < 0,05), quando comparado ao grupo DP. Além disso, o grupo DH mostrou aumento da massa dos coxins retroperitoneal (p < 0,05), perirenal (p < 0,001) e periepididimal (p < 0,05), bem como elevou o índice de adiposidade (p < 0,05) em comparação ao grupo DP. A adição do EAHS não alterou a ingestão hídrica ou consumo de ração dos animais, porém não foi possível observar diferença entre os grupos DH e DHE na grande maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. Este tratamento apenas reduziu significativamente a massa do coxim adiposo perirenal, sem afetar o índice de adiposidade. Dessa forma, o EAHS não alterou os efeitos causados pela indução da obesidade em camundongos, contrastando com os estudos etnobotânicos que indicam o uso da casca da H. speciosa na obesidade e na perda de massa corpórea.

Firewood is a dominant household fuel type used in many developing countries. Even in countries where there is improved access to electricity, most households still rely on firewood for their energy needs. Harvesting of some wood is illegal, however the high poverty rate, absence of alternative fuels and lack of law enforcement means even the protected wood species will continue to be used, with consequent pressure on the forests. Furthermore, the combustion of firewood for domestic use takes place in poorly ventilated homes emitting hazardous pollutants, which causes indoor air pollution and affect human health. The use of firewood as a household fuel can be superimposed nearly perfectly on that of socioeconomic development. Additionally, the use of household firewood is invariably associated with poverty in countries, in communities within a country and in households within a community. Indoor air pollution studies on human health should then consider socio-economic factors which seem to be one of the determinants of both firewood use and ill health, a determinant which is often neglected in most indoor air pollution studies. Domestic inhalation of firewood smoke is one of the mechanisms linking socio-economic (poverty) to disease. The current study sought to determine a baseline of wood usage and health risks caused by volatile organic compounds in Senwabarwana villages. This study integrated observations, ethnobotanical meta-analysis and experimental into one comprehensive integrated environmental health risk assessment framework to assess the risks associated with exposure to volatile organic compounds from firewood combustion. Basic information about firewood usage, socio-economic dynamics and perceived health problems related to volatile organic compounds was collected using a structured questionnaire. The Vac-U-Chamber was used to sample the air. The results show that firewood is extensively used in poorly ventilated kitchens for cooking and home heating in Senwabarwana villages. Ten priority firewood plant species are frequently used in the study area, namely Mohweleri (Combretum apiculatum), Moretshe (Dichrostachys cinera), Motswiri (Combretum imberbe), Mokgwa (Acacia burkei), Mushu (Acacia tortilis), Motshe (Cussonia paniculate), Mokata (Combretum hereroense), Mphata (Lonchocarpus capassa), Mokgalo (Ziziphus mucronate) and Mogwana (Grewia monticola), in their order of preference. The results also indicated thirteen common reasons or factors that influence the hoice of firewood plant species by households, the main four being: (i) the embers formed during combustion, (ii) heat value, (iii) low ash content and (iv) availability of the firewood plant species. Further analysis revealed several uses and ranking thereof, including reviewing the national status and legal profile of each identified plant species. The study found that most of the firewood species used in Senwabarwana Village were indigenous. Major drivers of firewood use are household income, educational status of breadwinners, family sizes, and place of residence, fuel affordability and accessibility, among others. Concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene per plant species were studied to assess the risk exposed to the Senwabarwana community. Literature indicates that these pollutants have several health effects associated with acute exposure such as eye, nose and throat irritation, headaches, dizziness, nausea and vomiting. Both hazard quotient and hazard index were found to be less than one indicating no risk exists with the use of plant species used for firewood in Senwabarwana even to sensitive individuals. The risk of developing health effects due to the presence of the studied volatile organic compounds can be assessed as negligible. Since firewood is a more convenient source of energy, it is recommended that the size of the windows be extended for ventilation. Agroforesty should also be implemented as a conservation method. The wood that emits less concentration of pollutants be used for firemaking. / Environmental Sciences

MSc (Botanty) / Department of Botany / Background: Problem plants and alien invasive weed species are part of today‟s ecological transformation. Ethnobotanical literature on ecological prominence and ethical values of problem alien weeds is scant and should be documented to avoid loss of valuable species. Aim: The study was aimed at documenting problem weeds and alien invasive plant species considered to be beneficial in deep rural communities. Materials and method: Purposeful triangulation research methods were used to ensure the proper gathering of both qualitative and quantitative data sets. Results and conclusion: Some problem weeds and alien invasive plant species are being utilized by local people to maintain their livelihood. A total of 78 plant species from 33 families were recorded. These plant species belonged to diverse growth habits, namely: climbers, herbaceous, succulents, shrubs, trees as well as creepers. Recorded problem weeds and alien invasive plant species were contributing towards ecological, medicinal and social values. These included being utilized as a source of food (14), fruits (4), medicinal (31), ornamentals (7), firewood (3), social (2) and multiple purposes (17). The main utilized families were Asteraceae (14.1%) and Solanaceae (14.1%). These families were mostly utilized for the purpose of medicinal and food. Plant species that were widely used are as follows: Achyrathes aspera L., Agave sisalana L., Amaranthus spinosus L., Anredera cordifolia L., Canna indica L., Centella asiatica L., Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Rob. The dominant category for problem weeds and alien invasive plant species was 1b (44%) followed by weeds (35%), category 2 (9%), invaders (5%), category 3 (4%) and 1% for both category 1, 1a as well as X3. The results revealed that the legislative listing of plant species as problem weeds and alien invasive species was based on single knowledge basis system, rather than on multi-dimensional knowledge systems. Therefore, this study recommended that for judgment to be considered in decision-making, it should be based on species-specificity as well as multi-dimensional-knowledge basis. The reconciliation of inherent grapples among scientific and indigenous knowledge systems could possibly be underpinned by equal legislative consideration for the aforementioned knowledge systems especially in the establishment and implementation of environmental regulations. This could also aid with the provision to support transformation in South Africa and worldwide.

MSc (Botany) / Department of Botany / Since time immemorial plants have traditionally been used for various purposes in many parts of the world including Vhembe district, Limpopo province of South Africa. The use of C. abbreviata plants at Matsa village of Vhembe district also contributes significantly to the livelihood of the community. However, little work has been made in the past to properly document and promote the knowledge. The purpose of the present study was to record and analyse the ethnobotanical knowledge of C. abbreviata within the people of Matsa village around Nzhelele in Vhembe district. Semi-structured questionnaires were administered on 50 informants from different households selected randomly to gather data regarding the local name of C. abbreviata, the uses and its availability. Significantly higher number of medicinal use was reported by elderly people including both men and women as compared to middle-aged, younger people. Other use categories included firewood, furniture and joinery production and shade for people in the area. Awareness on the importance of the species should therefore be created amongst the people, especially the young ones. Understanding the ethnobotanical knowledge of indigenous species within an area is crucial towards development of its management plan. / NRF