A polyhedron P is a subset of a rational vector space V bounded by hyperplanes. If we fix a lattice in V , then we may consider the exponential integral and sum, two meromorphic functions on the dual vector space which serve to generalize the notion of volume of and number of lattice points contained in P, respectively. In 2007, Berline and Vergne constructed an Euler-Maclaurin formula that relates the exponential sum of a given polyhedron to the exponential integral of each face. This formula was "local", meaning that the coefficients in this formula had certain properties independent of the given polyhedron. In this dissertation, the author finds a new construction for this formula which is very different from that of Berline and Vergne. We may 'perturb' any polyhedron by tranlsating its bounding hyperplanes. The author defines a ring of differential operators R(P) on the exponential volume of the perturbed polyhedron. This definition is inspired by methods in the theory of toric varieties, although no knowledge of toric varieties is necessary to understand the construction or the resulting Euler-Maclaurin formula. Each polyhedron corresponds to a toric variety, and there is a dictionary between combinatorial properties of the polyhedron and algebro-geometric properties of this variety. In particular, the equivariant cohomology ring and the group of equivariant algebraic cycles on the corresponding toric variety are equal to a quotient ring and subgroup of R(P), respectively. Given an inner product (or, more generally, a complement map) on V , there is a canonical section of the equivariant cohomology ring into the group of algebraic cycles. One can use the image under this section of a particular differential operator called the Todd class to define the Euler-Maclaurin formula. The author shows that this formula satisfies the same properties which characterize the Berline-Vergne formula.

En abordant les nombres spéciaux comme les sommes harmoniques ou les polyzêtassous leur aspect combinatoire, nous introduisons d’abord la définition d’un produitentre mots, dit produit de quasi-mélange q-déformé, une généralisation des produits demélange et de quasi-mélange, ce qui nous permet de construire des structures complètesd’algèbre de Hopf en dualité. En même temps, nous construisons des bases en dualité,contenant des bases de transcendance associées aux mots de Lyndon, et des formules explicitessur lesquelles les sommes harmoniques, les polyzêtas ou les polylogarithmes sontindexés et représentés par la factorisation de la série génératrice noncommutative diagonale.De cette façon, nous déterminons des développements asymptotiques des sommesharmoniques, indexées par ces bases, grâce à leur série génératrice et à la formule d’EulerMaclaurin. Nous établissons également une équation de liaison sur les polyzêtas, quiapparaissent comme les parties finies des développements asymptotiques des sommesharmoniques et des polylogarithmes, reliant entre elles deux structures algébriques. Enidentifiant les coordonnées locales de cette équation, nous trouvons des relations polynomialeshomogènes, en poids, entre les polyzêtas. Pour accompagner cette étude théorique,nous proposons des algorithmes et un package en Maple afin de calculer des bases, lastructure des polyzêtas et des développements asymptotiques des sommes harmoniques. / Approaching special numbers as harmonic sums or polyzetas (multiple zetavalues) in the spirit of combinatorics, we first focus on the study of algebraic structureson words by introducing the definition of a product on words, called q-stuffle product, acommon generalisation of shuffle and quasi-shuffle products, which allows us to completelyconstruct Hopf algebras in duality. Simutaneously, we establish recurrent formulas inorder to compute bases in duality, containing transcendence bases tied to Lyndon wordson which harmonic sums, the polyzetas and polylogarithms are indexed. We use them torepresent the factorization of a diagonal noncommutative generating series. In this respect,we determine asymptotic expansions of harmonic sums thanks to their generatingseries and to Euler Maclaurin formula. We also establish a bridge equation of polyzetas,which appear as fini parts in asymptotic expansions of harmonic sums and of polylogarithms,linking two algebraic structures. Through identification of local coordinates of thisequation, we can deduce homogenous, in weight, polynomial relations among polyzetasindexed on the bases.We also give algorithms and a package in Maple which, in practice,allowed us to find results and examples within this thesis.

Consider the D-optimal designs for the dth-degree polynomial regression model with a bounded and positive weight function on a compact interval. As the degree of the model goes to infinity, we show that the D-optimal design converges weakly to the arcsin distribution. If the weight function is equal to 1, we derive the formulae of the values of the D-criterion for five classes of designs including (i) uniform density design; (ii) arcsin density design; (iii) J_{1/2,1/2} density design; (iv) arcsin support design and (v) uniform support design. The comparison of D-efficiencies among these designs are investigated; besides, the asymptotic expansions and limits of their D-efficiencies are also given. It shows that the D-efficiency of the arcsin support design is the highest among the first four designs.