Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-168). / Electronic reproduction. / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xiv, 168 leaves, bound ill. (some col.) 29 cm

M.Sc. / This study aimed to systematically record and thus preserve indigenous plant use information of the Agter-Hantam area in a scientifically accurate way and to make a contribution to the knowledge of Khoi-San ethnobotany. The research work met all the minimum standards for ethnobotanical research as proposed by Heinrich et al. (2009), which includes that field studies should be built on a clear conceptual framework and hypothesis testing, that ethical clearance should be obtained, the methodology/ research procedures should adhere to minimum requirements, and the research should comply with data standards that will make it possible to use specific information in future experimental and applied research. The study area was the Agter-Hantam region, Calvinia district, Northern Cape Province of South Africa, where the ancestors of the supervisor have had a well-recorded presence since the 1770’s. The rapid appraisal methodology was initially used and this was followed by a new rigorous and practical quantitative approach developed during this study ̶ here referred to as the Matrix Method in conducting ethnobotanical field work. The survey has revealed a wealth of traditional knowledge on useful plants amongst people of Khoi-San decent in the Agter-Hantam. The traditional and contemporary uses of 64 plant species were accurately recorded. Previously unpublished information on indigenous plant use revealed by this study includes 14 new species records of useful plants, 20 new vernacular names not recorded in literature, and 99 new uses for 46 of the plant species. Although some work has been done in what Prance et al. (1987) coined as “quantitative ethnobotany”, this study also introduced two new terms- the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI), a quantitative measure of a person’s knowledge of local plant use (with a value between 0 and 1), and the Species Popularity Index (SPI), a quantitative measure of the popularity of each species (value between 0 and 1). In the Agter-Hantam, the EKI of participants varied from 0.20 to 0.93. The best known and most popular indigenous plants in the Agter-Hantam are Aloe microstigma (a new species record, with a SPI of 0.97), Hoodia gordonii (SPI = 0.94), Microloma sagittatum (0.94), Sutherlandia frutescens (0.92), Quaqua incarnata (0.92) and Galenia africana (0.85).

Many South Africans continue to use traditional medicine in their daily lives as an alternative form of health care, also as part of their cultural heritage. Medicinal plants are proving to be an important source of novel drugs, and the knowledge provided by traditional healers is a useful tool in the search for antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity of <M. villosus was investigated against ten bacteria and six fungi. The antibacterial assay showed that the root extract had the highest inhibition against the Gram-positive bacteria at the minimum inhibition concentration of o.1 mg/ml, as well as against the Gram-negative, E. coli, at the MIC of 1.0 mg/ml. Antifungal activity was witnessed against Cladosporium cladosporoide, C. cucumerinum&C sphaerosperum all at the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. An attempt was made to isolate and identify the active antimicrobial compounds. A flavonol, quercetin was isolated and identified by means of UV spectral graphs, and TLC comparison of the plant extract and standard. However, a second isolated antibacterial compound could not be identified fully but it can be said that it is a triterpenoid. / Dissertation (MSc (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Plant Science / unrestricted

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This report presents Native American interpretations of and concerns for plant resources on or near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. This is one of three research reports regarding Native American cultural resources that may be affected by site characterization activities related to the Yucca Mountain high -level radioactive waste disposal facility. Representatives of the sixteen involved American Indian tribes identified and interpreted plant resources as part of a consultation relationship between themselves and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This report integrates data from the ethnobotanical fieldwork and visits conducted over a three -week period. The bulk of this report divides plants into their logical components: plant parts used; places where used; purposes of uses; and persons who used, do use, and will use the plants. The remainder of this Introduction is devoted to conveying an American Indian holistic perspective on plants as a part of the world.

Seventeen American Indian tribes having traditional prehistoric or historic ties to lands within and in the vicinity of the NTS study area were invited to participate in this study. Their participation was in keeping with a Native American consultation process that has been developed over a period of seventeen years and has involved more than sixty tribes. Indian people participating in this study were asked to identify and make recommendations about cultural resources that are potentially impacted by the underground testing activities on Pahute and Rainier Mesas, on the Nevada Test Site (NTS). This report focuses on information collected on both ethnobiology and ethnoarchaeology. Data was collected through on-site interviews with officially appointed tribal representatives and through mail surveys. This study was conducted in compliance with the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA) of 1978 (PL 95 -341) and was in keeping with Department of Energy (DOE) directives to be responsive to this and other laws regarding cultural resources located on DOE facilities. This study built upon previous Native American cultural resource consultation studies conducted on the Nevada Test Site.

O potencial da agrobiodiversidade em fortalecer a segurança e soberania alimentar de comunidades rurais, com sustentabilidade ambiental e inclusão social, está amplamente reconhecido. Contudo, parte dessa diversidade biocultural tem sido perdida com a expansão da urbanização, da agricultura moderna e suas variedades comerciais, geneticamente homogêneas. Os assentamentos rurais de reforma agrária representam espaços de resistência, importantes para manter as pessoas no campo e estimular os processos que geram e mantém agrobiodiversidade. O objetivo da tese foi analisar como os contextos socioeconômicos e culturais, em diferentes regiões de reforma agrária, impactam o manejo e a manutenção da agrobiodiversidade associada à mandioca (Manihot esculenta), e contribuir para o aprimoramento de ações direcionadas ao seu uso e conservação. A tese está dividida em sete capítulos. O Capítulo 1 - Introdução geral - apresenta as origens e os manejos da agrobiodiversidade e suas estratégias de conservação, em nível global, a importância da mandioca nos estudos em agrobiodiversidade no Brasil, e as abordagens metodológicas em torno do tema. O Capítulo 2 - A não reforma agrária brasileira e seus impactos na conservação da agrobiodiversidade - traz um histórico das políticas públicas de reforma agrária no Brasil, e discute as possibilidades de aliar a organização social no campo, o desenvolvimento de assentamentos rurais e os programas de manejo e manutenção da agrobiodiversidade. O Capítulo 3 - O contexto socioeconômico dos assentados no Extremo Sul da Bahia e no Pontal do Paranapanema - apresenta as duas regiões selecionadas para esse estudo e faz apontamentos sobre os contextos socioeconômicos dos assentamentos rurais e dos agricultores amostrados em cada região. O Capítulo 4 - A estrutura da diversidade de variedades de mandioca nos assentamentos rurais - analisa, por meio de uma abordagem etnobotânica e genética, a estrutura e amplitude da diversidade de variedades de mandioca amostrada nos dois diferentes contextos regionais. O Capítulo 5 - Os conhecimentos locais e as práticas agrícolas associadas à diversidade de mandioca - analisa os elementos socioeconômicos e culturais que influenciam sobre a diversidade de mandioca amostrada, considerando os parâmetros de identidade, manejo agrícola e formas de uso das variedades locais. O Capítulo 6 - Ações de valorização e conservação da agrobiodiversidade: aprendizados dos Parques Naturais Regionais na França- apresenta ações de valorização e conservação da agrobiodiversidade a partir da experiência vivenciada pelo autor nos Parques Naturais Regionais, na França. E, por fim, o Capítulo 7 - Considerações Finais - revisita as questões iniciais da tese, analisa os resultados e conclusões apresentados e sugere ações para a valorização e conservação da agrobiodiversidade em assentamentos rurais de reforma agrária, em especial no Extremo Sul da Bahia e no Pontal do Paranapanema. / The potential of agrobiodiversity to strengthen food security and sovereignty is widely recognized. However, part of this biocultural diversity has been lost due expansion of urbanization, modern agriculture, and its genetically homogeneous varieties. Rural settlements of agrarian reform are spaces of resistance, relevant for keeping people at the countryside, and stimulating the process that generate and maintain agrobiodiversity. The main goal of the thesis was to analyze how socioeconomic and cultural contexts impact the management of cassava agrobiodiversity, in different regions of agrarian reform, and contribute to the improvement of actions to use and conservation it. The thesis is divided in seven chapters. Chapter 1 - General Introduction - presents the origins and management of agrobiodiversity, the conservation strategies at a global level, the importance of cassava in agrobiodiversity studies in Brazil, and the methodological approaches. Chapter 2 - The weak agrarian reform in Brazil, and the impacts on the conservation of agrobiodiversity - brings a history of agrarian reform in Brazil, and discusses the possibilities to allying rural social movements, the development of rural settlements, and maintenance of agrobiodiversity. Chapter 3 - The socioeconomic context of the settlers in Extreme South of Bahia, and Pontal do Paranapanema - presents the two study regions, and discuss the rural settlements and farmers socioeconomic contexts. Chapter 4 - The structure of diversity of cassava varieties in rural settlements - analyzes, through an ethnobotanical and genetic approach, the structure of cassava diversity sampled in the two different regional contexts. Chapter 5 - Local knowledge and agricultural practices associated with cassava diversity - analyzes the socioeconomic and cultural elements that influence cassava diversity, considering the parameters of identity, management, and uses of local varieties. Chapter 6 - Actions for the valorization and conservation of agrobiodiversity: notes from the Regional Natural Parks in France - presents actions for the valorization and conservation of agrobiodiversity on the author experience in the Regional Natural Parks in France. Finally, Chapter 7 - Final Considerations - revisits the thesis initial questions, analyzes the presented results and conclusions, and suggests actions to agrobiodiversity valorization and conservation in rural agrarian reform settlements, especially in Extreme South of Bahia, and Pontal do Paranapanema.

As culturas humanas possuem modos particulares e diferenciados de perceber, identificar, classificar e, principalmente, de interagir com o meio natural. A Etnobiologia, uma subárea da Etnociência, é a ciência matriz da Etnobotânica e Etnoecologia. Estas apresentam um foco de estudos que incide sobre o conhecimento de um grupo cultural a respeito da botânica e da ecologia, portanto sobre as interações humanas com o meio natural. Os conhecimentos obtidos/gerados constituem base importante na definição de estratégias que permitem a conservação biológica e cultural. Esses estudos também são relevantes para se conhecer mecanismos utilizados por populações humanas em sua interação com o ambiente. Partindo desses princípios, o presente estudo teve por objetivo registrar etnoecologicamente a relação do ser humano com a composição vegetal da unidade doméstica, considerando aspectos culturais, sociais, biológicos e ecológicos. Dessa forma, pretende-se contribuir para a conservação da diversidade das etnoespécies, na região fronteiriça Brasil-Paraguai, município de Ponta Porã, estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, durante os anos de 2016 e 2017. Para tanto, observou-se quais plantas estão à disposição e quais são reconhecidas como recursos, e como estes são utilizados. Os procedimentos para o levantamento de dados envolveram métodos filiados à Antropologia e à Botânica Clássica, ambos adequados para os estudos etnoecológicos. Foram realizadas 60 entrevistas, com os representantes de cada unidade doméstica visitada, dos 15 bairros selecionados. Estes participantes declararam ser os responsáveis pelo cuidado total ou parcial da unidade doméstica. De acordo com a concepção dos moradores, a definição de unidade doméstica está diretamente relacionada ao espaço no qual são desenvolvidas as atividades ligadas ao lazer da família, sendo citado pelos entrevistados como o local reservado para tomar tereré, passar o tempo, brincandeiras das crianças e praticar diversas atividades. Também é utilizado para o cultivo de vegetais obtidos por meio da compra e troca de mudas, sementes, evidenciando, assim, a contribuição dos quintais para que as relações de vizinhanças e de parentesco sejam estabelecidas. Neste estudo, o componente vegetal presente nas 60 unidades domésticas urbanas participantes, conhecido e utilizado pelos moradores corresponde a 219 espécies, 82 famílias botânicas, 1560 indivíduos. Os participantes conhecem e cultivam vegetais nas unidades domésticas pertencentes a cinco categorias de utilização: alimentar, medicinal, sombreamento, místico/religioso e ornamental. De todas as espécies citadas 17 foram consideradas pelos entrevistados como tóxicas. Estas plantas são assim consideradas tóxicas, pois provocam algum efeito adverso ao organismo quando em contato ou ingestão, podendo até levá-los a óbito, embora os sintomas sejam bastante variáveis de um indivíduo para outro. As unidades domésticas estudadas são organizadas de acordo com o seu tamanho e estrutura e apresentam diferentes potenciais, pois cumprem também diferentes funções específicas, de acordo com as finalidades e características de cada morador e sua família. Nas unidades domésticas foram encontradas 74 espécies nativas e, entres estas, onze são endêmicas do Brasil. Também foram encontradas nove espécies inclusas na Lista das Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção. Tais informações asseguram que as unidades domésticas contribuem para a conservação da biodiversidade. Em linhas gerais, podemos afirmar que estudos etnobotânicos em unidades domésticas podem contribuir para melhor compreender a importância cultural de certas espécies vegetais de uso-múltiplo e reafirmar que esses ambientes são capazes de conciliar conservação da biodiversidade, uso sustentável dos recursos naturais e qualidade de vida dos moradores. / Human cultures have particular and differentiated ways of perceiving, identifying, classifying and, above all, interacting with the natural environment. Ethnobiology, a sub-area of Ethnoscience is the basis of Ethnobotany and Ethnoecology, which present studies on the knowledge of a cultural group on botany and ecology, therefore, on human interactions with the natural environment. The knowledge obtained / generated constitutes an important basis in the definition of strategies that allow the biological and cultural conservation. These studies are also relevant to know the mechanisms used by human populations in their interaction with the environment. Based on these principles, the present study aimed to ethnoecologically record the relationship of the human being with the vegetal composition of the domestic unit, considering cultural, social, biological and ecological aspects. In this way, it is intended to contribute to the conservation of ethno-species diversity in the Brazil-Paraguay border region, in the municipality of Ponta Porã, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, during 2016 and 2017. For this purpose, it was observed which plants are available and which are recognized as resources, and how these are used. Data collection procedures involved methods associated with Anthropology and Classical Botany, both suitable for ethnoecological studies. Sixty interviews were conducted with the representatives of each household in the 15 selected city areas. These participants stated that they were responsible for the whole care or for parts of the household. According to the conception of the residents the definition of domestic unit is directly related to the space in which activities related to family leisure are developed, being cited by the interviewees as the place reserved to take tereré - a typical drink - to spend time, where the children play, practice various activities. It is also used for the cultivation of vegetables obtained through the purchase and exchange of seedlings, thus evidencing the contribution of the homegardens to the relations of neighbors and relatives. In this study, the plant component of the 60 participating urban households, known and used by residents, corresponds to 219 species, 82 botanical families, 1560 individuals. Participants know and cultivate vegetables in domestic units belonging to five categories of use: food, medicinal, shading, mystical / religious and ornamental. Of all the species mentioned, 17 were considered by the interviewees to be toxic. These plants are thus considered toxic, because they cause some adverse effect to the organism when in contact or ingestion, and can even lead to death, being the symptoms quite variable from one individual to another. The studied domestic units are organized according to their size and structure and have different potentials, as they also fulfill different specific functions, according to the purposes and characteristics of each inhabitant. In the domestic units were found 74 native species and among these, eleven are endemic to Brazil. Nine species included in the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora Threatened of Extinction were also found. Such information ensures that households contribute to the conservation of biodiversity. In general, we can affirm that ethnobotanical studies in domestic units can contribute to better understand the cultural importance of certain multiple-use species of plants and reaffirm that these environments are capable of reconciling biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and quality of life of the residents.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:15:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adelita Staniski.pdf: 7511815 bytes, checksum: 7743182e48b28027eb6329d23839b422 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work has the objective to understand the woodsmen knowledge in socio-ecological transformation process of rural communities in the region Serra das Almas, Paraná. Considering the experience and perception of the forest on the local socio-spatial context, the present study is divided into seven chapters. In theoretical reflection we approached the forms of knowledge and know-how and woodsman as studies ethnobotanical can assist the dialogue of knowledge. To investigate the literature raises the question of intellectual cultural heritage which often ends up being incorporated into databases without due recognition and regulation of this access information. If part then to an analysis of the relationship of communities with the Araucaria forest and how the law regulates and influences the configuration of landscapes. As regards the method began with an exploratory survey seeking an approximation to reality studied, then interviews were conducted using the technique of oral history of life, paths through the forest, collecting botanical material and observation. It is concluded that the three communities use tree species in their day-to - day and have in common strong religiosity. Regarding the process of transforming the region of Serra das Almas appeared as a rural dynamic where some practices and knowledge remain, others turn and some live only in the memory of former residents of the locality. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo geral compreender os saberes mateiros no processo de transformação socioecológica das comunidades rurais da Região da Serra das Almas, Paraná. Considerando a experiência e percepção da floresta no contexto socioespacial local o presente estudo se divide em sete capítulos. Na reflexão teórica abordou-se as formas de conhecimentos, e o saber-fazer mateiro e como os estudos etnobotânicos podem auxiliar ao diálogo de saberes. Ao investigar a literatura atual levanta-se a questão do patrimônio intelectual cultural que muitas vezes acaba sendo incorporado à bancos de dados sem o devido reconhecimento e a regularização deste acesso as informações. Parte-se então para uma análise da relação das comunidades com a floresta de Araucária e como a legislação regulamenta e atua na configuração das paisagens. No que se refere a metodologia iniciou-se com um levantamento exploratório visando uma aproximação com a realidade estudada, em seguida foram realizadas entrevistas utilizando a técnica de história oral de vida, percursos pela floresta, coleta de material botânico e observação. Conclui-se que as três comunidades utilizam as espécies arbóreas em seu dia-a-dia e apresentam em comum forte religiosidade. No que tange o processo de transformação a Região da Serra das Almas apresentou-se como um rural dinâmico onde algumas práticas e conhecimentos permanecem, outros se transformam e alguns vivem apenas na memória dos antigos moradores da localidade.