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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
521

Sistema de geoespacialização da demanda de irrigação suplementar para o Estado de Minas Gerais em tempo quase real / Geo-spacializing system for the supplementary irrigation demand for Minas Gerais State in quasi real time

Santana, Marcos Oliveira 11 February 2000 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 673867 bytes, checksum: 57199b386c14697803d98e5ba63fc8fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-02-11 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study had the aim to develop an automatic and controlled system of regionalized supplementary irrigation demand for the main irrigated crop in the State of Minas Gerais, providing this information three times a week by the world wide web (Internet). The so-called IRG–NET system uses data collected by automatic weather stations belonging to the System of Meteorology and Water Supply of Minas Gerais (SIMGE) for the assessment of water loss in crop evapotranspiration, and also the water supply by rainfall. A geographic information system was used to spatialize and create thematic maps about crop evapotranspiration and daily rainfall in the State. A computer program was also developed to calculate the soil water balance and to determine the irrigation water depth for any place within the state. The performance of the developed system was evaluated by an assessment of the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for Minas Gerais during the year of 1999, in two planting dates, for dry bean crops. The water demand was calculated by the system and by a climatic method for the recommendation of irrigation proposed by CAMARGO xvi(1971). The total volume of water used for bean irrigation within all potential irrigated area of Minas Gerais was estimated in two planting dates. The estimated reference crop evapotranspiration for Viçosa, Minas Gerais, was also compared for the year of 1999, calculated by the soil water balance class A pan and the Penman Montheith method. It was concluded that the accumulated supplemental irrigation demand for beginning on 1 st May and on 15 th September were higher than the estimates calculated by the climatic model suggested by CAMARGO (1971). The total water volume for the irrigation of bean crop in the State of Minas Gerais was 611,720,830 m 3 for the planting period of 1 st May, while 686,660,480 m 3 were used during the cultivation period of 15 th September. The evaporation class A pan method underestimated evapotranspiration by 7.6%. the reference crop / Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um sistema automático e monitorado de regionalização da demanda de irrigação suplementar das principais culturas irrigadas no Estado de Minas Gerais, disponibilizando tais informações via rede mundial de computadores (Internet), com três atualizações semanais. O sistema denominado IRG–NET utiliza dados de estações climáticas automáticas do Sistema de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos de Minas Gerais (SIMGE), para estimativa da perda de água pela cultura por evapotranspiração, bem como a reposição da água no solo pela precipitação. Foi utilizado um sistema de informações geográficas para espacializar e gerar mapas temáticos de evapotranspiração de referência e de precipitação diária do estado. Também, foi desenvolvido um programa computacional para calcular o balanço hídrico e determinar a lâmina de irrigação para qualquer localidade de Minas. O sistema desenvolvido teve o seu desempenho avaliado por meio da estimativa da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada para Minas Gerais no ano de 1999, xivem duas épocas de plantio, para a cultura do feijoeiro. Foi calculada a demanda pelo sistema e por meio de um método climatológico de recomendação de irrigação proposto por CAMARGO (1971). Foi estimado o volume total de água utilizada na irrigação do feijoeiro em todos os municípios de Minas Gerais, nas duas épocas de plantio. Também, foi comparada a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência para Viçosa, MG, no ano de 1999, calculada pelo método do Tanque Classe A e pelo método de Penman Monteith, sendo este considerado padrão e utilizado no sistema. Concluiu-se que as estimativas da demanda de irrigação suplementar acumulada, calculada pelo sistema para os ciclos iniciados em 1 o de maio e em 15 de setembro, foram mais elevadas do que as estimativas calculadas pelo modelo climatológico proposto por CAMARGO (1971). O volume total de água para irrigação da cultura do feijoeiro em Minas Gerais no plantio de 1 o de maio de 1999 foi de 611.720.830 m 3 e, no plantio de 15 de setembro, de 686.660.480 m 3 . O método do Tanque Classe A subestimou a evapotranspiração de referência em 7,6%.
522

Evapotranspiração e crescimento de clones de palma forrageira irrigada no Semiárido brasileiro / Evapotranspiration and growth of clones of irrigated forage cactus in the Brazilian Semiarid

Pereira, Poliana de Caldas 26 July 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1468096 bytes, checksum: 821c125478c701b474e99866d66afebc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to quantify evapotranspiration and growth of clones of irrigated forage cactus during the first production year of the second crop cycle (March 2012 to February 2013). The experiment was carried out in Serra Talhada - PE, located in the Brazilian Semiarid region. A randomized block design with three replications was used in a factorial arrangement (3x3), in which the plots consisted of three conditions of soil water availability, determined by applying a fixed irrigation depth (L: 7.5 mm) with three frequencies (F: 7, 14 and 28 days), and subplots were three forage cactus clones (IPA: IPA Sertânia; MIU: Tiny and, OEM: Mexican Elephant Ear). The soil water content was monitored from June 2012 to February 2013 with a capacitive probe (Diviner 2000 @ Sentek Pty Ltd, Australia.) using an average time interval of three days. Daily meteorological data were obtained from an automatic weather station and used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), according to the Penman-Monteith method, parameterized in the 56 FAO Bulletin. In addition to meteorological data, physical and hydraulic properties of the soil, a soil water budget (SWB) was performed every 14 days, and the components were accumulated subsequently in nine periods of 28 days. The actual crop evapotranspiration (ETr) was estimated as a residual of the SWB to determine the relationship ETr/ETo. After 150 days from the first cut, eight biometric campaigns were carried out in each thirty day time intervals for cladodes and plant morphological analysis. With these data, morphogenetic rates were determined over time for the three forage cactus clones. All data were compared by analysis of variance test and the Tukey test at the 5% level of significance. Evapotranspiration and other SWB components showed significant differences among clones and irrigation conditions over time. However, for values accumulate during the crop cycle, only the soil water flow for clone IPA, under the F14 condition (-66.5 mm), differed from the other two clones showing the highest flow value. The average ETr for irrigated forage cactus was 1.5 mm day-1 during the analysis period, based on an average atmospheric demand of 5.1 mm day-1. The ratio ETr / ETo for the clones showed low magnitude of the imposed conditions (ambient together with the irrigation), providing values of 0.27 ± 0.12, 0.30 ± 0.14 and 0.29 ± 0.12 for IPA, and OEM MIU, respectively. It was found that the evaluated conditions of water availability did not affect significantly (P> 0.05) most of the absolute and relative values of the growth variables of the three clones significantly. When different clones were compared, regardless of water availability conditions, it was observed that, in terms of absolute values, the OEM presented the highest means. Evaluations in the long run showed that there was a significant increase in the growth of clones in the last months of the first year of production. However, this occurred due to rainfall events which, together with the application of the irrigation treatments, provided greater growth increase for the OEM and IPA clones, in this order, reaching 70% and 60% of the total rate for height, and 37.0 % and 45.3% for plant width. Thus, it can be concluded that the different conditions of the soil water availability did not affect evapotranspiration and growth of forage cactus clones. Nevertheless, the OEM and IPA clones had the best growth performances when compared to the MIU clone, which was the one that showed the lowest growth under irrigated conditions of the Brazilian Semiarid region. / O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a evapotranspiração e o crescimento de clones de palma forrageira irrigada durante o primeiro ano produtivo do segundo ciclo da cultura (março de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013). O experimento foi conduzido em Serra Talhada PE, localizada no Semiárido brasileiro. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3x3), no qual as parcelas foram compostas por três condições de disponibilidade de água, resultantes da aplicação de uma lâmina fixa (L: 7,5 mm) em três frequências (F: 7, 14 e 28 dias), e as subparcelas por três clones de palma forrageira (IPA: IPA Sertânia; MIU: Miúda; e OEM: Orelha de Elefante Mexicana). Foi realizado, durante o período de junho de 2012 a fevereiro de 2013, o monitoramento do conteúdo de água no solo com auxílio de uma sonda capacitiva (Diviner 2000@ SentekPty Ltda. Austrália), no intervalo médio de três dias. Dados diários dos elementos meteorológicos foram obtidos a partir de uma estação automática, visando determinar a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método de Penman-Monteith, parametrizado no Boletim 56 da FAO. Por meio desses dados e de propriedades físico-hídricas do solo, foi realizado o balanço de água no solo (BAS) a cada 14 dias, sendo que os componentes foram acumulados, posteriormente, em nove períodos de 28 dias. Por resíduo do BAS, estimou-se a evapotranspiração real da cultura (ETr) para determinação da relação ETr/ETo. Após 150 dias do primeiro corte, foram realizadas oito campanhas biométricas, com intervalos de trinta dias cada, para análises morfológicas da planta e dos cladódios. Com esses dados, foram determinadas as taxas morfogênicas ao longo do tempo para o ciclo dos clones. Todos os dados foram comparados pela análise de variância e pelo teste de médias de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de significância. A evapotranspiração e os demais componentes do BAS apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os clones e condições de irrigação ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, para os valores acumulados ao longo do ciclo, apenas o fluxo de água no solo do clone IPA, na condição F14 (-66,5 mm), diferenciou-se dos demais clones, apresentando o valor mais alto de fluxo. A ETr média da palma forrageira irrigada, durante o período de análise foi de 1,5 mm dia-1 para uma demanda atmosférica média de 5,1 mm dia-1. A relação ETr/ETo dos clones apresentou baixa magnitude nas condições impostas (ambiente em conjunto com a irrigação), proporcionando valores de 0,27±0,12; 0,30±0,14 e 0,29±0,12 para a IPA, MIU e OEM, respectivamente. Constatou-se que as condições de disponibilidade de água avaliadas também não afetaram significativamente (P>0,05) a maioria dos valores absolutos e relativos das variáveis de crescimento dos três clones. Quando se compararam os diferentes clones, independentemente da condição de disponibilidade de água, observou-se que, em termos de valores absolutos, a OEM apresentou as maiores médias. Na avaliação ao longo do tempo, houve evolução significativa do crescimento dos clones nos últimos meses do primeiro ano produtivo. Porém, isso ocorreu devido aos eventos de precipitação pluviométrica, que em conjunto com a aplicação dos tratamentos de irrigação, promoveram maiores incrementos nos clones OEM e IPA, nessa ordem, atingido 70% e 60% da taxa total para a altura, e 37,0% e 45,3% para a largura da planta. Assim, conclui-se que as diferentes condições de disponibilidade de água no solo não influenciaram a evapotranspiração e o crescimento dos clones de palma forrageira. Todavia os clones OEM e IPA tiveram os melhores desempenhos de crescimento em relação ao MIU, que foi o que apresentou o menor crescimento sob condições irrigadas do Semiárido brasileiro.
523

Balanço de radiação e evapotranspiração na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Jacaré - SE mediante imagens orbitais / Radiation Balance and Evapotranspiration in Jacare River Basin - by Orbital Images

Batista, Wagner Roberto Milet 25 February 2011 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study aimed to estimate the radiation balance terms and the daily evapotranspiration (ET) through (TM) - Landsat 5 images and supplemental data available at a meteorological station located in the study area. The study area occupies part of the municipalities: Poço Redondo city and Canindé do São Francisco city in Sergipe State, as part of the lower São Francisco. Setting up a tributary of the right bank of the São Francisco River. The Jacare River basin rises near the border of Bahia/Sergipe state in Bonito mountain and has a length of 73.5 km Hydrological basin area is 943.9 km2, the perimeter of the area is 142.7 km. Therefore, we used two images obtained from the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) for the day October 17, 1999(day 290) and December 6 (day 341), 2006. The net radiation (Rn) and sensible heat (H) and soil heat (G) and latent heat (LE) fluxes were determined by the algorithm Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). Examined the observed results that showed an average snapshot (Rn) de 585,1 e 578,7 W/m2 for days 290 and 341 respectively. The density of soil heat flux (G) which was obtained as a function of Rn, surface temperature, albedo, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and parameterization proposed by Bastiaanssen (2000) showed an average of 92.4 and 111.8 W/m2 on days 290 and 341, respectively. The flux density of sensible heat (H) showed an average of 230.5 and 295.6 Wm2 in 290 and 341, respectively. The density of latent heat flux (LE), calculated as the residual energy balance equation showed an average of 260.3 and 169.3 W/m2 on days 290 and 341, respectively. The ET daily showed average values of 2.6 and 1.7 mm.day-1 for days 290 and 341, respectively. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estimar os componentes do balanço de radiação (Rn) e a evapotranspiração diária (ET), através de imagens TM - Landsat 5 e dados complementares disponíveis em estação meteorológica localizada na região de estudo. A área estudada ocupa parte dos municípios de Poço Redondo e Canindé do São Francisco no Estado de Sergipe fazendo parte do baixo São Francisco Sergipano, configurando-se num afluente da margem direita do rio São Francisco. O rio Jacaré nasce próximo à fronteira Bahia/Sergipe, na serra do Bonito. A área da bacia é de 943,98 km2 e o perímetro da área é de 142,77 km. Foram utilizadas duas imagens para os dias 17 de outubro de 1999 (dia 290) e 07 de dezembro de 2006 (dia 341). O saldo de radiação (Rn) e os fluxos de calor sensível (H) e calor no solo (G) e calor latente (LE) foram determinados por meio do algoritmo Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). Pelos resultados, observou-se que o Rn instantâneo apresentou na área de estudo médias de 585,1 e 578,7 W/m2, para os dias 290 e 341, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor no solo (G), que foi obtido em função de Rn, temperatura da superfície, albedo, Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) e parametrização proposta por Bastiaanssen (2000), apresentou médias de 92,5 e 111,8 W/m2 nos dias 290 e 341, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor sensível (H) apresentou médias de 230,5 e 295,6 W/m2 nos 290 e 341, respectivamente. A densidade de fluxo de calor latente (LE), calculado como resíduo da equação do balanço de energia, apresentou médias de 260,3 e 169,3 W/m2, nos dias 290 e 341, respectivamente. A ET diária apresentou valores médios de 2,6 e 1,7 mm.dia-1, para os dias 290 e 341, respectivamente.
524

Estimation of Daily Actual Evapotranspiration using Microwave and Optical Vegetation Indices for Clear and Cloudy Sky Conditions

Rangaswamy, Shwetha Hassan January 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant hydrological process. It can be studied and estimated using remote sensing based methods at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Most commonly and widely used remote sensing based methods to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AET) are a) methods based on energy balance equations, b) vegetation coefficient based method and c) contextual methods. These three methods require reflectance and land surface temperature (LST) data measured at optical and thermal portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, these data are available only for clear sky conditions and fail to be retrieved under overcast conditions creating gaps in the data, which result in discontinuous of AET product. Moreover, energy balance equation based methods and evaporative fraction (EF) based contextual methods are difficult to apply over overcast conditions. In this context, vegetation coefficient based (Tasumi et al., 2005; Allen et al., 2005) and microwave remote sensing based methods can be applied under cloudy sky conditions (Sun et al., 2012), since microwave radiations can penetrate through clouds, but these data are available at coarse resolution. In the vegetation coefficient method temporal upscaling can be avoided. Therefore in this research vegetation coefficient based method is employed over Cauvery basin to estimate daily AET for clear and cloudy sky conditions. Required critical variables for this method such as reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and vegetation coefficients are obtained using LST and optical vegetation indices for all sky conditions. In this study, all sky conditions refer to both clear and cloudy sky conditions. Most important variable for estimation of ETo using radiation and temperature based models is air temperature (Ta). In this study, for better accuracy of Ta, two satellite based approaches namely, Temperature Vegetation Index (TVX) and Advance Statistical Approaches (ASA) were evaluated. In the TVX approach, in addition to traditional Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), other vegetation indices such as Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Global Vegetation Moisture Index (GVMI) were also examined. In case of ASA, bootstrap technique was used to generate calibration and validation samples and Levenberg Marquardt algorithm was used to find the solution of the models. The better of the Ta results obtained out of these two approaches were employed in the ETo models and are referred as Ta based ETo models. Instead of Ta, processed LST data obtained directly from the satellite (Aqua/Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) was applied in the ETo models and these are referred as LST based ETo models. These Ta and LST based Hargreaves-Samani (H-S), Makkink (Makk) and Penman Monteith Temperature (PMT) models were evaluated by comparing with the FAO56 PM model. Additionally, simple LST based equation (SLBE) proposed by Rivas et al. (2004) was also examined. Required solar radiation (Rs) data for ETo estimation was obtained from Kalpana1/VHRR satellite data. Results implied that, Ta based PMT model performed better than the Ta based H-S, Makk and SLBE with less RMSE, MAPE and MBE values for all land cover classes and for various climatic regions for clear sky conditions. LST based H-S, PMT, Makk and Ta based Makkink advection models predominantly overestimated ETo for the study region. In the case of TVX approach, to estimate maximum Ta (Tmax), GVMI performed better than NDVI and EVI. Nevertheless, TVX approach poorly estimated Tmax in comparison with statistical approach. ASA performed better for both Tmax and minimum Ta. This study demonstrates the applicability of satellite based Ta and ETo models by considering very few variables for clear sky conditions. Spatially distributed vegetation coefficients (Kv) data with high temporal resolution is another important variable in vegetation coefficient method for daily AET estimation and also it is in demand for crop condition assessment, irrigation scheduling, etc. But available Kv models application hinders because of two main reasons i.e 1) Spectral reflectance based Kv accounts only for transpiration factor but not evaporation, which fails to account for total AET. 2) Required optical spectral reflectances are available only during clear sky conditions, which creates gaps in the Kv data. Hence there is a necessity of a model which accounts for both transpiration and evaporation factors and also gap filling method, which produces accurate continuous quantification of Kv values. Therefore, different combinations of EVI, GVMI and temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI) have been employed in linear and non linear regression techniques to obtain best model. This best Kv model had been compared with Guershman et al. (2009) Kv model. To fill the gaps in the data, initially, temporal fitting of Kv values have been examined using Savitsky-Goley (SG) filter for three years of data (2012 to 2014), but this fails when sufficient high quality Kv values were unavailable. In this regard, three gap filling techniques namely regression, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and interpolation techniques have been analyzed. Microwave polarization difference index (MPDI) has been employed in ANN technique to estimate Kv values under cloudy sky conditions. The results revealed that the combination of GVMI and TVDI using linear regression technique performed better than other combinations and also yielded better results than Guershman et al. (2009) Kv model. Furthermore, the results indicated that SG filter can be used for temporal fitting and for filling the gaps, regression technique can be used as it performed better than other techniques for Berambadi station. Land Surface Temperature (LST) with high spatiotemporal resolution is required in the estimation of ETo to obtain AET. MODIS is one of the most commonly used sensors owing to its high spatial and temporal availability over the globe, but is incapable of providing LST data under cloudy conditions, resulting in gaps in the data. In contrast, microwave measurements have a capability to penetrate under clouds. The current study proposes a methodology by exploring this property to predict high spatiotemporal resolution LST under cloudy conditions during daytime and night time without employing in-situ LST measurements. To achieve this, ANN based models were employed for different land cover classes, utilizing MPDI at finer resolution with ancillary data. MPDI was derived using resampled (from 0.250 to 1 km) brightness temperatures (Tb) at 36.5 GHz channel of dual polarization from Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR)-Earth Observing System and AMSR2 sensors. The proposed methodology was quantitatively evaluated through three performance measures namely correlation coefficient (r), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Results revealed that during daytime, AMSR-E(AMSR2) derived LST under clear sky conditions corresponds well with MODIS LST resulting in values of r ranging from 0.76(0.78) to 0.90(0.96), RMSE from 1.76(1.86) K to 4.34(4.00) K and NSE from 0.58(0.61) to 0.81(0.90) for different land cover classes. For night time, r values ranged from 0.76(0.56) to 0.87(0.90), RMSE from 1.71(1.70) K to 2.43(2.12) K and NSE from 0.43 (0.28) to 0.80(0.81) for different land cover classes. RMSE values found between predicted LST and MODIS LST during daytime under clear sky conditions were within acceptable limits. Under cloudy conditions, results of microwave derived LST were evaluated with Ta which indicated that the approach performed well with RMSE values lesser than the results obtained under clear sky conditions for land cover classes for both day and nighttimes. These predicted LSTs can be applied for the estimation of soil moisture in hydrological studies, in climate studies, ecology, urban climate and environmental studies, etc. AET was estimated for all sky conditions using vegetation coefficient method. Essential parameter ETo under cloudy conditions was estimated using LST and Ta based PMT and H-S models and required solar radiation (Rs) in these two models estimated using equation proposed by Samani (2000). In this equation it was found that the differences between LSTmax or Tmax and LSTmin or Tmin could able to capture the variations due to cloudy sky conditions and hence can be used for estimating ETo under cloudy sky conditions. Results revealed that the estimated Rs correlated well with observed Rs for Berambadi station under cloudy conditions for the year 2013. PMT based ETo values were corresponded with observed ETo under cloudy sky condition. The difference between LST and Ta was less during cloudy conditions, therefore LST or Ta can be used as the only input in temperature based PMT model to estimate ETo. AET estimated correlated well with the observed AET values for clear and cloudy sky conditions. In addition, AET estimated using vegetation coefficient method was compared with two source energy balance (TSEB) method developed by Nishida et al. (2003) under clear sky conditions. It was found that the improved vegetation coefficient method performed better than the TSEB method for Berambadi station. Other microwave vegetation indices such as Microwave Vegetation Indices (MVIs) and Emissivity Difference Vegetation Index (EDVI) are available in literature. Therefore in this study, MVIs are used to predict LST under cloudy conditions using proposed methodology to check whether the MVIs could yield better LST values. Results showed that MPDI performed better than MVIs to predict LST under cloudy sky conditions. Furthermore, MPDI obtained using dual polarizations of 37 GHz channel Tb has advantage of having fine spatial resolution compared to MVIs, as it requires Tb of 19 GHz in addition to Tb of 37 GHz channel which is of coarse resolution and therefore uncertainties resulting from re-sampling technique can be minimized. x
525

Estudo da viabilidade de agroindustrialização do coco (cocos nucifera L.) em São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB. / Study of the viability of coconut agroindustrialization (cocos nucifera L.) in São Gonçalo, Sousa-PB.

FARIAS, Lourival Antonio Simões de. 23 May 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-23T14:52:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOURIVAL ANTONIO SIMÕES DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 10079550 bytes, checksum: 58af2a33af68f236c4e05efeb4f7ee04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T14:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOURIVAL ANTONIO SIMÕES DE FARIAS - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2015..pdf: 10079550 bytes, checksum: 58af2a33af68f236c4e05efeb4f7ee04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03 / O semiárido brasileiro é caracterizado por chuvas irregulares, alta evapotranspiração, elevadas temperaturas e baixa pluviometria, fenômenos que assolam grande parte do território brasileiro, sendo visualizado com maior intensidade na região Nordeste. Dentro deste espaço, localiza-se o estado da Paraíba, que periodicamente vivencia o fenômeno da seca, a qual é causadora das irregularidades de safras agrícolas e prejuízos nas lavouras. Buscou-se, neste estudo, demonstrar a influência da variação de temperatura e da sazonalidade pluviométrica, nos polos receptores do fruto, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, na formação do preço unitário deste, independentemente das variações de temperatura e das chuvas na região de São Gonçalo, o que faz oscilar o seu valor unitário, deixando o produtor sem possibilidades de negociação ou mesmo de um maior lucro em relação à demanda e à oferta. Nesta dissertação tem-se por objetivo verificar as possibilidades de aproveitamento dos derivados do coco, em substituição à venda do fruto verde in natura, desenvolvendo em um primeiro momento, a análise de um questionário sobre as características socioeconômicas deste produtor, de sua propriedade e da relação com os atravessadores na produção e venda do fruto in natura. Utilizando-se os dados coletados, realizou-se o confronto entre os índices pluviométricos e de temperatura média mensal, tanto do polo produtor, como do polo receptor, com o preço unitário do coco verde em São Gonçalo no período de 2012 a 2014. Na sequência, foram utilizadas ferramentas matemáticas de modelagem e de custo, para observar quais as possibilidades de agroindustrialização dos derivados do coco, analisando os seus custos e as suas devidas restrições, buscando uma situação máxima de receita que possibilite ao produtor armazenar, beneficiar, agregar valor e até mesmo agroindustrializar os derivados do coco a exemplo de: água, leite, óleo, fibra, ralados, etc. Verificou-se que existem alternativas mais lucrativas, para o produtor, ao realizar a agroindustrialização dos derivados do fruto, principalmente na produção do óleo de coco. / The Brazilian semiarid region is characterized by irregular rainfall, high evapotranspiration, high temperatures and low rainfall, phenomena that plague much of the Brazilian territory, being viewed with greater intensity in the Northeast. Within this space is located the state of Paraiba, which periodically experiences the phenomenon of drought, which is the cause of the irregularities of agricultural crops and damage to crops. We sought in this study demonstrate the influence of changes in temperature and rainfall seasonality in recipient poles of fruit, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, in the pricing of this unit, regardless of temperature variations and rainfall in the region of São Gonçalo, which makes oscillate the unit value, leaving the producer without tradability or even a higher profit in relation to demand and supply. In this dissertation has for objective to verify the possibilities of use of derivatives coconut, replacing the sale of the green fruit fresh, developing in the first place, the analysis of a questionnaire on the socioeconomic characteristics of this producer, its property and relationship with the middlemen in the production and sale of fresh fruit. Using the data collected, there was the confrontation between the rainfall and average temperatures of both the production hub, and the recipient pole, with the unit price of coconut in São Gonçalo in the 2012 period to 2014. In sequence, mathematical modeling tools and cost were used to observe which industrialization possibilities of coconut derivatives, analyzing their costs and their due restrictions, seeking a maximum state revenue that enables the producer storing, processing, adding value and even agroindustrializar derived from coconut example: water, milk, oil, fiber, grating, etc. It was found that more profitable alternative for the producer to perform the industrialization of the derivatives of fruit, especially in the production of coconut oil.
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Produ??o de forragem verde em sistema hidrop?nico usando esgoto tratado

Souza, Anderson Jos? Brilhante Faheina de 17 March 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AndersonJBFSpdf.pdf: 1395977 bytes, checksum: 20e89e66625906390030e1d886eec0a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-17 / In the urban areas of the cities a larger problem of destiny of effluents of the treatment stations is verified due to the junction of the sewages in great volumes. This way the hidroponic cultive becomes important, for your intensive characteristic, as alternative of reuse. This work presents as objective the improvement of the relation hidric-nutritious of the hidroponic cultive of green forage (FVH) using treaty sewage. The production of forage was with corn (Zea mays L.), using double hybrid AG1051, in the experimental field of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), in the city of Natal-RN-Brazil. The treated effluent essentially domestic had origin of anaerobic reactor, type decant-digester of two cameras in series followed by anaerobic filters drowned. The hidroponic experimental system was composed of 08 stonemasons, with limited contours for masonry of drained ceramic brick, measuring each one 2,5 meters in length for 1,0 meter of width, with inclination of 4% (m/m) in the longitudinal sense, leveled carefully, in way to not to allow preferential roads in the flow. These dimensions, the useful area of Isow was of 2 square meters. The stonemasons of cultive were waterproof (found and lateral) with plastic canvas of 200 micres of thickness, in the white color. Controlled the entrance and exit of the effluente in the stonemasons, with cycles of 12,68 minutes, it being water of 1,18 minutes. The treatments were constituted of: T1 - 24 hours/day under it waters with flow of 2 L/min; T2 - 12 hours/day under waters with flow of 4 L/min; T3 - 12 hours/day under waters with flow of 2 L/min; and T4 - 16 hours/day under waters with flow of 3 L/min. There were evaluations of the evapotranspirometric demand, of hidroponic system affluent and effluent seeking to characterize and to monitor physical-chemical parameters as: pH, temperature, Electric Conductivity and Fecal Coliforms. This last one was analyzed to the 11 days after isow (DAS) and to the 14 DAS. The others were analyzed daily. I sow it was accomplished in the dates of February 21, 2007, first experiment, and April 10, 2007, second experiment. The density of Isow was of 2 kg of seeds, germinated before 48 hours, for square meter of stonemason. The statistic delineament was it casual entirely with two repetitions, in two experiments. It was applied Tukey test of average to five percent of probability. The cultivation cycle was of 14 DAS with evapotranspirometric demand maximum, reached by T1, of 67,44 mm/day. The analyzed parameters, as mass of green matter - Kg, productivity-Kg/m2 and reason of production of seed FVH/Kg used in Isow, the best result was presented by T1, obtaining value of up to 19,01 Kg/m2 of cultive. Without significant difference, the T4 presented greats values with 16 hours under cycle of water. The Treatments 2 and 3 with 12 hours under cycle of water, they obtained inferior results to the other Treatments. As treatment system, came efficient in the reduction of the salinity. T1 obtained reduction medium maxim of 62,5%, to the 7 DAS, in the amount of salts that enter in the system in they are absorbed in the cultivation. The cultivation FVH acted reducing the microbiologic load. Significant percentile of reduction they were reached, with up to 90,23% of reduction of Units of Colonies (UFC), constituting, like this, the Hidroponic System as good alternative of treatment of effluents of Reactors of high Efficiency / Nas regi?es urbanas das grandes cidades verifica-se um maior problema de destino de efluentes das esta??es de tratamento devido ? jun??o dos esgotos em grandes volumes. Desta forma o cultivo hidrop?nico torna-se importante, por sua caracter?stica intensiva, como alternativa de re?so de ?guas residu?rias. O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo a otimiza??o do balan?o h?drico-nutricional do cultivo hidrop?nico de forragem verde (FVH) utilizando esgoto tratado. Realizou-se a produ??o de forragem hidrop?nica de milho (Zea mays L.), com o cultivar h?brido duplo AG1051, no campo experimental da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), na cidade de Natal-RN-Brasil. O efluente tratado essencialmente dom?stico teve origem de decanto-digestor de duas c?maras em s?rie seguido de filtros anaer?bios afogados. O sistema hidrop?nico experimental foi composto de 08 canteiros, com contornos limitados por alvenaria de tijolo cer?mico vazado, medindo cada um 2,5 (dois e meio) metros de comprimento por 1,0 (um) metro de largura, com inclina??o de 4 % (m/m) no sentido longitudinal, nivelado cuidadosamente, de forma a n?o permitir caminhos preferenciais no fluxo. Destas dimens?es, a ?rea ?til de semeio foi de 2 (dois) metros quadrados. Os canteiros de cultivo foram impermeabilizados (fundo e laterais) com lona pl?stica de 200 micra de espessura, na cor branca. Controladas a entrada e a sa?da de efluente nos canteiros, com ciclos de 12,68 minutos, realizou-se regas de 1,18 minutos. Os tratamentos constitu?ram-se de : T1 24 horas/dia sob rega com vaz?o de 2 L/min ; T2 - 12 horas/dia sob rega com vaz?o de 4 L/min ; T3 12 horas/dia sob rega com vaz?o de 2 L/min ; e T4 16 horas/dia sob rega com vaz?o de 3 L/min. Houve avalia??es da demanda evapotranspirom?trica, do afluente e do efluente do Sistema Hidrop?nico visando caracterizar e monitorar par?metros f?sico-qu?micos como: pH, temperatura, Condutividade El?trica e Coliformes Fecais. Este ?ltimo foi analisado aos 11 dias ap?s o semeio(DAS) e aos 14 DAS. Os demais foram analisados diariamente. O semeio foi realizado nas datas de 21 de fevereiro de 2007, primeiro experimento, e 10 (dez) de abril de 2007, segundo experimento. A densidade de semeio foi de 2 kg de sementes, pr?-germinada 48 horas antes, por metro quadrado de canteiro. O delineamento foi o inteiramente casualizado com duas repeti??es, em dois experimentos. Foi aplicado o teste Tukey de m?dia a cinco por cento de probabilidade. O ciclo de cultivo foi de 14 DAS com demanda evapotranspirom?trica m?xima, atingida pelo T1, de 67,44 mm/dia. Para os par?metros analisados, como massa de mat?ria verde - Kg, produtividade-Kg/m2 e raz?o de produ??o de FVH/Kg de semente utilizada no semeio, o melhor resultado foi apresentado pelo T1, obtendo valor de at? 19,01 Kg/m2. Sem diferen?a significativa, logo em seguida, o T4 com 16 horas sob ciclo de rega. Os Tratamentos 2 e 3 com 12 horas sob ciclo de rega, obtiveram resultados inferiores aos demais Tratamentos. Como sistema de tratamento, apresentou-se eficiente na redu??o da salinidade. O T1 obteve redu??o m?dia m?xima de 62,5 %, aos 7 DAS, na quantidade de sais que entram no sistema em s?o absorvidos no cultivo. O cultivo FVH atuou reduzindo a carga microbiol?gica, apesar da relativa boa qualidade microbiol?gica do afluente do sistema Hidrop?nico. Percentuais significativos de redu??o foram alcan?ados, com at? 90,23% de redu??o de Unidades Formadoras de Col?nias (UFC), constituindo, assim, o Sistema Hidrop?nico como boa alternativa de tratamento de efluentes de Reatores de alta Efici?ncia
527

Land use and land cover changes in South East Asia: The effects of land transformations on biophysical variables in Indonesia

Sabajo, Clifton Ralph 22 June 2018 (has links)
Au cours des dernières décennies, l'Indonésie a connu des transformations spectaculaires des terres avec une expansion des plantations de palmiers à huile au détriment des forêts tropicales. L'Indonésie est actuellement l'une des régions ayant le plus haut taux de transformation de la surface terrestre dans le monde à cause de l'expansion des plantations de palmiers à huile et d'autres agricultures qui remplacent les forêts à grande échelle. Comme la végétation est un modificateur du climat près du sol, ces transformations à grande échelle ont des impacts majeurs sur les variables biophysiques de surface telles que la température de surface, l'albédo, les indices de végétation (NDVI), sur le bilan énergétique de surface et le partitionnement énergétique. Ce travail de thèse vise à quantifier les impacts des changements d’usage des terres en Indonésie sur les variables biophysiques de surface. Pour évaluer ces changements à l'échelle régionale, des données de télédétection sont nécessaires. Étant une variable clé de nombreuses fonctions écologiques, la température de surface (LST) est directement affectée par les changements de la couverture terrestre. Nous avons analysé la LST à partir de la bande thermique d'une image Landsat et produit une carte de température de surface avec une haute résolution (30m) pour les basses terres de la province de Jambi à Sumatra (Indonésie), une région qui a subi de grandes transformations au cours des dernières décennies. La comparaison des LST, albédo, NDVI et évapotranspiration (ET) entre sept différents types de couverture terrestre (forêts, zones urbaines, terres incultes, plantations de palmiers à huile jeunes et matures, plantations d'acacias et de caoutchouc) montre que les forêts ont des températures de surface inférieures à celles des autres types de couvert végétal, ce qui indique un effet de réchauffement local après la conversion des forêts vers des plantations. Les différences de LST atteignaient 10,1 ± 2,6 ºC (moyenne ± écart-type) entre les forêts et les terres déforestées. Les différences de températures de surface s'expliquent par un effet de refroidissement évaporatif des forêts, qui compense l'effet de réchauffement de l'albédo. Basé sur des différences observées dans les variables biophysiques entre les plantations de palmiers à huile jeunes et matures, nous avons analysé trois images Landsat couvrant une chronoséquence de plantations de palmiers à huile pour étudier la dynamique des variables biophysiques de surface pendant le cycle de rotation de 20-25 ans des plantations de palmiers à huile. Nos résultats montrent que les différences entre les plantations de palmiers à huile à différents stades du cycle de rotation du palmier à huile se reflètent dans les différences du bilan énergétique de surface, du partitionnement énergétique et des variables biophysiques. Au cours du cycle de rotation des plantations de palmiers à huile, les différences de température à la surface diminuent graduellement et se rapprochent de zéro autour du stade mature de la plantation de palmiers à huile de 10 ans. Parallèlement, le NDVI augmente et l'albédo diminue à proximité des valeurs typiques des forêts. Le bilan énergétique de surface et le partitionnement énergétique montrent des tendances de développement liés aux variables biophysiques et à l'âge des plantations de palmiers à huile. Les nouvelles plantations et les jeunes plantations (<5 ans) ont un rayonnement net plus faible que les plantations de palmiers à huile matures, mais ont des températures de surface plus élevées que les plantations de palmiers à huile matures. Les changements dans les variables biophysiques, le bilan énergétique et la répartition de l'énergie au cours du cycle d’une rotation du palmier à huile peuvent s'expliquer par l'effet de refroidissement évaporatif précédemment identifié dans les forêts, qui compense l'effet de réchauffement de l'albédo. L'un des principaux déterminants de ce mécanisme est la couverture végétale au cours des différentes phases du cycle de rotation du palmier à huile. Le NDVI en tant qu'indicateur du couvert végétal a montré une relation inverse cohérente avec LST de différentes plantations de palmiers à huile âgés, une tendance qui est également observée pour différents types d'utilisation des terres dans cette étude. Une analyse régionale et à plus long terme de la tendance LST entre 2000 et 2015 basée sur les données MODIS montre que dans la journée la température moyenne de Jambi a augmenté de 1,05 ºC, suivant la tendance des changements observés et dépassant les effets du réchauffement climatique. Afin d'évaluer les effets de l'expansion du palmier à huile sur le climat, le bilan énergétique de surface, le partitionnement énergétique et les processus biophysiques jouent un rôle important et le cycle complet de rotation des plantations de palmiers à huile doit être envisagé. Basé sur nos résultats, nous construisons le cycle de rotation des plantations de palmiers à huile et les changements qui se produisent au cours du développement de la végétation de palmiers à huile. Cette étude fournit des preuves que l'expansion des plantations de palmiers à huile et d'autres cultures commerciales entraîne des changements dans les variables biophysiques, réchauffant la surface du sol et augmentant ainsi l'augmentation de la température de l'air à cause du changement climatique. En utilisant des données Landsat à haute résolution, nous avons pu inclure les effets du changement d'utilisation des terres sur les variables biophysiques. Comprendre les effets du changement de la couverture terrestre sur les variables biophysiques peut soutenir des politiques concernant la conservation des forêts existantes, la planification et l'expansion des plantations de palmiers à huile et les mesures de boisement possibles. La connaissance des variables biophysiques, du bilan radiatif et de la répartition énergétique au cours du cycle de rotation du palmier à huile peut inclure de nouvelles pratiques de gestion susceptibles de réduire les conditions environnementales et microclimatiques extrêmes dans la phase initiale des plantations de palmiers à huile.
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Crescimento, desenvolvimento e consumo hídrico de cana-de-açúcar sob dois sistemas de manejo da palha / Growth, development and sugarcane water use considering two different trash management systems

Leandro Garcia da Costa 01 December 2016 (has links)
A determinação da quantidade ideal de palha sobre o solo é uma das questões mais discutidas pelo setor sucroenergético, visto que este resíduo vegetal pode ser considerado um subproduto da cana-de-açúcar destinado à produção de etanol celulósico e cogeração de energia elétrica. Para estabelecer estes valores é necessário considerar as necessidades da cultura, juntamente com características físico-químicas e biológicas do solo. Os modelos de culturas baseados em processos (MCPs), especificamente o APSIM-Sugar, capaz de simular a matéria orgânica sobre o solo, pode ser utilizado em conjunto com experimentos de campo, para auxiliar as tomadas de decisão sobre quais as quantidades ideais de palha em cada sistema de produção de cana-de-açúcar no Brasil. Os MCPs devem ser utilizados para simular o desenvolvimento e o crescimento da cultura, além do balanço de água, nitrogênio e carbono no solo, o que possibilitaria a aplicação dos resultados experimentais em outras regiões de interesse, permitindo visão e compreensão mais amplas das principais questões do setor. Neste contexto, este estudo comparou dois tratamentos: manutenção de 100% da palha (CP) e remoção de 100% da palha (SP) em um experimento irrigado conduzido com a primeira soca da cultivar RB867515, cultivada na região meridional do Brasil, no município de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Lat. 22,67° S and Long. 47,64° W. Foram realizadas avaliações biométricas mensais, referentes as variáveis, perfilhamento, altura e diâmetro de colmos, índice de área foliar (IAF) e número de folhas verdes, assim como avaliações sobre as massas frescas e secas de folhas, colmos e palmitos. A evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), foi obtida pelo método da razão de Bowen (MRB) e a partir da reflectometria no domínio da frequência (FDR). O fluxo de seiva pelo método do balanço de calor foi assumido como a transpiração (Tp). Comparando os tratamentos, observou-se diferenças significativas apenas para no IAF e na massa seca de folhas (MSF). A ETc mostrou valores entre 3 e 8 mm dia-1, dependendo das condições climáticas e do estágio da cultura. O coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) apresentou relação inversa com a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), de tal forma que quando ETo < 2 mm, o Kc(SP) = 1,8 e o Kc(CP) = 1,5, e para situações com ETo > 6mm foram observados Kc(CP) = 1,3 e Kc(SP) = 1,2. O modelo de cultura APSIM-Sugar foi aplicado para diferentes regiões brasileiras, visando a determinação das melhores estratégias de manejo, tanto de água, quanto de solo. As simulações mostraram que, para todas as regiões, a manutenção de no mínimo 50% da palha e a reposição de 25% do total de irrigação, resultou nas maiores taxas de incremento da produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. / Determining the optimal amount of trash blankets above ground is one of the most discussed issues by the sugarcane industry, since this residue can be considered a byproduct of sugarcane due to cellulosic ethanol and electricity cogeneration. To establish these values, it is necessary to consider the crop needs together with physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics. The process based crop models (PBCMs), specifically APSIM-Sugar, able to simulate the soil organic matter, can be used in conjunction with field experiments to support the decision making about the optimum amounts of trash blanket for Brazilian sugarcane farming systems. PBCMs might be used to simulate the crop development and growth, water, nitrogen and carbon soil balances, and make the experiment data applicable for other regions allowing for a broader view and understanding on the key questions. In this context, this study compared two treatments: maintenance of 100% of the trash (CP) and removal of 100% of the trash (SP) in an experiment carried out with an irrigated first ratoon of RB867515 cultivar in Southern Brazil, at city of Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Lat. 22,67° S and Long. 47,64° W. Monthly biometric evaluations were performed regarding the variables, tillering, stalk\'s height and diameter, leaf area index (LAI) and number of green leaves, as well as fresh and dry mass of leaves, cabbages and stalks. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were assessed by Bowen ratio method (MRB) and frequency domain reflectometry (FDR). Sap flow measured by heat balance method was assumed to be the crop transpiration (Tp). APSIM-Sugar crop model was calibrated based on these experimental data, and such model was applied for different Brazilian regions for evaluating the best water-trash management strategies for each region. Comparing both treatments there were just significant differences for leaf area index (LAI) and leaves dry mass (MSF). ETc was ranged from 3 to 8 mm day-1, depending on the weather conditions and crop stage. Crop coefficient (Kc) showed an inverse linear relationship with reference evapotranspiration (ETo), in such way that when ETo < 2 mm, the Kc(SP) = 1,8 and Kc(CP) = 1,5, and for ETo > 6mm it was observed Kc(CP) = 1,3 and Kc(SP) = 1,2. APSIM-Sugar simulations showed that, in the most part of cases, the keeping at least 50% of trash blanket and 25% of total irrigation requirement, resulted on the highest yield rates.
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Consumo de água, relações hídricas e biométricas em dois sistemas de cultivo irrigado de Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu / Water consumption, water and biometric relations in two irrigated systems of Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu

Débora Pantojo de Souza 09 February 2017 (has links)
Com a crescente utilização da irrigação em sistemas de produção animal, aumentam a demanda por estudos na área de consumo de água de plantas forrageiras para a obtenção de medidas mais precisas com o propósito de aprimorar o manejo de água em pastagens. Quando esse manejo é realizado a partir de elementos climáticos, uma das estratégias é a utilização de modelos para estimativa da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc), e para isso é necessário conhecer os valores do coeficiente de cultura (Kc) ao longo do ciclo fenológico. Entretanto, ainda há poucos estudos de determinação de Kc para as forrageiras tropicais, de modo a preencher a lacuna da falta de informação aos usuários e técnicos que orientam a irrigação na forragicultura. O objetivo deste projeto foi determinar o consumo de água e coeficiente de cultura da Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu em sistema de cultivo exclusivo e consorciado com forrageiras de inverno (Aveia-preta e Azevém). Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se: (i) determinar o consumo de água das forrageiras com sonda capacitiva; (ii) medir parâmetros biométricos e produtivos das forrageiras ao longo dos ciclos; (iii) relacionar a evolução do Kc ao longo do período de crescimento com o índice de área foliar (IAF), altura do dossel forrageiro (ADF) e graus-dias (GD). O experimento foi realizado na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ/USP), em duas parcelas com área individual de 144 m², nas quais foram instalados lisímetros ao centro, com sistemas automáticos de pesagem e drenagem. Esses lisímetros foram utilizados para medir a ETc e estimar o Kc a partir da comparação entre valores medidos e estimativas de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) com dados provenientes do Posto Meteorológico localizado na ESALQ e a 100 m de distância da área experimental. Analisou-se o período de 10 de fevereiro a 11 de outubro de 2016 com ciclos de cortes de duração variada devido à fenologia da cultura. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que ambos os sistemas de cultivo (capim Marandu solteiro e consorciado) demando volumes considerais de água para máxima produção. Porém durante o período estacional, o capim Marandu não é eficiente na conversão em matéria seca produzida. O uso da sonda capacitiva como estimativa de evapotranspiração apresenta resultados diferentes a dos lisímetros, porém com correlações significativas. O uso de modelo de crescimento para estimativa de Kc explicam uma utilização prática. Demais resultados detalhados são encontrados no desenvolvimento de cada capítulo. / With the increasing use of irrigation in animal production systems, the demand for studies in the area of water consumption of forage plants increases to obtain more precise measures for the purpose of improving water management in pastures. When this management is carried out from climatic elements, one of the strategies is the use of models to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and for this it is necessary to know the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) throughout the phenological cycle. However, there are still few Kc determination studies for tropical forages, in order to fill the gap of the lack of information to the users and technicians that guide the irrigation in forage. The purpose this study, the was to determine the water consumption and culture coefficient of Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha) cv. Marandu in a system of exclusive cultivation and intercropped with winter forages (Oat-black and Azevém). As secondary objectives, we sought to: (i) determine the water consumption of forages with capacitive probe; (Ii) to measure biometric and productive parameters of forages along the cycles; (Iii) to correlate the evolution of Kc throughout the growth period with the leaf area index (LAI), forage canopy height (ADF) and degree-days (GD). The experiment was carried out at the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (ESALQ/USP), in two plots with an individual area of 144 m², in which lysimeters were installed in the center, with automatic weighing and drainage systems. These lysimeters were used to measure the ETc and estimate the Kc from the comparison between measured values and estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) with data from the Meteorological Station located at ESALQ, 100 m away from the experimental area. The period from February 10 to October 11, 2016 was analyzed with crop cycles of varied duration due to crop phenology. The results showed that both cultivation systems (single and intercropped Marandu grass) require considerable volumes of water for maximum production. However during the seasonal period, the Marandu grass is not efficient in the conversion to dry matter produced. The use of the capacitive probe as an estimate of evapotranspiration presents different results from lysimeters, but with significant correlations. The use of growth model to estimate Kc explains a practical use. Further detailed results are found in the development of each chapter.
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Aprimoramento do zoneamento agrícola de risco climático do sistema de produção da soja em Mato Grosso do Sul / Improvements on the agricultural climate risk zoning of soybean production system in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Éder Comunello 11 February 2016 (has links)
Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) é um estado brasileiro cuja economia é fortemente dependente da atividade agrícola, sendo diretamente afetado pelas flutuações das safras. Soja e milho são as principais culturas exploradas, chegando a representar 96% dos cultivos temporários. Perdas agrícolas decorrentes de adversidades climáticas são relativamente frequentes nesses cultivos, sobretudo por déficit hídrico. Nesse sentido, estratégias que minimizam perdas, como o Zoneamento Agrícola de Risco Climático (ZARC), são essenciais para garantir o sucesso dos produtores. Todavia, o ZARC não está isento de falhas, requerendo ajustes e melhorias, face às grandes alterações que ocorreram no processo produtivo nas últimas décadas, dentre as quais a ampliação e a atualização da base de dados meteorológicos empregada na determinação dos riscos e o uso de coeficientes de cultura (Kc) atualizados, especialmente no caso da soja com hábito de crescimento indeterminado. Desse modo, os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) comparar o desempenho de duas diferentes estruturas lisimétricas para a obtenção da evapotranspiração das culturas (ETc) da soja e do milho; b) determinar localmente os valores de Kc, com base na lisimetria (ETc) e na evapotranspiração de referência de Penman-Monteith (ETo), considerando cultivares de soja com hábitos de crescimento determinado e indeterminado; c) gerar mapas atualizados de risco climático para a cultura da soja em MS, considerando-se novos Kc e a ampliação da base de dados, para distintas épocas de semeadura; e d) avaliar épocas de semeadura da soja em MS e seus efeitos no risco climático. Os resultados mostraram que as estruturas lisimétricas podem ser empregadas na determinação da ETc, sem diferenças significativas (p < 0,01), apesar das peculiaridades de cada uma. Assim, foi constatado que as determinações de Kc (milho e soja) não sofreram influência do tipo de lisímetro utilizado. Em todos os experimentos realizados, as plantas do interior dos lisímetros apresentaram o mesmo padrão de crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade do entorno. Na fase inicial da cultura do milho outonoinverno (0-15 DAE), o Kc médio obtido foi 0,54, com incremento linear até atingir o máximo de 1,37 no pendoamento (50 DAE), decaindo gradualmente durante a fase reprodutiva, ficando próximo a 0,80 na maturação fisiológica (110 DAE) e 0,40 na colheita. Para a cultura da soja, os valores de Kc diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) entre as cultivares com diferentes hábitos de crescimento, havendo também diferenças entre os Kc propostos nesse estudo em relação àqueles utilizados pelo ZARC e FAO, especialmente na fase reprodutiva, mais longa para as cultivares de hábito indeterminado. Finalmente, o emprego de novos Kc e uso de dados climáticos atualizados (até 2013) e ampliados (190 estações) resultou em mudanças substanciais no ZARC da soja em MS, alterando a proporção de áreas com alto risco nas épocas avaliadas e levando à uma perspectiva diferenciada da antecipação da semeadura da soja. Com base nesses resultados concluiu-se que é necessária uma profunda revisão do ZARC utilizado no Brasil, sendo recomendada a atualização e expansão da base de dados climáticos empregados, assim como a revisão dos parâmetros culturais exigidos pelo modelo Sarra. / Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) is a Brazilian state whose economy is highly dependent on agriculture, being, therefore, directly affected by fluctuations on production. Soybean and maize are the main crops, representing 96% of temporary crops cultivated along the year. Agricultural losses caused by adverse climatic conditions are relatively frequent in these crops, especially by water deficit. Considering that, strategies for minimizing losses, as the Agricultural Climate Risk Zoning (ZARC), are essential to ensure growers success. However, the ZARC requires adjustments and improvements, due the great changes that have occurred in the production system in the past decades. Among the most important changes are the expansion and updating of the climatic database used for determining the risks and the use of new crop coefficients (Kc) concerning to modern cultivars, especially for soybean with indeterminate growth habit. Therefore, this study has as objectives: a) to compare the performance of two different lysimetric structures to obtain soybean and maize evapotranspiration (ETc); b) to determine Kc values for maize and for determinate and indeterminate soybean cultivars, based on ETc from lysimeters and Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration (ETo); c) to generate updated maps of climatic risk for the soybean crop in MS, considering new Kc values and the updated and extended climatic databases, for different sowing dates; and d) to evaluate different sowing dates in MS and their impacts on soybean climatic risk. The results showed that lysimetric structures can be employed to determining ETc without significant differences (p < 0.01), despite the peculiarities of each one. Kc values for maize and soybean were not affected by lysimeter type. In all experiments, the plants inside the lysimeters had the same growth patterns than those in the surrounding area. For autumn-winter maize crop, the average Kc from 0 to 15 days after emergence (DAE) was 0.54, with a linear increase up to the maximum of 1.37 at tasseling (50 DAE), gradually decreasing during the reproductive phase, getting close to 0.80 at physiological maturity (110 AED) and 0.40 at harvest. For soybean, Kc values differed significantly (p < 0.05) between cultivars with distinct growth habits, and also among those proposed here and used by ZARC and FAO, mainly during the reproductive phase, which was longer for indeterminate cultivars. Finally, the use of new soybean Kc values and updated climatic data (190 stations with data until 2013) resulted in substantial changes on the soybean ZARC in MS, mainly in the proportion of areas with high risk, leading to new perspectives about soybean sowing anticipation. The main conclusion of this study is that ZARC used in Brazil requires to be deeply reviewed, for both the climatic database used and crop parameters required by Sarra model.

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