Cette thèse a été codirigée par le Dr. Florent Chazarenc / Les marais filtrants artificiels sont communément utilisés pour le traitement des eaux usées municipales, mais ils peuvent aussi traiter une large gamme d’effluents à l’aide de différents types de marais filtrant et ce sous une variété de climats. Les plantes jouent un rôle central dans l’épuration des eaux, mais on peut se demander si ce rôle est le même sous toutes les conditions et ce pour les différentes espèces de plantes. Dans le cadre de cette étude, j’ai évalué l’influence de la présence ainsi que de l’espèce de plantes selon des conditions extrêmement différentes : 1) traitement de rejet de serre hydroponique par un marais filtrant à flux horizontal en conditions hivernales, 2) traitement des boues par un marais à flux vertical en conditions estivales. / Constructed wetlands (CWs) are commonly used to treat municipal wastewater, but they can also handle a wide range of effluents by using different types of CWs and under a variety of climatic conditions. Plants play a central role in CWs, but it is still unknown if the presence of plants or the choice of the species have the same influence under different conditions. In this study, I evaluated the influence of the presence and the species of plants under two very different conditions: 1) treatment of hydroponic wastewater by a horizontal flow CW in winter conditions, 2) sludge treatment by a vertical flow CW in summer conditions.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-30T20:26:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JERÔNIMO ANDRADE DA NÓBREGA 1.PDF: 26585385 bytes, checksum: 048ff214808b8d928b95ac6d27b1ca5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T20:26:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JERÔNIMO ANDRADE DA NÓBREGA 1.PDF: 26585385 bytes, checksum: 048ff214808b8d928b95ac6d27b1ca5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08 / O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) é uma planta produtora de óleo atualmente considerada como alternativa para a produção de biodiesel. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes níveis de reposição da evapotranspiração, através da irrigação com água salina, e efeitos da adubação orgânica e mineral no cultivo do pinhão-manso em condições de campo. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Barra, no município de Santa Luzia, no semiarido paraibano. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Foram estudados cinco níveis de reposição de água (25; 50; 75; 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração de referência) e três tipos de adubação (orgânica, mineral e fertilidade natural do solo, isto é, sem aplicação de adubo). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura das plantas; diâmetro do caule; número de folhas; peso das sementes, dos frutos e da casca, e no fim do experimento, foi realizada uma análise foliar objetivando-se observar o acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas. As lâminas de irrigação e o tipo de adubação exerceram, em determinado período de avaliação ou em todos eles, efeitos significativos nos parâmetros de crescimento e no número de folhas. As lâminas de irrigação não afetaram o peso das sementes, dos frutos nem da casca, enquanto a adubação causou efeito altamente significativo. As lâminas de irrigação promoveram efeito significativo no teor de nutrientes das folhas no final do experimento, apenas nos elementos sódio e nitrogénio, enquanto o efeito das adubações não foi significativo em nenhum dos elementos. As diferenças no teor de nutrientes das folhas entre as lâminas de 25% e 75% da ETo foram significativas apenas para os elementos N e Na; já nas médias dos tratamentos das adubações orgânica e mineral e sem adubação, não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas. / The Jatropha curcas is a oil producer plant now considered as an alternative for biodiesel production. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of different leveis of replacement of the evapotranspiration, through the irrigation with saline water, and effects of the organic and chemical manuring in the cultivation of the Jatropha curcas under field conditions. The experiment was developed in the Farm Barra, in the municipal district of Santa Luzia, in the Paraíba semi-arid. The used statistical design was in randomized blocks, in an scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications. Five leveis of replacement of water (25; 50; 75; 100 and 125% of the reference evapotranspiration) and three manuring types (organic, mineral and natural fertility of the soil, that is, without fertilizer application) were studied. The appraised variables were: plants height; stem diameter, number of leaves, the seeds, fruits and peei weight, and at the end of the experiment a leave analysis was accomplished, aiming to observe the accumulation of nutrients in the leaves. The irrigation water depths and the manuring type exercised, in a certain evaluation period or in ali of them, significant effects on the growth parameters and on the number of leaves. The irrigation water depths didn't affect the weight of the seeds, of the fruits and of the peei, while the manuring caused effect highly significant. The irrigation water depths promoted significant effect on the content of nutrients of the leaves by the end of the experiment, just in the elements sodium and nitrogen, while the effect of the manurings was not significant in none of the elements. The differences in the content of nutrients of the leaves among the water depths of 25% and 75% of ETo were significant just for the elements N and Na; already in the mean of the treatments of the organic and chemical manurings and without manuring, didn't happen statistical differences.

Stormwater runoff has negative impacts on water resources, human health and environment. In this research the effectiveness of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) systems is examined as a stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP). Time-based, evapotranspiration-based, and soil moisture-based irrigation scheduling methods in conjunction with RWH and a control site without RWH were simulated to determine the effect of RWH as a BMP on a single-family residence scale. The effects of each irrigation scheduling method on minimizing water runoff leaving the plots and potable water input for irrigation were compared. The scenario that reflects urban development was simulated and compared to other RWH-irrigation scheduling systems by a control treatment without a RWH component. Four soil types (sand, sandy loam, loamy sand, silty clay) and four cistern sizes (208L, 416L, 624L, 833L) were evaluated in the urban development scenario. To achieve the purpose of this study; a model was developed to simulate daily water balance for the three treatments. Irrigation volumes and water runoff were compared for four soil types and four cistern sizes. Comparisons between total volumes of water runoff were estimated by utilizing different soil types, while comparisons between total potable water used for irrigation were estimated by utilizing different irrigation scheduling methods. This research showed that both Curve Number method and Mass-Balance method resulted in the greatest volumes of water runoff predicted for Silty Clay soil and the least volumes of water runoff predicted for Sand soil. Moreover, increasing cistern sizes resulted in reducing total water runoff and potable water used for irrigation, although not at a statistically significant level. Control treatment that does not utilize a cistern had the greatest volumes of predicted supplemental water among all soil types utilized, while Soil Moisture-based treatment on average had the least volume of predicted supplemental water.

Ph.d.-afhandling. Den kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole, 2002. / Haves også i trykt udg.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / Statistical analyses of existing hydrologic records suffer from the problem that such records are of relatively short duration, and therefore may not necessarily be random samples of the infinite population of events. On the hypothesis that tree-ring series and runoff series respond to a common climatic signal or signals that permit prediction of annual runoff from annual ring-width index, tree-ring data are used to extend available runoff records backwards in time to permit more accurate estimates of the 3 most common statistics used in hydrology: the mean, the variance and the 1st order correlation. It is assumed that both series are generated by the climatic parameters of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, seasonal regime and spatial distribution. Of major concern in the reconstruction of annual runoff series from tree-ring records was the difference in persistence within each of the 2 series. A matrix of the tree-ring data was constructed, lagged up to 3 times and principal components were extracted. The covariation in this matrix was then decomposed by extracting the Eigen-vectors, and multiple regression was then used to weight the respective series and the differences in persistence were determined. This method was applied to watersheds of diverse characteristics and improved estimates of the mean and variance were obtained.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / The contribution of flows from small watersheds to groundwater recharge is of interest. Water disposition depends on infiltration and evaporation characteristics. This study had the objective of developing an infiltration equation for estimating transmission losses during a flow event in an ephemeral stream near Tucson, Arizona, in the rocky mountain forest and range experiment station. Palo Verde, desert hackberry, cholla, marmontea and mesquite are the major bank species of the sandy channels. A climatic section consisting of a hydrothermograph recording rain gage and class a evaporation pan was installed. A water balance method was used to estimate evapotranspiration. A specially designed infiltrometer was used to simulate flow events. The data allowed the following conclusions: Philip's infiltration equation is an excellent mathematical model, initial moisture affects initial infiltration rate, the Philip coefficients are determinable by the infiltrometer constructed, soil moisture affects infiltration rates, and transpiration rates diminish linearly proportional to the ratio of available water to field capacity.

Les marais filtrants artificiels sont communément utilisés pour le traitement des eaux usées municipales, mais ils peuvent aussi traiter une large gamme d’effluents à l’aide de différents types de marais filtrant et ce sous une variété de climats. Les plantes jouent un rôle central dans l’épuration des eaux, mais on peut se demander si ce rôle est le même sous toutes les conditions et ce pour les différentes espèces de plantes. Dans le cadre de cette étude, j’ai évalué l’influence de la présence ainsi que de l’espèce de plantes selon des conditions extrêmement différentes : 1) traitement de rejet de serre hydroponique par un marais filtrant à flux horizontal en conditions hivernales, 2) traitement des boues par un marais à flux vertical en conditions estivales. / Constructed wetlands (CWs) are commonly used to treat municipal wastewater, but they can also handle a wide range of effluents by using different types of CWs and under a variety of climatic conditions. Plants play a central role in CWs, but it is still unknown if the presence of plants or the choice of the species have the same influence under different conditions. In this study, I evaluated the influence of the presence and the species of plants under two very different conditions: 1) treatment of hydroponic wastewater by a horizontal flow CW in winter conditions, 2) sludge treatment by a vertical flow CW in summer conditions. / Cette thèse a été codirigée par le Dr. Florent Chazarenc

Evapotranspiration is a nexus for planetary energy and carbon cycles, as yet poorly constrained. Here I use stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen to partition flux of water due to plant transpiration from the direct evaporative flux from soils, water bodies and plant. The study areas, Langat and Kelantan watersheds represent examples of domains dominated by the respective Southwest and Northeast monsoons on the two sides of the main orographic barrier (Titiwangsa mountain range). Mean annual rainfall for the Langat watershed, obtained from 30 years of hydrological data, is 2145 ± 237 mm. Tentatively, 48% of this precipitation returns to the atmosphere via transpiration (T), with 33% partitioned into discharge (Q), 8% into interception (In), and 11% into evaporation (Ed). In the Kelantan watershed, the mean annual rainfall, also based on the 30 year hydrological data, is 2383 ± 120 mm. Similar to Langat, the T accounts for 43% of precipitation (P), 45% is discharged into South China Sea (Q), 12% partitioned into interception (In) and tentatively 0% for evaporation (Ed). Ed for the Langat watershed represents only a small proportion in terms of volumetric significance, up to almost ~11% with strong effect on the isotopic fingerprints of waters associated with the summer Southwest Monsoon (SWM). Note, however, that insignificant Ed for the Kelantan watershed may be an artefact of rain and river water sampling at only coastal downstream portion of the watershed. High humidity (80%) also was recorded for the Malaysian Peninsula watershed. T appropriates about half of all solar energy absorbed by the continents, here ~1000*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1 similar to other tropical regions at 900-1200*103 g H2O m-2 yr-1. The associated carbon fluxes are ~ 1300 g C m-2yr-1, independent of P. Vegetation responses to solar irradiance, via T and photosynthesis reflects the importance of stomatal regulation of the water and carbon fluxes. In order to maintain high transpiration in the tropical region, “constant” water supply is required for continuous pumping of water that delivers nutrients to the plant, suggesting that water and carbon cycle are co-driven by the energy of the sun. The existence of the water conveyor belt may be precondition for nutrient delivery, hence operation of the carbon cycle. Potentially, this may change our perspective on the role that biology plays in the water cycle. In such perspective, the global water cycle is the medium that redistributes the incoming solar energy across the planet, and the anatomical structures of plants then help to optimize the loop of energy transfer via evaporation and precipitation in the hydrologic cycle. The main features of aquatic geochemistry of the Langat and Kelantan rivers inferred from the Principal Component Analysis are controlled by three components that explain 80% and 82% of total variances. These components are reflecting of the geogenic factor with superimposed pollution, the latter particularly pronounced in urbanized sections of the Langat river and dominant in downstream of the Kelantan river. There is no correlation between seasonal variations in major ion chemistry and environmental variables such as precipitation, discharge, temperature or solar activity.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-19T20:20:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIGIA SAMPAIO REIS - TESE PPGEA 2006..pdf: 39057759 bytes, checksum: b8a95f345aae5194c46d6f9979e44ece (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-19T20:20:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIGIA SAMPAIO REIS - TESE PPGEA 2006..pdf: 39057759 bytes, checksum: b8a95f345aae5194c46d6f9979e44ece (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12 / CNPq / O conhecimento sobre o crescimento das espécies cultivadas permite planejar e manejar de forma racional os cultivos, contribuindo para que as espécies consigam expressar todo seu potencial, além de fornecer dados para a construção de modelos matemáticos capazes de descrever a necessidade de água das culturas, através do conhecimento da evapotranspiração. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi a caracterização energética e hídrica no desenvolvimento do tomate caqui em ambiente protegido, visando determinação da necessidade de água. Foram feitas as seguintes determinações: fluxos de calor sensível e latente pelos métodos do balanço de energia de Bowen e pelo método de Penman- Monteith; coeficiente da cultura através dos métodos de Linacre, Penman-Monteith e radiação; e evapotranspiração pelos métodos do balanço hídrico e Penman-Monteith. Durante o período experimental, foram tomadas medidas semanais de altura das plantas e comprimento e largura das folhas. Foram ajustados modelos para determinação do índice de área foliar, em função da largura e comprimento das folhas. Comparado ao modelo de Penman-Monteith, o modelo de Linacre subestimou os valores de ETo, quando o saldo de radiação (Rn) foi superior a 7,0 MJ m ; por outro lado, quando Rn ocorreu na faixa de 4 MJ m2 o método de Linacre superestimou a ETo. O saldo de radiação foi consumido em 71% para o fluxo de calor latente no interior do ambiente protegido, e em 15% para o fluxo de calor sensível. Apesar do comportamento dos dois métodos serem os mesmos, os valores encontrados pelo método do balanço hídrico foram maiores que os encontrados pelo método de Penman-Monteith. A relação Rgi e Rge permaneceu constante durante o ciclo com transmissividade de 89%, mostrando, portanto, redução de 18%, provocada pela cobertura de polietileno. A Rg apesar de mostrar uma concordância elevada, apresentou um maior erro quando comparada aos outros elementos, mostrando que existem diferenças significativas entre as mediadas obtidas dentro da estufa e as estimadas pelos dados externos. O valor médio de frutos por planta foi de 21,5, com uma produção de 3,04 kg planta e uma produtividade de 7,6 kg m" , totalizando uma produtividade de 76 t ha" , valor este maior que a média Nacional. Verificou-se, que o maior consumo de água ocorreu na fase reprodutiva. / The knowledge on growth of cultivated species allows to planning and to manage, in a rational way, the cultivations, contributing so that the species get to express ali its potential, besides supplying data for construction of mathematical models capable to describe the need of water by crops, through the knowledge of evapotranspiration. The main objective of this work was the energy and hydric characterization in the development of tomato kaki in greenhouse, seeking determination of the need of water. The following determinations were performed: sensitive and latent heat flows by the methods of energy balance of Bowen and by the method of Penman-Monteith; crop coefficient through the methods of Linacre, Penman-Monteith and radiation; and evapotranspiration by the methods of water balance and Penman-Monteith. During the experimental period, weekly measures of plants height and length and width of leaves were taken. Models were adjusted for determination of the foliar area index, in function of the width and length of the leaves. Compared to the model of Penman-Monteith, the model of Linacre underestimated the values of ETo, when the radiation balance (Rn) was superior to 7.0 MJ m" ; on the other hand, when Rn happened in the strip of 4 MJ m"2 the method of Linacre overestimated ETo. The radiation balance was consumed in 71% by the latent heat flow inside of the greenhouse, and in 15% by the sensitive heat flow. In spite of the behavior of the two methods be the same, the values found by the water balance method were larger than the ones found by the method of Penman- Monteith. The relationship Rgi and Rge stayed constant during the cycle with transmissivity of 89%, showing, therefore, reduction of 18%, provoked by the covering of polyethylene. The Rg, in spite of showing a high agreement, presented a larger error when compared to the other elements, showing that significant differences exist among the measures obtained inside of the greenhouse and the ones estimated by the externai data. The mean value of fruits per plant was of 21.5, with a production of 3.04 kg plant"1 and a productivity of 7.6 kg m"2, totaling a productivity of 76 t ha"1, which is a value larger than the National mean. It was verified that the largest water consumption happened in the reproductive phase.

Les marais de l'Ouest ont été gagnés sur les sédiments fluvio-marins par poldérisation débutée dès le moyen âge. Les aménagements hydrauliques avaient, initialement, des objectifs sanitaires et d'élevage. A partir des endiguements, ils ont divisé les territoires en marais mouillés et marais desséchés. Depuis les années 1970 le développement des cultures intensives de céréales a nécessité un rabaissement complémentaire de la nappe par drainage en partie pour augmenter la désalinisation de surface et limiter l’engorgement des sols. Néanmoins, ces territoires restent caractérisés par des nappes proches de la surface. En conséquence les profils hydriques vont être gouvernés par les conditions météorologiques y compris l'évapotranspiration, la pluviométrie, mais également par les remontées capillaires issues d'une nappe salée. D'autre par la nature argileuse des sols et ses propriétés de retrait conditionnent énormément le fonctionnement hydrodynamique et les évolutions de structure.La première partie du travail a été de suivre les évolutions des profils hydriques et de salinité en parcelles non drainées (prairies) et en parcelles drainées (Maïs, Blé, Tournesol). Ces suivis ont été complétés par les mesures des niveaux de nappes et par des mesures tensiométriques via des bougies poreuses implantées à différentes profondeurs. L'objectif final a été de calculer et modéliser les profils de réserve utile (RU) et de RU "résiduelle" utilisable par les plantes. Dans ces systèmes alimentés par les remontées capillaires, le réseau racinaire puise l'eau dans la zone non saturée de surface (vadose) puis dans la zone saturée sous-jacente. La teneur en eau caractéristique de l'interface zone non saturée - zone saturée a été déterminée par analogie entre les chemins d'état de la matrice argileuse le long de sa courbe de retrait et du sol le long de sa courbe de compaction. Les profils de RU résiduelle utilisable par les plantes ont été calculés à partir des profils de teneurs en eau puis comparés aux profils de RU obtenus via les données de station météorologique. Ces profils de RU résiduelle ont pu être écrits sous forme d'équation polynomiale du second degré puis modélisés. Dans cet environnement alimenté par les remontées capillaires, ces profils de RU résiduelles peuvent être modélisés à partir d'un paramètre facilement mesurable en surface qui prend en compte la structure du sol et les conditions météorologique : soit la teneur en eau à 10 cm de profondeur. Cette modélisation reste suffisamment réaliste pour être utilisée comme un outil prédictif face à la pédodiversité et/ou les rendements de culture.A ce travail s'ajoute deux études préliminaires : - les mesures des conductivités thermiques effectives de ces sols par la méthode du fil chaud et leurs modélisations dans les systèmes biphasés : eau - argile et air - argile, mais également pour les systèmes triphasés non saturés : eau - air - argile. Les perspectives sont la modélisation des transferts thermiques et hydriques dans le sol à partir de la surface, - et l'élaboration d'un protocole d'imprégnation-polymérisation des sols argileux humides par des résines de type HEMA. Cette imprégnation permet d'envisager la confection de lames minces dans le matériau argileux induré avec conservation de sa structure initiale humide. Les perspectives sont la pétrographie quantitative à l'interface racine - sol le long de profils verticaux dans les environnements argileux à degrés de saturation et structure évolutives. / The coastal marshlands are territories generally reclaimed on primary fluvio-marine sediments. They result from hydraulic managements and/or polderization which may date from the Middle Ages. Historically these hydraulic managements were built for goals of wholesomeness, breeding and farming. They isolate two territories: the dried marshes and the wet marshes. For the intensive cereal crops the slow drying caused by land reclamation was recently improved by the drainage, in part for increase the depth of desalinization and decrease waterlogging. Nevertheless, these territories remain characterized by shallow ground water of initial salt water. Consequently, the hydric profiles are governed by the meteoric conditions including the Evapotranspiration, the rainfall, but also the capillarity rises from the salt groundwater. Moreover, the clay dominated nature of the soils and their drastic shrinkage properties govern the hydrodynamic functioning and the soil structure behavior.The first part of the work was the monitoring of the water content and salinity profiles in drained cereal crops and in undrained grasslands. These measurements have been completed by the ground water level and tensiometric monitoring. The final goal was the calculation and modeling of the available water capacity (AWC) and plant available water (PAW) profiles. In these systems mainly supplied by the capillarity rises, the root network gets water in the subsurface vadose zone and then in the deeper saturated groundwater zone. The water content characteristic of the interface between the vadose and saturated zone was determined by comparison between the clay material state paths along its shrinkage curve and along its compaction curve. The PAW profiles were calculated from the water content profiles and then compared to the AWC profiles. The PAW profiles have been equated as polynomial second degree equations. In these shallow groundwater environments the PAW profiles have been modeled taking into account an easy measurable surface parameter which includes the soil structure behavior and the meteoric conditions: i.e. the water content measured at 10 cm depth. The PAW modelling remains sufficiently realistic to be used as a tool for farming management. Two preliminary studies were added to this work: - the measurement of effective thermal conductivity of the clayey soils by the transient hot wire method, and the modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of biphasic air-clay and water-clay media, but also triphasic unsaturated air-water-clay media. The prospect is the modeling of thermal and hydric transfer from the surface to the depth. - and the elaboration of a protocol of impregnation - hardening for wet clay dominated soils by HEMA resins. This impregnation allows the making of thin sections in these clay materials with conservation of their initial wet structures. The prospective is the quantitative petrography at the root - clay matrix interface along vertical profiles in clayey soils at different degrees of saturation and different structures.