The Community Based Policing model has been adopted by the large majority of policing agencies as another tool on an officer’s duty belt that allows them to do their job more effectively and efficiently. The model is premised on the building and maintaining of relationships of the Police Service and the community it serves. The model argues that Services must ensure that the community is given a voice in the way police enforce the laws. The model encourages that the police and community work together in a partnership that is different from the traditional relationship shared between the two groups under the previous Professional Policing model. This working in partnership means that not only must the police become more open to the community providing direction in the way they do their job, but also that the community must take a more active role in the policing of their areas. This partnership could be considered an exchange of information from both the police and the community. As argued by Marcel Mauss in The Gift, relationships that are on-going and have elements of exchange have obligations. These obligations of giving, receiving and reciprocity ensure that the relationship between the groups is not only maintained, but strengthened. When one of these obligations is not met, however, there are often social consequences. This research attempts to understand the model of Community Based Policing in terms of how it is being applied by Canada’s second oldest police service, the Hamilton Police. With the model encouraging a relationship with the community, issues of gift exchange appear. Through interviews with staff of the Hamilton Police Service, as well as citizens from the community of Hamilton, how these obligations are being met, as well as the effectiveness of the model and its relation to Maussian theory of gift exchange are explored.

The Community Based Policing model has been adopted by the large majority of policing agencies as another tool on an officer’s duty belt that allows them to do their job more effectively and efficiently. The model is premised on the building and maintaining of relationships of the Police Service and the community it serves. The model argues that Services must ensure that the community is given a voice in the way police enforce the laws. The model encourages that the police and community work together in a partnership that is different from the traditional relationship shared between the two groups under the previous Professional Policing model. This working in partnership means that not only must the police become more open to the community providing direction in the way they do their job, but also that the community must take a more active role in the policing of their areas. This partnership could be considered an exchange of information from both the police and the community. As argued by Marcel Mauss in The Gift, relationships that are on-going and have elements of exchange have obligations. These obligations of giving, receiving and reciprocity ensure that the relationship between the groups is not only maintained, but strengthened. When one of these obligations is not met, however, there are often social consequences. This research attempts to understand the model of Community Based Policing in terms of how it is being applied by Canada’s second oldest police service, the Hamilton Police. With the model encouraging a relationship with the community, issues of gift exchange appear. Through interviews with staff of the Hamilton Police Service, as well as citizens from the community of Hamilton, how these obligations are being met, as well as the effectiveness of the model and its relation to Maussian theory of gift exchange are explored.

The aim of this research is to find social factors in Chinese academic immigrants’ conversion to Christianity using the perspectives of symbolic interactionism and social exchange theory. The research data are drawn from observation and interviews. Fourteen Chinese student converts were interviewed. The analysis focuses on the interaction between recruits and Christians. Results supported the idea that religious conversion happens progressively. Affective bonds are essential for the religious conversion of Chinese academic immigrants. Chinese Christian converts experienced five stages. First, they develop affective commitment to Christians close to them and regard them as their reference group. Second, an emergent generalized other is internalized in recruits’ minds through recruits’ acceptance of symbolic language in Christianity and interaction with Chinese Christians. Third, recruits understand the Bible with the perspective of Christians. Fourth, as the socially defined reality reinforces their beliefs and the affective bonds develop, recruits confess their sins and decide to believe in God. Finally, recruits strengthen their understanding of Christianity by intensifying interactions with Chinese Christians.

In the face of internationalization and globalization, companies are adopting flexible and temporary hiring methods in dispatching to save their long-term costs and eventually increase their competitive strength. The method of dispatching has become a major trend in the field of human resource. This research exerts the methodology of case study and focuses on the companies which have adopted dispatching methods in their company or the agencies offering dispatching services. By in-depth interviews, we can understand the practices during dispatching process as well as supplier and customer relationship management. We will also identify the benefits for both parties when they fortify the exchange relationship. The following are our findings: 1.User enterprises can manage the relationship with suppliers and try to retain valuable ones, deepening the value and fortifying the effectiveness between both parties during dispatching process. 2.Dispatched agencies can consolidate the customer relationship by providing customized services and diversified products to user enterprises through customer relationship management. 3.In dispatching process, supplier and customer relationship management plays an important role in reinforcing the relationship between buyers and sellers and also strengthening the exchange relationship.

The beginning of this study is from sociology of occupations and depends on various viewpoints of functionalism, postmodernism, exchange theory and motivation theory to discuss the developing processes of professionalism and the licensure in the modern society; moreover, to reorganize all different kinds of views to the licensure. Secondly, researchers explain differences of the licensure and social work licensure of each country from America, Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong etc. In addition, according to the literature review result, it affects external environmental factors of carrying out Taiwan social work license system and describes developing veins of Taiwan social work licensure. The study is through the qualitative research methods of interviews guide and focused group. Collecting all information of twenty-two social service workers to attitude of the social work licensure in southern Taiwan, and from the data we can conclude that we can offer to social workers a stigma or the glory from the social license examination. Besides, we also can provide function or anti-function, and an order or disorder of the social work license. Furthermore, the examination and teaching which is the first step of the social work licensure or in the educational field. Moreover, the impact or a response and a transition or an existence of the social work license examination and practical field. Professionalization or deprofessionalization of the social work license, starting or re-starting of the professional association, and working circumstances or labor conditions of the social work licensure and professional organization. In terms of the conclusion, researchers provide suggestions differently to ministry of examination, practical field, educational field and specialized association.

With the coming of digital times, global competition resulted in every industry expanding their requirements in supply chain integration and enterprise resource planning. The importance of information system integration industries also increases with time. When all kind of industries continues to integrate supply chain and establish cooperative partnerships, trying to exploit cooperation to acquire more competencies in the market, we want to know whether the information system integration industries establish their cooperative relationship. Therefore, our study tried to review the actives and relationship between integrators by the systems integration service process. Through the theory¡¦s guiding, we attend to induce the factors of inter-firm cooperation in system integration industries. We use multiple case study to design our research¡Aand select three cases to study. Semi-structural interview is used to collect needed data to understand the true cooperative relationship between integrators. According to transaction cost theory, resource-base theory and social exchange theory, we propose some theoretical propositions to guiding the real cases analysis. The conclusions not only describe the real cooperation in Taiwan system integration industries, but also induce several factors of cooperative relationship between integrators, including product characteristics, transaction cost, resource, trust and guanxi. Moreover, the transaction cost is the most important element in the cooperative relationship between information system integrators.

Knowledge withholding intentions (KWI), defined as the likelihood an individual will give less than full effort on knowledge contribution. If every member withholds knowledge in a software development team, it results in poor project performance. However, little research has been conducted to investigate the factors that influence knowledge withholding intentions. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model based Social Cognitive Theory and extends it with Social Exchange Theory to analyze the antecedents of knowledge withholding intentions from personal cognitions and contextual factors. Furthermore, the contextual influencers are subdivided into dimensions of rational choice, normative conformity, and affective bonding with a comprehensive view. Through a survey of 227 participants who have experience in software development, task interdependence, procedural justice, leader-member exchange, team-member exchange were found to have negative influences on knowledge withholding intentions. On the contrary, knowledge withholding outcome expectations and knowledge withholding self-efficacy were found to have positive influences on knowledge withholding intentions.

This study focuses on the conflict process in a multi-culture team and discusses those factors which bring the conflict to next stage. In this study, 6 participators in Global MBA program which was formed by National Sun Yat-Sen Univiersity in Taiwan, University Victoria in Canada, and Johannes Kepler University in Austria were interviewed. By using narrative inquiry as research method, the study integrates different perspectives and analyzes factors behind this case. The result shows that if the interpersonal relationship is based on social-exchange theory, every participator provides one¡¦s good exchange with owned culture, but culture and value differences turn the goodness into misunderstandings. The expectation of one side wasn¡¦t met by the other side. The inefficient social exchange finally became subliminal conflict. In addition, peer support and mental balance play important roles in the process, and both of them are impacted by culture. The similarity of cultures connects people from different countries and builds up peer support which raises the subliminal conflicts to the surface. The difference of the cultures makes it more difficult to understand other¡¦s kindness. Both sides can¡¦t achieve mental balance, so it moves the conflict process back to previous stage and repeats itself. Finally, the attitude after conflict incident is the key factor to end up the conflict. Positive attitude helps participators to create more cultural understanding and solve the problem. On the contrary, negative attitude comes with rude behavior and brings down the organization. The study provides the empirical experience of the conflict process and further discussion which can be practiced in the cross-culture management and conflict management in the future.

How do people determine satisfaction in their relationships? One way may be to engage in bottom-up processing and rely on sexual satisfaction to arrive at an overall evaluation of the relationship. Another way may be to engage in top-down processing and allow the overall relationship satisfaction to color the perceptions of sexual satisfaction. The current study more rigorously examined the causal relationship between sexual and marital satisfaction through multilevel cross-lagged regression analyses of 8 waves of marital and sexual satisfaction reported by 72 newlywed couples over the first five years of marriage. Consistent with bottom-up processing, initial sexual satisfaction predicted subsequent marital satisfaction. Also, consistent with top-down processing, initial marital satisfaction predicted subsequent sexual satisfaction. The current findings extend theoretical perspectives on the relationship between sexual satisfaction and suggest that both causal paths be considered in future research and clinical practice.

De senaste åren har den internationella turismen ökat explosionsartat och den förväntas fortsätta öka på samma vis. Detta medför både positiv och negativ påverkan på destinationen och för lokalbefolkningen. För att turismen skall vara långsiktigt hållbar är det viktigt att inbegripa turisternas perspektiv på destinationspåverkan. Tidigare forskning har främst varit fokuserad på lokalbefolkningens syn på turismen, och därför behövs vidare forskning från turisternas synvinkel. Föreliggande uppsats har som syfte att undersöka hur svenska turister uppfattar destinationspåverkan inom de tre hållbarhetssfärerna ekonomi, sociokultur och ekologi. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka eventuella skillnader i upplevelser mellan de två turistgrupperna massturister och alternativturister. Undersökningen har gjorts med hjälp av en enkätundersökning administrerad på Internet. Enkäten har spridits på sociala medier med hjälp av ett snöbollsurval som avser spegla diverse varianser i populationen. Teorierna Social Exchange Theory och Self-Serving Bias har använts för att beskriva turism och turisters aktioner. Resultaten har analyserats statistiskt i programmet SPSS, genom att göra T-Test. Resultatet visar att turisterna anser att den ekonomiska påverkan från den allmänna turismen är positiv, medan den ekologiska påverkan är negativ och på det sociokulturella planet finns en bred spridning mellan positivt och negativt. De uppfattar också sin egen resa som positivt ekonomiskt och sociokulturellt men den ekologiska sfären anses inte påverkas speciellt mycket av deras egen resa. Vidare redovisas mycket svaga skillnader mellan olika turisttypers svar om destinationspåverkan, däremot tydliga skillnader i uppfattning om sin egen resa i förhållande till den allmänna turismen.