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This study sought to capture how science teachers view scientific knowledge from a philosophical-epistemological perspective. The philosophical themes investigated were scientific method, criteria of demarcation, patterns of scientific change and problems related with the construction of reality. Furthermore, an attempt was made to investigate the relation teachers' views on these matters both to certain curricular issues (the question of integration and the meaning of the terms "content" and "process") and to some pedagogical issues (assumptions about learning, instruction and aspects of classroom activities). For this purpose, a framework was proposed for the analysis of the relevant issues. This framework consists of a number of distinctions. These distinctions were organised employing the technique of systemic network analysis, so as to lay the basis not only for the construction of the research instrument but also for the analysis of the empirical evidence. The epistemological systems taken into account in the a-priori analysis are: inductivism, hypothetico-deductivism (Popper, Lakatos), contextualism (Kuhn) and relativism (Feyerabend). At the ontological level, the contrast is mainly focused on the differences between idealism and realism (pragmatism is also included). Three stages can be distinguished in the analysis of the data. The first stage is a systematic description of the data and shows that the dominant pattern in teachers' philosophical and epistemological views . tends to be close to contextualism. It indicates that teachers tend to prefer the introduction of integrated science curricula, and in terms of pedagogy, to stress pupils' ability to think in abstract terms, as well as to emphasise a teacher-centred approach. In the second stage, a classification of responses into distinct categories (i.e. inductivism, relativism, etc.) was made on the basis of each individual following consistently a particular path of the network. The outcome suggests that indeed the Kuhnian system of thought is favoured consistently more than any other system. The third stage is an analysis of the correlations of teachers' views within and across the three components (philosophical, curricular and pedagogical). On the basis of this analysis, a tentative conclusion is that there are two relatively autonomous regions of "educational theory" as held by teachers, namely epistemological and pedagogical views on the one hand and ontological and curricular views on the other.

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This thesis presents an empirical study of dendroclimatology, with the purpose of contributing to a wider understanding of the way scientists generate knowledge about climate change. Dendroclimatology is a science that produces knowledge about past climates from the analysis of tree growth. For two years, I have studied the work of a group of dendroclimatologists, joining them on fieldwork and sampling expeditions in the Scottish Highlands, observing how they generate data from tree samples to reconstruct past temperatures in Scotland and examining how they have mobilised a Scottish temperature reconstruction in a scientific debate over historical changes in climate. This thesis develops two parallel narratives about the practice of making dendroclimatological knowledge and the roles of trust and scepticism in this process. In describing how dendroclimatologists work to extract information about past climates from trees, I identify the importance of trust relationships and scepticism at each stage of their work. I conduct a symmetrical analysis of both trust and scepticism in science. In the past, scholars studying science have emphasised the critical role of either trust or scepticism in the construction of scientific knowledge, and have paid relatively little attention to examining the relationship between the two. In my study, I demonstrate that scepticism is part of the ordinary practice of dendroclimatology, and that scepticism in normal science (which I call “civil scepticism”) is fundamentally dependent (or “parasitic”) on existing trust relationships established through a variety of means. Dendroclimatologists engage in intimate interactions and mutual scrutiny of each other’s competence throughout the work they do in the field and in the laboratory, and they build upon and expand these trust relationships to create and defend climate reconstructions. I show that dendroclimatologists sustain trust relationships in part by demonstrating that they are competent sceptics (which I call “sceptical display”) and, in part by provisionally suspending their scepticism to permit agreement on what constitutes valid dendroclimatological knowledge. I also analyse how these internal practices of scepticism and agreement are influenced by sceptical challenges from actors external to the dendroclimatology community, including challenges grounded in similar trust relationships (a further instance of civil scepticism) and challenges that are not (which I call “uncivil scepticism”). I conclude that dendroclimatological knowledge is only possible as a result of contingent social negotiations over the distribution of trust and the boundaries of a trusting community.

Orientador: Vera Teresa Valdemarin / Banca: Roberto Nardi / Banca: Mauro Carlos Romanatto / Banca: Sérgio Roberto de Paula / Banca: Alice Helena Campos Pierson / Resumo: Esta pesquisa de caráter bibliográfico busca, por cotejamento, explicitar a partir de Bachelard como a ciência contemporânea é uma produção da fenomenotécnica e quais as contribuições que podem ser tomadas de sua epistemologia para o Ensino de Ciências. Nesse sentido, analisa como a Astronomia é uma produção da fenomenotécnica bachelardiana, o que nos permitiu, de um lado, destacar o papel do instrumento técnico na composição de seu objeto, identificando-a como lócus da unidade do racionalismo aplicado e do materialismo racional e, de outro lado, permitiu-nos colocar o espírito científico em estado de 'renovação'. Por sua natureza, a ciência contemporânea se constitui em um ato pedagógico de reconhecimento das falhas intelectuais - ela é uma pedagogia para a ciência - o que nos mostra a impossibilidade de existir um método universal para a produção da ciência e para o Ensino de Ciências. Ao tomar como proposta oficial para o Ensino de Ciências os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio, constatou-se que sua proposição de apreensão do conhecimento científico se dá de forma direta pela observação, há uma supervalorização de uma ciência do cotidiano, mantendo o ensino no nível da descrição. Contrário a essa forma inequívoca que toma a ciência, conseqüentemente seu ensino, como método dado a priori, é que a epistemologia bachelardiana busca discutir a formação da razão, a partir do diálogo do racionalismo aplicado e do materialismo técnico, como uma pedagogia de superação dos obstáculos epistemológicos e/ou pedagógicos, de formação do novo espírito científico em que a razão esteja sempre aberta para o novo, o que significa não mais formar o espírito e sim reformar. / Abstract: This research of bibliographical characterization tries to find out by comparisons, taking as a starting point Bachelard, explicit how contemporary science is a production of the fenomenotécnica and which are the contributions that can be taken by its epistemology for the education of science. In this direction, we analyze how Astronomy constituted itself, whereas production of the bachelardianan fenomenotécnica, which allowed us in one hand, to emphasise the role of the technical instrument in the composition of its object, identifying it as lócus of the unit of the applied rationalism and of rational materialism and, in another, it allowed us to place the scientific spirit in a state of "renewal". Because of its nature, the contemporary science constitutes itself in a pedagogical act of recognition of intellectual imperfections - it is a pedagogy for science - which shows us the impossibility to exist a universal method for the production of science and for the education of science.. When we took as an official proposal for the education of science the National Curricular Parameters of Basic Education and Secondary Education - Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio, we evidenced that its proposal of apprehension of the scientific knowledge happens on a straight form by the observation, there is a supervaluation of the of the everyday science, keeping the education of science in the level of the description. Contrary to this unequivocal form that takes science, consequently its education, as a given method a priori, is that the bachelardian epistemology tries to discuss the formation of the reason, from the dialogue of the applied rationalism and the technical materialism, as a pedagogy of overcoming of the epistemological and/or pedagogical obstacles; making a new scientific spirit where the reason always is opened for the new, which means not forming the spirit anymore, and yes to remodel. / Doutor

Os estudos acerca da gestão do conhecimento apontam para a utilização do conhecimento como fomento de um desempenho mais eficaz, a partir do envolvimento dos sujeitos nos processos organizacionais, valorizando os ativos do conhecimento, capazes de promover o sucesso da organização. A literatura da área de gestão do conhecimento concentra suas discussões no ambiente das organizações empresariais e possui a maioria das pesquisas e aplicações voltadas ao conhecimento organizacional, contudo, verifica-se a existência de outros contextos, nos quais a gestão do conhecimento pode ser estudada e discutida, dentre esses, o contexto das organizações universitárias, sob a perspectiva do conhecimento científico. A pesquisa investigou o ambiente de uma organização universitária, com o objetivo de estudar o processo de compartilhamento do conhecimento científico na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). Para tanto, realizou um estudo de caso envolvendo docentes que atendessem a dois requisitos: orientar tese de doutorado e possuir bolsa produtividade do CNPq. Os dados foram coletados por meio de pesquisa documental e entrevistas em profundidade analisadas utilizando a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam que embora ainda não existam muitos estudos acerca da gestão do conhecimento científico, o ambiente científico já agrega elementos utilizados pela GC. Para os entrevistados, o processo de aquisição de conhecimentos e o interesse pela atividade de pesquisa não estão atrelados à área de formação, mas as suas características individuais. As pesquisas são realizadas em áreas definidas para adensar o conhecimento. A produção está atrelada à pesquisa dos seus orientandos e para iniciar um novo estudo, utilizam a literatura, sobretudo periódicos internacionais. Os canais de comunicação utilizados são, a participação em eventos, e-mail, viagens, contato face a face, participação em bancas, Skype, aulas, fórum, reuniões, telefone, chat, lista de e-mail, página web (acesso aberto e restrito por senha), palestras, seminários, servidor web (com senha), videoconferência. Na comunicação formal, os periódicos são escolhidos por qualidade e credibilidade. Não há ferramentas e práticas institucionalizadas para o compartilhamento de informação e conhecimento, o que ocorre em meios informais, contudo, há o investimento recente em ferramentas como portal institucional, biblioteca digital de teses e dissertações e repositório institucional. O ambiente institucional apresenta espaço físico limitado, por outro lado oferece condições para a realização de atividades de pesquisa. Consideram o contato com os pares relevante para a realização de suas atividades de pesquisa. / Studies on knowledge management have pointed out the use of knowledge as a way for developing more efficient performances, due to the involvement of subjects on organizational processes, recognizing the value of knowledge assets as capable of making an enterprise successful. The literature in the area of knowledge management concentrates the discussions on business organizational environment and most of researches and applications are related to the organizational knowledge perspective. However, it is noted the existence of other contexts where knowledge management can be studied and discussed, among these, academic contexts on the scientific knowledge perspective. This work has investigated the environment of an academic institution with the aim of studying the scientific knowledge sharing at Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR). For so, a case study was developed at the institution, involving professors who met the following requirements: being primary adviser of doctorate dissertations and receiving Research Productivity Scholarship from CNPq. The data were collected by means of documental research and interviews were deeply analyzed using Content Analysis. The results showed that, even though there are not many studies on scientific knowledge management, the scientific environment already possesses elements used by KM. According to the interviewees, the process of knowledge acquisition and the interest in research activities are not tied to their professional area, but to their individual characteristics. Research is conducted in defined areas in order to deepen knowledge. Their production is related to the research conducted by their advisees and, in order to start a new study, they make use of literature, especially international journals. The communication channels mentioned were: participation in events, e-mails, trips, face to face contact, participation in boards, Skype, classes, forums, meetings, phone calls, chat, e-mail list, web page (open access and restricted by password), lectures, seminars, web server (with password), video conferencing. In relation to the formal communication, journals are chosen for their quality and credibility. There are no institutionalized tools and practices for sharing information and knowledge. It occurs in informal ways. However, investments have been recently made in tools such as the institutional portal, digital library of theses and dissertations and institutional repository. The institutional environment has limited physical space, on the other hand, it offers conditions for carrying out research activities. They consider contact with peers relevant for the development of their research activities.