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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Contribution à l’étude de l’histoire évolutive de la vigne cultivée (Vitis vinifera L.) par l’analyse de la diversité génétique neutre et de gènes d’intérêt / Contribution to the study of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) evolutionary historythrough the analysis of genetic diversity of neutral markers and genes of interest

Lacombe, Thierry 18 December 2012 (has links)
Vitis vinifera L. est l'une des premières espèces fruitières à avoir été domestiquées. Sous l'effet de la sélection humaine, cette espèce a suivi une évolution agro-morphologique conduisant à une importante diversité répartie en deux morphotypes principaux selon l'usage des raisins (cuve vs table). L'objectif de cette thèse a été de mieux comprendre la structuration et l'origine de la diversité génétique de la vigne domestique au travers de l'étude de marqueurs moléculaires neutres (nucléaires et chloroplastiques) et de gènes codant pour des caractères d'intérêt agronomique (couleur des baies et architecture des grappes). Une meilleure connaissance des ressources génétiques de la vigne est en effet nécessaire pour leur gestion optimisée et leur utilisation appropriée dans de nouveaux programmes d'amélioration. Une étude de parenté basée sur l'analyse de 20 microsatellites nucléaires a d'abord été menée sur 2344 cultivars de la collection INRA du Domaine de Vassal. Elle a permis de préciser l'ascendance directe de plus de 800 cultivars et de révéler les géniteurs clés. A l'aide de ces mêmes marqueurs, une étude de la structuration génétique du compartiment cultivé a ensuite mis en évidence quatre grands groupes de diversité reliés à l'usage des fruits, la géographie et l'histoire de la viticulture. Ces premiers résultats ont été utilisés pour constituer un échantillon de travail de 595 génotypes comprenant i) des cultivars (subsp. vinifera, syn. sativa) représentatifs de la diversité neutre et de catégories historiques préalablement définies et ii) des représentants du compartiment sauvage (subsp. sylvestris). Les résultats de l'étude de la diversité de l'ADN chloroplastique sont compatibles avec l'existence d'un centre primaire de domestication oriental et de centres secondaires répartis sur le pourtour méditerranéen. Le polymorphisme de séquence (SNP et INDEL) a ensuite été exploré pour trois gènes associés à des caractères d'intérêt agronomique. L'analyse de la diversité des gènes VvMybA1 et VvMybA3, associés à la couleur des baies, a permis de préciser l'histoire de ce trait et sa diversification sous l'effet de la sélection artificielle. L'analyse du polymorphisme du gène VvTFL1A, associé à l'architecture des grappes, a montré une structuration différente principalement en relation avec l'usage des fruits. L'ensemble des résultats a permis de mettre en évidence certaines variétés ou groupes de variétés occupant une position originale dans l'histoire de la vigne cultivée depuis sa domestication. / Vitis vinifera L. is one of the first fruit species ever domesticated. Under human selection, this species underwent a morphological and agronomical evolution leading to an extensive diversity and to two distinct morphotypes according to the use of grapes (wine vs. table). The objective of this PhD thesis was to better understand the structure and origin of cultivated grapevine genetic diversity studying neutral (nuclear and chloroplastidial) molecular markers and genes encoding traits of agronomic interest (berry colour and bunch architecture). A better knowledge of grapevine genetic resources is indeed needed for their optimized management and appropriate use in new breeding programmes. A parentage study based on 20 nuclear microsatellites markers was first performed on 2344 cultivars held in the INRA “Domaine de Vassal” repository. This work allowed us to reveal the direct ascent of more than 800 cultivars and to uncover key genitors. Then, a study of the cultivated pool genetic structure was performed using the same markers. The four diversity groups found are related to use of fruits, geography and viticulture history. These first results were used to build a working sample of 595 genotypes that included i) cultivars (subsp. vinifera, syn. sativa) representative of both neutral markers diversity and previously defined historical categories and ii) representatives of the wild compartment (subsp. sylvestris). The results of chloroplastidial DNA diversity study are consistent with the existence of an eastern primary domestication centre with secondary centres distributed on the periphery of the Mediterranean sea. Sequence polymorphism (SNP and INDEL) was then explored in three genes associated with traits of agronomic interest. Diversity analysis of VvMybA1 and VvMybA3 genes associated with berry colour allowed us to better understand the diversification of this trait under artificial selection. Analysis of VvTFAL1A polymorphism, associated to bunch architecture, showed a different structuration mainly related to the use of fruits. All these results highlighted specific cultivars or groups of cultivars which hold an original position in the history of cultivated grapevine since its domestication.
12

Evolução morfológica na radiação dos roedores sigmodontíneos : ecologia e história evolutiva

Maestri, Renan January 2017 (has links)
Radiações evolutivas estão entre os eventos mais fascinantes da evolução. Grande parte da diversidade da vida, tanto de espécies como ecológica, surgiu nos breves intervalos temporais de rápida especiação que configuram as radiações. As causas ecológicas e não-ecológicas do surgimento da diversidade em radiações evolutivas, em especial nas radiações adaptativas, são tema de pesquisa há muito tempo, pelo menos desde que Darwin observou a imensa diversidade de um grupo de pássaros nas ilhas Galápagos. Desde então, as ilhas têm sido os ambientes ideais para o estudo desse fenômeno, e foi a partir das observações e experimentos em ilhas que toda a teoria ecológica das radiações evolutivas surgiu. Contudo, as causas ecológicas das radiações explosivas ocorridas em amplas escalas continentais permanecem tema de constante debate. Nesta tese, foram investigados os determinantes ecológicos e não-ecológicos (e.g., geografia, contingências históricas, efeitos filogenéticos) da evolução morfológica dos roedores sigmodontíneos durante sua radiação na região Neotropical, em especial no continente sul-americano. Para isso, foi quantificada a morfologia do crânio e mandíbula de mais de dois mil exemplares do grupo, e foram investigadas variações ecomorfológicas nos níveis interespecífico (I), intraespecífico (II), e entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos (III). Na Parte I da tese, foram investigadas duas predições da teoria da radiação adaptativa, a correlação-fenótipo ambiente (capítulo 1) e a funcionalidade do fenótipo através da força da mordida (capítulo 2), permitindo determinar o papel da divergência ecológica na evolução morfológica das espécies. Na Parte II (capítulo 3), foram investigadas as contribuições relativas de processos determinísticos e neutros sobre a variação morfológica entre populações de uma espécie de roedor sigmodontíneo amplamente distribuída, Akodon cursor. Na Parte III, a influência da variação ambiental e da distribuição espacial das linhagens filogenéticas de sigmodontíneos sobre o tamanho corporal (capítulo 4) e forma do crânio e mandíbula (capítulo 5), foram investigados no contexto biogeográfico da variação no tamanho e forma média entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos. As contribuições originais desta tese foram: (i) mostrar que a radiação evolutiva dos roedores sigmodontíneos foi guiada principalmente por fatores históricos e geográficos ao invés de fatores ecológicos; (ii) sugerir que radiações evolutivas ocorridas em escalas continentais, especialmente de roedores, têm um componente geográfico e histórico mais determinante do que o componente ecológico; (iii) revelar que a força da mordida varia pouco entre roedores sigmodontíneos herbívoros e granívoros, o que provavelmente é resultado do fenótipo generalista desses roedores; (iv) apontar que sigmodontíneos com dieta insetívora têm uma taxa de evolução mais rápida, e parecem estar evoluindo sua forma do crânio/mandíbula e sua força da mordida em uma direção diferente das demais espécies; (v) demonstrar que, dentro de uma espécie de sigmodontíneo (Akodon cursor), fluxo gênico e deriva genética explicam melhor a forma do crânio entre populações, enquanto a variação ambiental explica melhor o tamanho do crânio, indicando que o tamanho é uma característica mais lábil e mais sujeita a pressões ambientais do que a forma do crânio; (vi) mostrar que a variação biogeográfica, tanto do tamanho quanto da forma média do crânio/mandíbula entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos, está sob influência da distribuição diferencial das linhagens filogenéticas ao longo do espaço geográfico, bem como de variáveis ambientais; o que indica conservação filogenética de nicho à nível de metacomunidades. De modo geral, ao investigar as contribuições relativas dos componentes adaptativo e não-adaptativo da evolução morfológica, foram obtidas informações importantes para conhecer as causas da diversificação morfológica em Sigmodontinae, aumentando nosso conhecimento sobre as origens de toda a diversidade biológica. / Evolutionary radiations are among the most fascinating phenomena of evolution. Most of the biological diversity on the planet, both in terms of species and ecological diversity, appeared during these brief intervals of rapid speciation. The ecological and non-ecological causes of the emergence of diversity in evolutionary radiations, especially in adaptive radiations, have long been the subject of research, beginning with Darwin and his notice of the astonishing diversity of bird forms in the Galapagos Islands. Islands have since been ideal environments in which to study evolutionary and adaptive radiations, and indeed it was from observations and experiments on islands that all ecological theory of evolutionary radiations arose. However, the ecological causes of explosive radiations occurring on large continental scales are still a matter of debate. In this dissertation, I investigated the ecological and non-ecological (e.g., geography, historical contingencies, phylogenetic effects) determinants of morphological evolution in sigmodontine rodents during their radiation in the Neotropical region, particularly on the South-American continent. The skull and mandible morphology of more than two thousand specimens was quantified, and ecomorphological variation was investigated on three levels: interspecific (I), intraspecific (II), and among sigmodontine assemblages (III). In part I, two predictions from the ecological theory of adaptive radiation were investigated: the phenotype-environment correlation (chapter 1), and the trait utility through the bite force (chapter 2). This approach enabled determination of the role of ecological divergence in species morphological evolution. In part II (chapter 3), I investigated the relative contributions of deterministic and neutral processes to morphological variation among populations of one widely distributed sigmodontine species, Akodon cursor. In part III, I investigated the influence of environmental variation and spatial distribution of phylogenetic lineages on body size (chapter 4) and on shape of the skull and mandible (chapter 5), in the context of biogeographical variation of mean size and shape in sigmodontine assemblages. The original contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (i) to demonstrate that the evolutionary radiation of sigmodontines was driven mainly by historical and geographical factors instead of ecological factors; (ii) to suggest that evolutionary radiations on continental scales, especially rodent radiations, have a more determinant historical and geographical component than an ecological one; (iii) to show small variation in bite force between sigmodontine herbivores and granivores, which is likely a consequence of the generalist phenotype of these rodents; (iv) to highlight that insectivorous sigmodontines have a faster rate of morphological evolution than other diet groups, and that skull and mandible morphology and bite force are evolving in different directions than in other species; (v) to demonstrate that within a sigmodontine species (Akodon cursor), gene flow and genetic drift better explain variation in skull shape among populations, while environmental variation better explains variation in skull size, which suggests that size is more labile feature than shape and thus more prone to change with environmental pressures; and (vi) to show that biogeographical variation in mean body size, mean skull shape, and mean mandible shape across sigmodontine assemblages is influenced by the different distributions of phylogenetic lineages over geographical space, as well by environmental variables, which indicates phylogenetic niche conservatism at the metacommunity level. These results shed light on some of the factors driving morphological diversification in Sigmodontinae. Further, the analytical approach(es) utilized may be useful for general investigations of the relative contributions of adaptive and non-adaptive components of morphological evolution, thereby potentially increasing our knowledge of the origins of all biological diversity.
13

Estimating the Early Evolution of Brachiopods Using an Integrated Approach Combining Genomics and Fossils / En uppskattning av armfotingarnas tidiga evolution med hjälp av genomik och fossil

Robert, Chloé January 2019 (has links)
The Brachiopoda, a major group of the Lophotrochozoa, experienced a rapid early evolutionary diversification during the well-known Cambrian explosion and subsequently dominated the Palaeozoic benthos with its diversity and abundance. Even though the phylogeny of the Lophotrochozoa is still hotly debated, it is now known that the Brachiopoda are a monophyletic grouping. However, the early evolutionary rates for the Brachiopoda have never been studied in the framework of a study combining molecular data and fossil time calibration points. In order to investigate the expected higher evolutionary rates of the Phylum at its origin, we conducted phylogenetic studies combining different methodologies and datasets. This work has at its foundation Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA datasets followed by analyses of phylogenomic sequences. All material was obtained from previously available sequences and from sequencing of genetic material from specimens from a concerted worldwide collection effort.       While the analyses of the phylogenomic dataset produced a robust phylogeny of the Brachiopoda with good support, both the results of the novel rRNA and phylogenomic dating analyses provided limited insights into the early rates of evolution of the Brachiopoda from a newly assembled dataset, demonstrating some limitations in calibration dating using the software package BEAST2. Future studies implementing fossil calibration, possibly incorporating morphological data, should be attempted to elucidate the early rates of evolution of Brachiopoda and the effect of the Push of the Past in this clade. / Det är ofta antaget att evolution (förändringar i arvsmassan hos en grupp organismer) sker i en konstant hastighet men i slutändan ändå osäkert om så är fallet. Stora grupper av organismer har ofta associerats med en högre evolutionär hastighet, speciellt nära deras uppkomst, vilket ökar sannolikheten för överlevnad.  Armfotingar (Brachiopoda) är marina ryggradslösa djur med skal som tidigare var allmänt spridd, idag är istället musslor (Bivalvia) betydligt mer spridda. Armfotingar har funnits och utvecklats under flera miljoner år med ursprung under tidigt kambrium. Genom år av forskning och många fossil har vi fått mer information om utseendet hos utdöda organismer vilket har bidragit till att antalet fossila arter som vi känner till har ökat tusenfalt. Under den senaste tiden har det också skett innovationer inom molekylära tekniker som gjort det möjligt att applicera dessa kunskaper även på utdöda arter. Dessa molekylära tekniker har nyligen hjälpt till att bestämma några av släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar som tidigare ansetts vara väldigt svåra att lösa.  Det finns fortfarande vissa släktskapsförhållanden inom armfotingar som inte är kända och man vet ännu inte hur fort de utvecklades. Genom att undersöka just evolutionens hastighet kan man börja förstå gruppens tidiga framgång under Kambrium och Ordovicium samt minskningen som följde. Syftet med den här studien var att beräkna evolutionshastigheten hos armfotingar med särskild fokus på den tidiga diversifieringen av gruppen. För att undersöka detta använde vi oss av molekylära data för att analysera släktskapsförhållandena inom armfotingar. Dessutom använde vi fossil för att datera stora händelser i armfotingarnas evolutionära historia. Med hjälp av statistiska analyser kunde vi beräkna evolutionshastighet och släktskapsförhållandena inom gruppen. Vi kom fram till att armfotingar härstammar från en gemensam förfader. Dateringen kring när detta skedde blev inte fastställd då det beräknades ske miljoner år före det äldsta djurfossilet. Det kommer behövas mer forskning för att ta reda på om armfotingar hade en högre evolutionär hastighet i tidigt skede.
14

Evolução morfológica na radiação dos roedores sigmodontíneos : ecologia e história evolutiva

Maestri, Renan January 2017 (has links)
Radiações evolutivas estão entre os eventos mais fascinantes da evolução. Grande parte da diversidade da vida, tanto de espécies como ecológica, surgiu nos breves intervalos temporais de rápida especiação que configuram as radiações. As causas ecológicas e não-ecológicas do surgimento da diversidade em radiações evolutivas, em especial nas radiações adaptativas, são tema de pesquisa há muito tempo, pelo menos desde que Darwin observou a imensa diversidade de um grupo de pássaros nas ilhas Galápagos. Desde então, as ilhas têm sido os ambientes ideais para o estudo desse fenômeno, e foi a partir das observações e experimentos em ilhas que toda a teoria ecológica das radiações evolutivas surgiu. Contudo, as causas ecológicas das radiações explosivas ocorridas em amplas escalas continentais permanecem tema de constante debate. Nesta tese, foram investigados os determinantes ecológicos e não-ecológicos (e.g., geografia, contingências históricas, efeitos filogenéticos) da evolução morfológica dos roedores sigmodontíneos durante sua radiação na região Neotropical, em especial no continente sul-americano. Para isso, foi quantificada a morfologia do crânio e mandíbula de mais de dois mil exemplares do grupo, e foram investigadas variações ecomorfológicas nos níveis interespecífico (I), intraespecífico (II), e entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos (III). Na Parte I da tese, foram investigadas duas predições da teoria da radiação adaptativa, a correlação-fenótipo ambiente (capítulo 1) e a funcionalidade do fenótipo através da força da mordida (capítulo 2), permitindo determinar o papel da divergência ecológica na evolução morfológica das espécies. Na Parte II (capítulo 3), foram investigadas as contribuições relativas de processos determinísticos e neutros sobre a variação morfológica entre populações de uma espécie de roedor sigmodontíneo amplamente distribuída, Akodon cursor. Na Parte III, a influência da variação ambiental e da distribuição espacial das linhagens filogenéticas de sigmodontíneos sobre o tamanho corporal (capítulo 4) e forma do crânio e mandíbula (capítulo 5), foram investigados no contexto biogeográfico da variação no tamanho e forma média entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos. As contribuições originais desta tese foram: (i) mostrar que a radiação evolutiva dos roedores sigmodontíneos foi guiada principalmente por fatores históricos e geográficos ao invés de fatores ecológicos; (ii) sugerir que radiações evolutivas ocorridas em escalas continentais, especialmente de roedores, têm um componente geográfico e histórico mais determinante do que o componente ecológico; (iii) revelar que a força da mordida varia pouco entre roedores sigmodontíneos herbívoros e granívoros, o que provavelmente é resultado do fenótipo generalista desses roedores; (iv) apontar que sigmodontíneos com dieta insetívora têm uma taxa de evolução mais rápida, e parecem estar evoluindo sua forma do crânio/mandíbula e sua força da mordida em uma direção diferente das demais espécies; (v) demonstrar que, dentro de uma espécie de sigmodontíneo (Akodon cursor), fluxo gênico e deriva genética explicam melhor a forma do crânio entre populações, enquanto a variação ambiental explica melhor o tamanho do crânio, indicando que o tamanho é uma característica mais lábil e mais sujeita a pressões ambientais do que a forma do crânio; (vi) mostrar que a variação biogeográfica, tanto do tamanho quanto da forma média do crânio/mandíbula entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos, está sob influência da distribuição diferencial das linhagens filogenéticas ao longo do espaço geográfico, bem como de variáveis ambientais; o que indica conservação filogenética de nicho à nível de metacomunidades. De modo geral, ao investigar as contribuições relativas dos componentes adaptativo e não-adaptativo da evolução morfológica, foram obtidas informações importantes para conhecer as causas da diversificação morfológica em Sigmodontinae, aumentando nosso conhecimento sobre as origens de toda a diversidade biológica. / Evolutionary radiations are among the most fascinating phenomena of evolution. Most of the biological diversity on the planet, both in terms of species and ecological diversity, appeared during these brief intervals of rapid speciation. The ecological and non-ecological causes of the emergence of diversity in evolutionary radiations, especially in adaptive radiations, have long been the subject of research, beginning with Darwin and his notice of the astonishing diversity of bird forms in the Galapagos Islands. Islands have since been ideal environments in which to study evolutionary and adaptive radiations, and indeed it was from observations and experiments on islands that all ecological theory of evolutionary radiations arose. However, the ecological causes of explosive radiations occurring on large continental scales are still a matter of debate. In this dissertation, I investigated the ecological and non-ecological (e.g., geography, historical contingencies, phylogenetic effects) determinants of morphological evolution in sigmodontine rodents during their radiation in the Neotropical region, particularly on the South-American continent. The skull and mandible morphology of more than two thousand specimens was quantified, and ecomorphological variation was investigated on three levels: interspecific (I), intraspecific (II), and among sigmodontine assemblages (III). In part I, two predictions from the ecological theory of adaptive radiation were investigated: the phenotype-environment correlation (chapter 1), and the trait utility through the bite force (chapter 2). This approach enabled determination of the role of ecological divergence in species morphological evolution. In part II (chapter 3), I investigated the relative contributions of deterministic and neutral processes to morphological variation among populations of one widely distributed sigmodontine species, Akodon cursor. In part III, I investigated the influence of environmental variation and spatial distribution of phylogenetic lineages on body size (chapter 4) and on shape of the skull and mandible (chapter 5), in the context of biogeographical variation of mean size and shape in sigmodontine assemblages. The original contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (i) to demonstrate that the evolutionary radiation of sigmodontines was driven mainly by historical and geographical factors instead of ecological factors; (ii) to suggest that evolutionary radiations on continental scales, especially rodent radiations, have a more determinant historical and geographical component than an ecological one; (iii) to show small variation in bite force between sigmodontine herbivores and granivores, which is likely a consequence of the generalist phenotype of these rodents; (iv) to highlight that insectivorous sigmodontines have a faster rate of morphological evolution than other diet groups, and that skull and mandible morphology and bite force are evolving in different directions than in other species; (v) to demonstrate that within a sigmodontine species (Akodon cursor), gene flow and genetic drift better explain variation in skull shape among populations, while environmental variation better explains variation in skull size, which suggests that size is more labile feature than shape and thus more prone to change with environmental pressures; and (vi) to show that biogeographical variation in mean body size, mean skull shape, and mean mandible shape across sigmodontine assemblages is influenced by the different distributions of phylogenetic lineages over geographical space, as well by environmental variables, which indicates phylogenetic niche conservatism at the metacommunity level. These results shed light on some of the factors driving morphological diversification in Sigmodontinae. Further, the analytical approach(es) utilized may be useful for general investigations of the relative contributions of adaptive and non-adaptive components of morphological evolution, thereby potentially increasing our knowledge of the origins of all biological diversity.
15

Evolução morfológica na radiação dos roedores sigmodontíneos : ecologia e história evolutiva

Maestri, Renan January 2017 (has links)
Radiações evolutivas estão entre os eventos mais fascinantes da evolução. Grande parte da diversidade da vida, tanto de espécies como ecológica, surgiu nos breves intervalos temporais de rápida especiação que configuram as radiações. As causas ecológicas e não-ecológicas do surgimento da diversidade em radiações evolutivas, em especial nas radiações adaptativas, são tema de pesquisa há muito tempo, pelo menos desde que Darwin observou a imensa diversidade de um grupo de pássaros nas ilhas Galápagos. Desde então, as ilhas têm sido os ambientes ideais para o estudo desse fenômeno, e foi a partir das observações e experimentos em ilhas que toda a teoria ecológica das radiações evolutivas surgiu. Contudo, as causas ecológicas das radiações explosivas ocorridas em amplas escalas continentais permanecem tema de constante debate. Nesta tese, foram investigados os determinantes ecológicos e não-ecológicos (e.g., geografia, contingências históricas, efeitos filogenéticos) da evolução morfológica dos roedores sigmodontíneos durante sua radiação na região Neotropical, em especial no continente sul-americano. Para isso, foi quantificada a morfologia do crânio e mandíbula de mais de dois mil exemplares do grupo, e foram investigadas variações ecomorfológicas nos níveis interespecífico (I), intraespecífico (II), e entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos (III). Na Parte I da tese, foram investigadas duas predições da teoria da radiação adaptativa, a correlação-fenótipo ambiente (capítulo 1) e a funcionalidade do fenótipo através da força da mordida (capítulo 2), permitindo determinar o papel da divergência ecológica na evolução morfológica das espécies. Na Parte II (capítulo 3), foram investigadas as contribuições relativas de processos determinísticos e neutros sobre a variação morfológica entre populações de uma espécie de roedor sigmodontíneo amplamente distribuída, Akodon cursor. Na Parte III, a influência da variação ambiental e da distribuição espacial das linhagens filogenéticas de sigmodontíneos sobre o tamanho corporal (capítulo 4) e forma do crânio e mandíbula (capítulo 5), foram investigados no contexto biogeográfico da variação no tamanho e forma média entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos. As contribuições originais desta tese foram: (i) mostrar que a radiação evolutiva dos roedores sigmodontíneos foi guiada principalmente por fatores históricos e geográficos ao invés de fatores ecológicos; (ii) sugerir que radiações evolutivas ocorridas em escalas continentais, especialmente de roedores, têm um componente geográfico e histórico mais determinante do que o componente ecológico; (iii) revelar que a força da mordida varia pouco entre roedores sigmodontíneos herbívoros e granívoros, o que provavelmente é resultado do fenótipo generalista desses roedores; (iv) apontar que sigmodontíneos com dieta insetívora têm uma taxa de evolução mais rápida, e parecem estar evoluindo sua forma do crânio/mandíbula e sua força da mordida em uma direção diferente das demais espécies; (v) demonstrar que, dentro de uma espécie de sigmodontíneo (Akodon cursor), fluxo gênico e deriva genética explicam melhor a forma do crânio entre populações, enquanto a variação ambiental explica melhor o tamanho do crânio, indicando que o tamanho é uma característica mais lábil e mais sujeita a pressões ambientais do que a forma do crânio; (vi) mostrar que a variação biogeográfica, tanto do tamanho quanto da forma média do crânio/mandíbula entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos, está sob influência da distribuição diferencial das linhagens filogenéticas ao longo do espaço geográfico, bem como de variáveis ambientais; o que indica conservação filogenética de nicho à nível de metacomunidades. De modo geral, ao investigar as contribuições relativas dos componentes adaptativo e não-adaptativo da evolução morfológica, foram obtidas informações importantes para conhecer as causas da diversificação morfológica em Sigmodontinae, aumentando nosso conhecimento sobre as origens de toda a diversidade biológica. / Evolutionary radiations are among the most fascinating phenomena of evolution. Most of the biological diversity on the planet, both in terms of species and ecological diversity, appeared during these brief intervals of rapid speciation. The ecological and non-ecological causes of the emergence of diversity in evolutionary radiations, especially in adaptive radiations, have long been the subject of research, beginning with Darwin and his notice of the astonishing diversity of bird forms in the Galapagos Islands. Islands have since been ideal environments in which to study evolutionary and adaptive radiations, and indeed it was from observations and experiments on islands that all ecological theory of evolutionary radiations arose. However, the ecological causes of explosive radiations occurring on large continental scales are still a matter of debate. In this dissertation, I investigated the ecological and non-ecological (e.g., geography, historical contingencies, phylogenetic effects) determinants of morphological evolution in sigmodontine rodents during their radiation in the Neotropical region, particularly on the South-American continent. The skull and mandible morphology of more than two thousand specimens was quantified, and ecomorphological variation was investigated on three levels: interspecific (I), intraspecific (II), and among sigmodontine assemblages (III). In part I, two predictions from the ecological theory of adaptive radiation were investigated: the phenotype-environment correlation (chapter 1), and the trait utility through the bite force (chapter 2). This approach enabled determination of the role of ecological divergence in species morphological evolution. In part II (chapter 3), I investigated the relative contributions of deterministic and neutral processes to morphological variation among populations of one widely distributed sigmodontine species, Akodon cursor. In part III, I investigated the influence of environmental variation and spatial distribution of phylogenetic lineages on body size (chapter 4) and on shape of the skull and mandible (chapter 5), in the context of biogeographical variation of mean size and shape in sigmodontine assemblages. The original contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (i) to demonstrate that the evolutionary radiation of sigmodontines was driven mainly by historical and geographical factors instead of ecological factors; (ii) to suggest that evolutionary radiations on continental scales, especially rodent radiations, have a more determinant historical and geographical component than an ecological one; (iii) to show small variation in bite force between sigmodontine herbivores and granivores, which is likely a consequence of the generalist phenotype of these rodents; (iv) to highlight that insectivorous sigmodontines have a faster rate of morphological evolution than other diet groups, and that skull and mandible morphology and bite force are evolving in different directions than in other species; (v) to demonstrate that within a sigmodontine species (Akodon cursor), gene flow and genetic drift better explain variation in skull shape among populations, while environmental variation better explains variation in skull size, which suggests that size is more labile feature than shape and thus more prone to change with environmental pressures; and (vi) to show that biogeographical variation in mean body size, mean skull shape, and mean mandible shape across sigmodontine assemblages is influenced by the different distributions of phylogenetic lineages over geographical space, as well by environmental variables, which indicates phylogenetic niche conservatism at the metacommunity level. These results shed light on some of the factors driving morphological diversification in Sigmodontinae. Further, the analytical approach(es) utilized may be useful for general investigations of the relative contributions of adaptive and non-adaptive components of morphological evolution, thereby potentially increasing our knowledge of the origins of all biological diversity.
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Étude de l’évolution des génomes par duplications, pertes et réarrangements

Tremblay Savard, Olivier 10 1900 (has links)
La duplication est un des évènements évolutifs les plus importants, car elle peut mener à la création de nouvelles fonctions géniques. Durant leur évolution, les génomes sont aussi affectés par des inversions, des translocations (incluant des fusions et fissions de chromosomes), des transpositions et des délétions. L'étude de l'évolution des génomes est importante, notamment pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes biologiques impliqués, les types d'évènements qui sont les plus fréquents et quels étaient les contenus en gènes des espèces ancestrales. Afin d'analyser ces différents aspects de l'évolution des génomes, des algorithmes efficaces doivent être créés pour inférer des génomes ancestraux, des histoires évolutives, des relations d'homologies et pour calculer les distances entre les génomes. Dans cette thèse, quatre projets reliés à l'étude et à l'analyse de l'évolution des génomes sont présentés : 1) Nous proposons deux algorithmes pour résoudre des problèmes reliés à la duplication de génome entier : un qui généralise le problème du genome halving aux pertes de gènes et un qui permet de calculer la double distance avec pertes. 2) Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode pour l'inférence d'histoires évolutives de groupes de gènes orthologues répétés en tandem. 3) Nous proposons une nouvelle approche basée sur la théorie des graphes pour inférer des gènes in-paralogues qui considère simultanément l'information provenant de différentes espèces afin de faire de meilleures prédictions. 4) Nous présentons une étude de l'histoire évolutive des gènes d'ARN de transfert chez 50 souches de Bacillus. / Gene duplication is one of the most important types of events affecting genomes during their evolution because it can create novel gene function. During the evolution process, genomes are also affected by inversions, translocations (including chromosome fusions and fissions), transpositions and deletions. Studying the evolution of genomes is important to get a better understanding of the biological mechanisms involved, which types of events are more frequent than others and what was the gene content in the ancestral species just to name a few. In order to analyze these different aspects of genome evolution, efficient algorithms need to be developed to infer ancestral genomes, evolutionary histories, homology relationships between genes and to compute distances between genomes. In this thesis, four different projects related to the study and analysis of genome evolution are presented: 1) We developed two algorithms to solve problems related to whole genome duplication: one that generalizes the genome halving problem to gene losses, and one that allows to compute the double distance with losses. 2) We developed a new method to infer evolutionary histories of orthologous tandemly arrayed gene clusters. 3) We proposed a new graph-theoretic approach to infer inparalogs that simultaneously considers the information given by multiple species in order to make better inferences of inparalogous gene pairs. 4) We studied the evolutionary history of the tRNA genes of 50 Bacillus strains.
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Histoire évolutive des Poaceae et relations avec la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique / Evolutive history of Poaceae and relationship with bacterial community in the rhizosphere

Bouffaud, Marie-Lara 12 December 2011 (has links)
Depuis l’apparition de la vie sur terre, les pressions de sélection liées aux interactions biotiques et abiotiques ont généré une forte diversité des formes de vie. Ainsi, chaque espèce eucaryote coévolue avec sa communauté microbienne associée. Dans le cas des plantes, la diversité génétique se traduit au niveau de multiples traits phénotypiques (exsudation de substrats carbonés, architecture racinaire, densité et aération du sol, acidification, etc.) susceptibles d’influer sur les interactions avec les populations microbiennes du sol, et donc sur la composition et le fonctionnement de la communauté microbienne rhizosphérique. Notre hypothèse est que les différences entre communautés bactériennes rhizosphériques sont proportionnelles aux distances évolutives entre partenaires végétaux. L’objectif de cette thèse était donc de déterminer l’importance, dans le cas des Poacées et notamment du maïs, de l’histoire évolutive de la plante dans la capacité de sélection des communautés bactériennes de la rhizosphère. Les analyses faites à l’aide d’une puce à ADN taxonomique 16S indiquent que la composition de la communauté rhizobactérienne dépend du groupe génétique de maïs mais n’est pas liée aux marqueurs microsatellites de diversité du maïs. Par contre, à l’échelle des Poacées, une corrélation a été trouvée entre la phylogénie végétale et la composition de la communauté bactérienne (voire la prévalence de taxons bactériens particuliers). Cette corrélation n’était pas significative quand l’étude était limitée à l’effectif, le niveau de transcription de nifH ou la diversité du groupe fonctionnel des bactéries fixatrices d’azote. En conclusion, l’histoire évolutive du partenaire végétal à l’échelle des Poacées (mais pas à celle du maïs) est un facteur conditionnant les interactions avec les groupes bactériens taxonomiques (mais pas nécessairement fonctionnels) de la rhizosphère / Since the emergence of life on earth, the selection pressures related to biotic and abiotic interactions generated a high diversity of life forms. Thus, each eukaryotic species co-evolved with its associated microbial community. In the case of plants, genetic diversity is reflected in many phenotypic traits (exudation of carbon substrates, root architecture, soil density, aeration, acidification, etc.), and may influence interactions with soil microbial populations and hence the composition and functioning of the rhizosphere microbial community. Our hypothesis is that the differences between rhizosphere bacterial communities are proportional to evolutionary distances between plants partners. The objective of this thesis was to determine the importance, in the case of Poaceae and in particular of maize, of the evolutionary history of plant in the selection of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. Analyses performed using a 16S taxonomic microarray indicated that the composition of the rhizobacterial community depends on the genetic group of maize but is not linked to microsatellite diversity of maize. Conversely, across the Poaceae, a correlation was found between plant phylogeny and the composition of the bacterial community (and the prevalence of specific bacterial taxa). This correlation was not significant when the study was limited to the size, the level of transcription or nifH diversity of the functional group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In conclusion, the evolutionary history of the plant partner across the Poaceae (but not maize) is a factor conditioning interactions with bacterial taxonomic groups (but not necessarily functional groups) in the rhizosphere
18

Méthodes et algorithmes pour l’amélioration de l’inférence de l’histoire évolutive des génomes

Noutahi, Finagnon Marc-Rolland Emmanuel 07 1900 (has links)
No description available.
19

Evolutionary History of Snub-nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus spp.) and Population Genetic Structure of the Guizhou Snub-nosed Monkey (R. brelichi)

Yang, Mouyu 19 December 2011 (has links)
No description available.
20

Utilisation des outils phylogéographiques pour explorer la diversité génétique de Borrelia burgdorferi et le paysage génétique de la maladie de Lyme au Canada

Mechai, Samir 04 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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