A presente dissertação expositiva teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologia para análise forense de fios de cabelos. Considerado um microvestígio comum de ser encontrado em locais de crime contra pessoa (DOREA, 2010), fios de cabelo são capazes de fornecer informações úteis na identificação da autoria do crime, ou a entender a dinâmica de um crime violento (ROBERTSON, 1999). As fibras compostas por fio de cabelo deterioram-se lentamente (ROBBINS, 2012), e podem ser analisadas mesmo transcorrido longo período de tempo, tornando-se ainda mais relevante em locais de crime que são examinados tardiamente. Os equipamentos utilizados no presente estudo são de uso comum em laboratórios, permitindo que a metodologia seja amplamente empregada. O presente estudo buscou desenvolver metodologias para análise por microscopia ótica de fios de cabelo, identificando as características de interesse forense passíveis de serem estudadas. Utilizaram-se amostras de fios de cabelo para análise das seções transversais e longitudinais, de forma destrutiva e não destrutiva, com preparação de lâminas de forma permanente e não permanente. Como resultado obteve-se uma metodologia de baixo custo descrita para aplicações forenses em vestígios coletados em locais de crime, em armas de crimes ou em suspeitos, de forma a combater a criminalidade face o poder probatório da prova material. Constatou-se a possibilidade de identificação de características macroscópicas e microscópicas de fios de cabelo, que revelam atributos do doador e, em alguns casos, auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica do crime. A agilidade observada no método permite ainda a obtenção de informações durante a fase preliminar ou de investigação em curtos espaços de tempo. / This monographic dissertation aimed to develop standards of microscopic forensic hair analysis. A very common trace to be found in certain crimes (DOREA, 2010), hair can be helpful to provide information regarding the perpetrator or the way that the crime was committed (ROBERTSON, 1999). Once hair is a low degradation fiber (ROBBINS, 2012), it can be analyzed long after the fact, becoming even more relevant in crime scenes processed after elapse time. The equipment’s used for this study are commonly found in forensic labs, allowing broad use. The study was restricted to literature review and further elaboration of preparation and analysis by optical microscopy of hairs methods, identifying the characteristics of forensic interest that can be studied. Samples of hair for cross section and longitudinal sections analysis had been used. Destructive and non-destructive methods in permanent and non-permanent blades where tested. As a result a low cost methodology was obtained for forensic applications in traces collected from crime scenes, weapons used in crimes or suspects, in order to combat crime by using the probative power of physical evidence.

A presente dissertação expositiva teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologia para análise forense de fios de cabelos. Considerado um microvestígio comum de ser encontrado em locais de crime contra pessoa (DOREA, 2010), fios de cabelo são capazes de fornecer informações úteis na identificação da autoria do crime, ou a entender a dinâmica de um crime violento (ROBERTSON, 1999). As fibras compostas por fio de cabelo deterioram-se lentamente (ROBBINS, 2012), e podem ser analisadas mesmo transcorrido longo período de tempo, tornando-se ainda mais relevante em locais de crime que são examinados tardiamente. Os equipamentos utilizados no presente estudo são de uso comum em laboratórios, permitindo que a metodologia seja amplamente empregada. O presente estudo buscou desenvolver metodologias para análise por microscopia ótica de fios de cabelo, identificando as características de interesse forense passíveis de serem estudadas. Utilizaram-se amostras de fios de cabelo para análise das seções transversais e longitudinais, de forma destrutiva e não destrutiva, com preparação de lâminas de forma permanente e não permanente. Como resultado obteve-se uma metodologia de baixo custo descrita para aplicações forenses em vestígios coletados em locais de crime, em armas de crimes ou em suspeitos, de forma a combater a criminalidade face o poder probatório da prova material. Constatou-se a possibilidade de identificação de características macroscópicas e microscópicas de fios de cabelo, que revelam atributos do doador e, em alguns casos, auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica do crime. A agilidade observada no método permite ainda a obtenção de informações durante a fase preliminar ou de investigação em curtos espaços de tempo. / This monographic dissertation aimed to develop standards of microscopic forensic hair analysis. A very common trace to be found in certain crimes (DOREA, 2010), hair can be helpful to provide information regarding the perpetrator or the way that the crime was committed (ROBERTSON, 1999). Once hair is a low degradation fiber (ROBBINS, 2012), it can be analyzed long after the fact, becoming even more relevant in crime scenes processed after elapse time. The equipment’s used for this study are commonly found in forensic labs, allowing broad use. The study was restricted to literature review and further elaboration of preparation and analysis by optical microscopy of hairs methods, identifying the characteristics of forensic interest that can be studied. Samples of hair for cross section and longitudinal sections analysis had been used. Destructive and non-destructive methods in permanent and non-permanent blades where tested. As a result a low cost methodology was obtained for forensic applications in traces collected from crime scenes, weapons used in crimes or suspects, in order to combat crime by using the probative power of physical evidence.

O presente estudo tem por escopo principal verificar a aplicabilidade do princípio da paridade de armas na cooperação jurídica internacional penal. Em face dessa premissa, analisam-se os regramentos nacionais e internacionais que devem ser levados em consideração pelos Estados que se intitulam Democráticos e, sobretudo, de Direito, a fim de assegurar uma persecução penal equânime, sob a ótica dos princípios do contraditório, da ampla defesa e da igualdade processual entre acusação e defesa. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, a partir do qual se buscou elidir visão reducionista da cooperação jurídica internacional, no sentido de que não se olvide que no outro lado da missão punitiva do Estado encontra-se uma pessoa, com inúmeras garantias e direitos historicamente assegurados. No primeiro capítulo, aborda-se a cooperação jurídica internacional sob três aspectos: histórico, principiológico e analítico-descritivo. No segundo capítulo, estudam-se os princípios e garantias inerentes ao devido processo legal, os quais não podem ser suprimidos, sobretudo em âmbito internacional, por se tratar de direitos humanos consagrados. O terceiro capítulo aborda a instrumentalidade decorrente do cabedal teórico construído nos capítulos anteriores. Assim, a produção da prova em processos penais transnacionais é analisada sob o viés da cooperação jurídica internacional, passando-se pelo mecanismo do auxílio direto fundamentado em acordos bilaterais e pelas tentativas de equilibrar o sistema dentre outras, a possibilidade de se utilizar essa modalidade na cooperação internacional penal para a produção de prova em prol da defesa , para então se propor que a Defensoria Pública da União possa atuar a fim de promover o acesso internacional à justiça e a efetiva equalização do regime cooperacional. Por fim, reputa-se que o futuro da cooperação jurídica penal internacional está em se disponibilizar à defesa os mesmos mecanismos disponíveis à acusação, em plena e devida igualdade, haja vista não existir valor maior a ser respeitado do que a dignidade da pessoa humana. / The presente work has as main scope to verify the applicability of the equality of arms in international legal assistance in criminal matters. Given this premise, it attempts to analyze international and national specific regulations that must be taken into consideration by the states that call themselves democratic and, above all, of law, in order to ensure an equitable criminal prosecution, from the perspective of the principles of adversary proceeding, full right to defense and the equality of arms. Therefore, we carried out a literature review, from which it was sought to elide reductionist view of international legal assistance, in the sense that we cannot forget that, on the other side of the punitive function of the State, there is a person with numerous safeguards and rights provided historically. The first chapter deals with the international legal assistance in three aspects: historical, applicable principles and analytical-descriptive. In the second chapter, we study the principles and guarantees inherent to the due process of law, which can not be suppressed, because it is enshrined human rights. The third chapter addresses the instrumentality derived from the theoretical leather built in previous chapters. Thus, the production of evidence in transnational criminal proceedings is examined under the bias of international legal assistance, going up by the reasoned direct assistance mechanism of bilateral agreements and by attempts to balance the system, among others, the possibility of using this modality in international criminal cooperation for the production of evidence for the defense, and then propose that the Public Defense can act to promote international access to justice and the effective equalization of cooperacional regime. Finally, it believes that the future of international legal assistance in criminal matters is to make available to the defense the same mechanisms available to the charge, in full and due equal rights, because there is no greater value to be respected than the dignity of the human person.

O presente estudo tem por escopo principal verificar a aplicabilidade do princípio da paridade de armas na cooperação jurídica internacional penal. Em face dessa premissa, analisam-se os regramentos nacionais e internacionais que devem ser levados em consideração pelos Estados que se intitulam Democráticos e, sobretudo, de Direito, a fim de assegurar uma persecução penal equânime, sob a ótica dos princípios do contraditório, da ampla defesa e da igualdade processual entre acusação e defesa. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, a partir do qual se buscou elidir visão reducionista da cooperação jurídica internacional, no sentido de que não se olvide que no outro lado da missão punitiva do Estado encontra-se uma pessoa, com inúmeras garantias e direitos historicamente assegurados. No primeiro capítulo, aborda-se a cooperação jurídica internacional sob três aspectos: histórico, principiológico e analítico-descritivo. No segundo capítulo, estudam-se os princípios e garantias inerentes ao devido processo legal, os quais não podem ser suprimidos, sobretudo em âmbito internacional, por se tratar de direitos humanos consagrados. O terceiro capítulo aborda a instrumentalidade decorrente do cabedal teórico construído nos capítulos anteriores. Assim, a produção da prova em processos penais transnacionais é analisada sob o viés da cooperação jurídica internacional, passando-se pelo mecanismo do auxílio direto fundamentado em acordos bilaterais e pelas tentativas de equilibrar o sistema dentre outras, a possibilidade de se utilizar essa modalidade na cooperação internacional penal para a produção de prova em prol da defesa , para então se propor que a Defensoria Pública da União possa atuar a fim de promover o acesso internacional à justiça e a efetiva equalização do regime cooperacional. Por fim, reputa-se que o futuro da cooperação jurídica penal internacional está em se disponibilizar à defesa os mesmos mecanismos disponíveis à acusação, em plena e devida igualdade, haja vista não existir valor maior a ser respeitado do que a dignidade da pessoa humana. / The presente work has as main scope to verify the applicability of the equality of arms in international legal assistance in criminal matters. Given this premise, it attempts to analyze international and national specific regulations that must be taken into consideration by the states that call themselves democratic and, above all, of law, in order to ensure an equitable criminal prosecution, from the perspective of the principles of adversary proceeding, full right to defense and the equality of arms. Therefore, we carried out a literature review, from which it was sought to elide reductionist view of international legal assistance, in the sense that we cannot forget that, on the other side of the punitive function of the State, there is a person with numerous safeguards and rights provided historically. The first chapter deals with the international legal assistance in three aspects: historical, applicable principles and analytical-descriptive. In the second chapter, we study the principles and guarantees inherent to the due process of law, which can not be suppressed, because it is enshrined human rights. The third chapter addresses the instrumentality derived from the theoretical leather built in previous chapters. Thus, the production of evidence in transnational criminal proceedings is examined under the bias of international legal assistance, going up by the reasoned direct assistance mechanism of bilateral agreements and by attempts to balance the system, among others, the possibility of using this modality in international criminal cooperation for the production of evidence for the defense, and then propose that the Public Defense can act to promote international access to justice and the effective equalization of cooperacional regime. Finally, it believes that the future of international legal assistance in criminal matters is to make available to the defense the same mechanisms available to the charge, in full and due equal rights, because there is no greater value to be respected than the dignity of the human person.

Incidents, threats and vulnerabilities have the potential to negatively affect an organisation’s assets. Information on these incidents, threats and vulnerabilities are important to security. It is therefore necessary for this security information to be effectively and efficiently managed, so that correct decisions may be made on the implementation of security risk control measures. This study explored the management of security information in the security industry by undertaking the following: • establishing the “status quo” of the collection and analysis of security information and the implementation of security risk control measures in practice; • identifying the nature and extent of problems experienced in the collection and analysis of security information and the implementation of security risk control measures; and the • discovery of a new Security Information Management Model (SIMM). Mixed methods research was used to study the management of security information in the security industry. The explorative research design was used for this purpose. Semi-structured and focus group interviews were conducted with senior security managers and operational security officers, respectively. The grounded theory research design was used to analyse the qualitative data in order to generate a substantive grounded theory. The theory is that security officers operate without a standardised framework to manage security information. The data from the semi-structured and the focus group interviews were used to design a questionnaire to conduct a survey using the quantitative approach. The non-experimental research design was used to conduct this self-administered questionnaire survey. The data from this questionnaire survey helped validate and confirm the substantive grounded theory. The study found that there was the need for a Security Information Management Model to manage security information in the security industry. Based on this finding the researcher recommended a new Security Information Management Model for the management of security information in the security industry. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

This PhD thesis focuses on the admissibility of evidence in criminal proceedings. Appropriate setting of limits of admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in the criminal proceedings is not only regarded as one of the main guaranties of fair justice system, but also represents topical and vital issue which raises number of legal dilemmas. The importance of the topic has been increasing recently as gathering of evidence in criminal proceedings often conflicts with the fundamental rights of individuals that are subject to severe limitation on constitutional and especially international level and that are broadly endangered during the process of collecting evidence. The core of the thesis lies in the in-depth analysis of current legislation, jurisprudence and case law dealing with the issue. Within the framework of that analysis, all of the important and disputed questions relating to the general aspects of admissibility of evidence are examined from the perspective of jurisprudence and case law; the knowledge is enriched with real practical impacts on domestic judicial practice. Special attention is paid to the issues related to the exclusion of illegally obtained evidence from the process of evaluating evidence and forming final decision on the case. The thesis does not overlook the problems...

The research attempts to evaluate the maintaining of the chain of evidence as a process of effective collection, handling and preservation of evidence. The concept "chain of evidence" refers to the process of collecting, handling and preservation of evidence until its presentation in court, as part of the investigation process. Evidence is anything that tends logically to prove or disprove a fact at issue in a judicial case. Evidence essentially consists of oral evidence, documentary evidence and real evidence. The value of evidence cannot be underestimated as evidence can make or break a case. It is therefore important that evidence is correctly and properly collected, handled and preserved to establish a strong link between an individual and a specific act. / Police Practice / Thesis ((M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation) Police Practice))

The research attempts to evaluate the maintaining of the chain of evidence as a process of effective collection, handling and preservation of evidence. The concept "chain of evidence" refers to the process of collecting, handling and preservation of evidence until its presentation in court, as part of the investigation process. Evidence is anything that tends logically to prove or disprove a fact at issue in a judicial case. Evidence essentially consists of oral evidence, documentary evidence and real evidence. The value of evidence cannot be underestimated as evidence can make or break a case. It is therefore important that evidence is correctly and properly collected, handled and preserved to establish a strong link between an individual and a specific act. / Police Practice / Thesis ((M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation) Police Practice))

It is sincerely hoped that this work will motivate other researchers and in particular my colleagues to do further research in the field of cellphone technology, especially how it can be mapped to enable it to be utilised as evidence in our courts. This research aims to develop the mapping of cellphone technology as an aid in the investigation of crime. The mapping of cellphone technology refers to how cellphone technology can be utilised in crime investigation and in particular how a criminal can be placed at the scene of a crime, as a result of a cellphone call that was either made or received. To place the suspect at the scene of a crime as a result of a call made or received, cellphone records and technology of the relevant cellphone company, as well as present computer programmes can be utilised. Shortly, it can be said that a criminal can geographically be placed within a space some where on this earth. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The research attempts to establish how modus operandi can be used to identify suspects in burglary cases. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept modus operandi, its elements, its influence and its values. To achieve the goals and objectives of the practice of modus operandi, investigators must know how to apply modus operandi, what the situational factors are during a criminal act, and how to use it as technique to identify suspects in burglary cases. The direction by implication and clarification of the crime situation is hardly possible without the determination of the identity of the perpetrator or suspect of a criminal act. The recognition of the modus operandi system as any form of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. / Criminology / M.Tech. (Forensic investigation)