The ceramic trade throughout Medieval Southeast Asia was prolific. Terrestrial sites have yielded massive amounts of ceramic material and the archaeological reports of shipwreck cargoes corroborate the versatile and extensive qualities of trade ceramics in the region. The sheer quantity of ceramic artefacts found in shipwreck assemblages, paired with a well-researched framework of the aesthetic, demonstrates that we rely heavily on ceramic data to date wrecks and establish regional trading patterns. While ceramics typically represent the bulk of the recovered material in these instances, many other types of material are present in the various assemblages. Yet these "lesser" materials suffer from a lack of investigation and, therefore, play virtually no role in the archaeological and historical assessment of the ship, its cargo, and its relationship to the maritime economy of the period. While ceramic studies may provide a general overview, a consideration of the other material provides subtlety and nuance to the analysis. This case study focuses on the non-ceramic assemblages for six shipwrecks from the 14th and 15th Centuries of Southeast Asia (three Chinese-built and three Southeast Asian-styled junks). The typological study of the metallurgical, organic and geological material from these wrecks can complement much of the work surrounding existing trade models as well as reveal new concepts of crew life, belief systems and culture. These facets come together to offer a more holistic narrative as well as stimulating the need within the region for more study regarding the locations where past peoples mined and manufactured raw metals. The thesis will also consider the motivations behind the excavators of these projects and what role this plays in the interpretation of the non-ceramic material. One wreck was excavated by treasure hunters, one was done by an amateur archaeologist and a curator, and a third was excavated by a governmental organization. Two excavations were conducted by a non-profit foundation in conjunction with a National Museum and a final one was a purely academic excavation. Each party brings their own experiences and motivations to the excavation and therefore the systems of collection, curation, and conservation weigh heavily and are varied. These factors can determine what priorities each excavator brings to the analysis of excavated objects and the extent to which this effects the subsequent interpretation of the shipwreck.

As escavações subterrâneas têm estado sempre afetadas pelas condições dos maciços, os quais apresentam diferentes características e comportamentos frente a deformações ocasionadas após a escavação de uma galeria ou túnel. Em virtude disto, torna-se necessário uma análise dos parâmetros que permitam estabelecer as condições de segurança do túnel e propõe-se o uso de um sistema estéreo de rastreamento ótico para analisar o deslocamento de artefatos (conjunto de marcadores) instalados sobre o contorno das faces do túnel, a fim de detectarem-se deslocamentos do maciço em pontos estabelecidos com precisão menor a ±1 mm. O sistema proposto opera na região espectral do infravermelho, permitindo assim uma operação em ambientes com baixa luminosidade e com inserção de ruído ótico. Adicionalmente o trabalho inclui resultados de validação e desenvolvimento do sistema de visão estéreo baixo condições de dois cenários de diferente volume espacial, assim como o procedimento realizado para a calibração dos parâmetros intrínsecos e extrínsecos dos sensores do sistema (câmeras monocromáticas). Os resultados obtidos apresentam uma precisão de ±0,1881 mm para artefatos com três marcadores e uma precisão de ±0,4952 para artefatos com quatro marcadores. Finalmente, o sistema opera com uma sensibilidade de 0,99 mm na determinação da posição de um artefato associado a um ponto do perfil do túnel, e desta forma, podem-se definir as condições de estabilidade do maciço rochoso e os requisitos para auxilio as decisões de métodos de tratamento e aumento da segurança. / Underground excavations have always been affected by the conditions of mass, which have different characteristics and behaviors against deformation caused after excavation of a gallery or tunnel. Because of this, it is necessary an analysis of the parameters needed to establish the safety conditions of the tunnel and it is proposed the use of a stereo optical tracking to analyze the displacement of artifacts (set of markers) installed on the contour of tunnels’ faces in order to detect displacements of the mass points established with a precision lower than ±1 mm. This system operates in the infrared spectral region to take advantage of the low light and reduce the optical noise in environments with grace. Further work includes validation results and development of low stereo vision conditions of two different scenarios spatial volume, as well as the procedure carried out to calibrate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the system sensors (monochrome camera) system. The results show an accuracy of ± 0,1881 mm for artifacts with three markers and an accuracy of ± 0,4952 for artifacts with four markers. Finally, the system operates with a sensitivity of 0,99 mm in the determination of an artifact associated with a point in the tunnel profile position, and thus, one can define the conditions for stability of the rock mass and assistance requirements for the decisions of treatment methods and increased.

This article addresses the principal results of the archaeological excavations at the Casa Bodega y Quadra, which uncovered a series of structures beneath the modern structure located on the site, below thick layers of fill. Archaeological excavations provide evidence that these earlier layers were buried in the wake of the  earthquake that devastated the city of Lima in 1746. Comparison between these earlier structures and historical data demonstrates how space within the site was transformed from public to domestic – processes directly related to the evolution of the urban layout of viceregal Lima. / El presente artículo abordará los principales resultados de las excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en la Casa Bodega y Quadra, que ponen en evidencia una serie de estructuras ubicadas bajo el nivel actual de la casa, bajo gruesas capas de relleno. La investigación arqueológica brindó la información necesaria para determinar el motivo por el cual estos espacios fueron cubiertos y vincular estos sucesos con el gran terremoto que sufrió la ciudad de Lima durante el año de 1746. Por otro lado, las estructuras descubiertas, al ser contrastadas con el dato histórico, demostraron una variación del espacio, que pasa de lo público a lo doméstico; todo ello, relacionado directamente con la evolución de la traza urbana de Lima virreinal.

Os métodos de equilíbrio limite comumente utilizados no dimensionamento de estruturas de solo grampeado não oferecem informação sobre as tensões e deformações na estrutura. No entanto, o êxito da técnica pressupõe deslocamentos para que a resistência dos grampos seja mobilizada. Portanto, seria desejável conhecer: os deslocamentos que a estrutura. sofre durante e depois de realizado o processo da escavação; os esforços mobilizados nos grampos; e a distribuição de tensões atrás da parede da escavação. A importância deste estudo é maior em situações em que a previsão do comportamento é a responsável por garantir a segurança de construções e de instalações de serviço público próximas às escavações grampeadas. Análises bidimensionais e tridimensionais de tensão-deformação com elementos finitos foram realizadas para um melhor entendimento do comportamento da estrutura. As comparações dos resultados das modelagens numéricas permitiram conhecer várias vantagens e desvantagens de um e de outro tipo de modelagem. Realizaram-se também comparações entre resultados de modelagens numéricas que utilizaram os seguintes modelos constitutivos: elasto-plástico (com critério de ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb), hiperbólico e elástico-linear, sendo que para este último realizou-se uma análise incremental. Para a aplicação do modelo elástico-linear foi necessária a divisão do maciço em regiões em função do tipo de trajetória de tensão. Essas comparações permitiram concluir que, desde que com a correta especificação dos parâmetros elásticos, a modelagem baseada na Teoria da Elasticidade pode representar bem o comportamento de escavações grampeadas. / The limit equilibrium methods that are frequently used for design of soi nailing structures do not provide information about the structure\'s stress and strain. However, the technique\'s success depends on the displacements that mobilize the nails strength. Therefore it is desirable to predict the structure\'s displacement, during and after the excavation; the forces avting on nails; and the stress distribution behind the excavation wall. This study has its importance increased in situations in which the prediction of the behavior is needed to guarantee the safety of adjacent buildings and municipal installations near to the excavation. Three dimensional and two-dimensional fine element stress-strain analyses were carried out for a better understanding of the behavior of the structure. Comparisons of the results of different numerical models led to a clear picture of advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. Numerical comparisons were also carried out between analyses with different constitutive models: elasto-plastic (Mohr-Coulomb), hyperbolic and incremental linear elastic. Application of the linear elastic model required the division of the soil mass in regions, according to stress path. Those comparisons led to the conclusion that, given correctly specified elastic parameters, Theory of Elasticity is able to correctly model the behavior of nailed excavations.

As escavações subterrâneas têm estado sempre afetadas pelas condições dos maciços, os quais apresentam diferentes características e comportamentos frente a deformações ocasionadas após a escavação de uma galeria ou túnel. Em virtude disto, torna-se necessário uma análise dos parâmetros que permitam estabelecer as condições de segurança do túnel e propõe-se o uso de um sistema estéreo de rastreamento ótico para analisar o deslocamento de artefatos (conjunto de marcadores) instalados sobre o contorno das faces do túnel, a fim de detectarem-se deslocamentos do maciço em pontos estabelecidos com precisão menor a ±1 mm. O sistema proposto opera na região espectral do infravermelho, permitindo assim uma operação em ambientes com baixa luminosidade e com inserção de ruído ótico. Adicionalmente o trabalho inclui resultados de validação e desenvolvimento do sistema de visão estéreo baixo condições de dois cenários de diferente volume espacial, assim como o procedimento realizado para a calibração dos parâmetros intrínsecos e extrínsecos dos sensores do sistema (câmeras monocromáticas). Os resultados obtidos apresentam uma precisão de ±0,1881 mm para artefatos com três marcadores e uma precisão de ±0,4952 para artefatos com quatro marcadores. Finalmente, o sistema opera com uma sensibilidade de 0,99 mm na determinação da posição de um artefato associado a um ponto do perfil do túnel, e desta forma, podem-se definir as condições de estabilidade do maciço rochoso e os requisitos para auxilio as decisões de métodos de tratamento e aumento da segurança. / Underground excavations have always been affected by the conditions of mass, which have different characteristics and behaviors against deformation caused after excavation of a gallery or tunnel. Because of this, it is necessary an analysis of the parameters needed to establish the safety conditions of the tunnel and it is proposed the use of a stereo optical tracking to analyze the displacement of artifacts (set of markers) installed on the contour of tunnels’ faces in order to detect displacements of the mass points established with a precision lower than ±1 mm. This system operates in the infrared spectral region to take advantage of the low light and reduce the optical noise in environments with grace. Further work includes validation results and development of low stereo vision conditions of two different scenarios spatial volume, as well as the procedure carried out to calibrate the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the system sensors (monochrome camera) system. The results show an accuracy of ± 0,1881 mm for artifacts with three markers and an accuracy of ± 0,4952 for artifacts with four markers. Finally, the system operates with a sensitivity of 0,99 mm in the determination of an artifact associated with a point in the tunnel profile position, and thus, one can define the conditions for stability of the rock mass and assistance requirements for the decisions of treatment methods and increased.

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Salvage investigations were carried out in 1970-71 at the Katz site (DiRj 1), a prehistoric pithouse settlement located along the Fraser River near the eastern end of the lower Fraser valley three miles downriver from Hope, B.C. Various hypotheses have been advanced to account for the presence of pithouses, a house type considered characteristic of the Plateau, in the lower Fraser river region. Archaeological research conducted at the Katz site has revealed (1) that the pithouse settlement was occupied about the middle of the first millennium B.C., (2) that the artefactual remains in association with the pithouse occupancy express technological affinities which are "interior", "coastal", as well as "local" in character, and (3) the site functioned as a multi-season activity locale. Archaeological investigations at Katz also yielded evidence of a utilization of the site prior to pithouse occupancy. In this earlier deposit, artefactual remains were found interbedded in floodplain alluvia. The stratigraphy, tools, and features, of this zone suggest a seasonal utilization of the site during this period, possibly associated with summer and perhaps fall fishing activities. These data are examined and discussed in the light of ecological information, ethnographic accounts, and previous archaeological findings in the region and adjacent regions. Evidence presented in this thesis adds to the empirical research previously undertaken for the purpose of establishing time depth, derivation, and social activities in Northwest pithouse villages, and adds information regarding tool kits, and activities at a seasonally utilized site early in the first millennium B.C. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate