Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In the realm of BDSM there are a few different roles. There is a dominant, which is a person who controls a BDSM scene. There is a submissive, which is a person who gives up control to the dominant during a scene. In a BDSM scene, there must always be a person who is playing the role of a dominant and a person who is in the role of the submissive. This study looks at two different identities associated with the dominate role, lifestyle and professional. This study aims to compare and contrast the two identities on their backgrounds, how they identify themselves, and their views on tribute. Tribute is receiving either gifts or money in exchange for BDSM services. Two theories, social constructionism and exchange theory, were used to create the interview questions for this survey. For this study I interviewed four lifestyle dominatrices and three professional dominatrices. Data from six blogs, three lifestyle dominatrices’ blogs and three professional dominatrices’ blogs, were used as well. My findings suggest that in discovery of, and in BDSM play, the dominatrices are similar and that the defining difference between lifestyles and professionals is the acceptance of money. My findings also conflict a little with Viviana Zelizer’s theory that the receiver of a gift is necessarily submissive to the giver.

In this study I assessed a causal model between caregivers’ prior relationship to care-receivers, commitment to the relationship, and depression in parental and spousal caregiving, based on social exchange and commitment theory. Data (N=695) from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) were used to test a path model examining the effects of relationship quality and commitment, as well as ace, gender, income, education, health, living arrangement, emotional support, and adult children's marital¥ status on depression. This study began the process of combining the social psychological concept of commitment and the gerontological caregiving literature. The expected effects of commitment on depression were not statistically significant for either spousal caregiving or parental caregiving. As for spousal caregiving, caregivers’ health and relationship quality were negatively associated with caregivers’ depression. In parental caregiving, caregivers’ education and health had negative effects on caregivers' depression. The quality of the relationship with spouse or parent was notable for explaining commitment to the relationship. The predicted positive effect of relationship quality with parent on moral commitment was contradicted by a Statistically significant finding of a negative effect. Spousal caregivers’ structural commitment to marital relationship was positively affected by the quality of the relationship with spouse. / Ph. D.

Although the psychological contract has been a popular topic in managerial research for the past twenty years, recent critiques of the research in this area point to several shortcomings. These are believed to result primarily from the overwhelming use of field studies, survey questionnaires, and other correlational procedures in the study of this construct. One particular research question that has generated mixed results involves the effect that one's underlying contract (either transactional or relational) has on individuals' perceptions of contract breach and feelings of violation following an employer's breach. This study sought to gain insight into this question by using an experimental study design to assess the impact that exchange congruence — or the match between the nature of the underlying contract and the nature of the breach — has on employees' perceptions of breach and feelings of violation. An experimental design was used and data was collected from 421 subjects in six treatment groups and two control groups. The treatment groups examined the effects of withdrawal breach (without resource substitutions) and both congruent and incongruent resource substitutions in transactional and relational work contexts. Also, two control groups in which no psychological breach was induced were examined. The results of the experiment differ for the transactional and relational treatments. No significant differences in perceptions of breach or violation were found with regard to the type of breach induced among the transactional treatments. Among the relational treatments, subjects that received incongruent resource substitutions perceived significantly higher levels of breach and violation than those that received congruent substitutions. Also, among the relational treatments, levels of perceived breach were significantly higher for the incongruent substitute treatment than for the withdrawal breach treatment. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that breach perceptions and feelings of violation vary for employees depending not only on the type of contract they hold, but the type of breach that they experience. In addition, the study demonstrated that an experimental design is applicable to this literature and that it could advance our understanding of the psychological contract in ways that are not possible with cross-sectional field studies. / Ph. D.

The aim of the study is to develop knowledge about what employees in communication agencies and its customers perceive as central to the relationship. The research questions are: What do communication agencies experience as central to the relationship with customers? and What do customers experience as central in the relationship with communication agencies? Based on Social Exchange Theory (SET), supplemented with Behaviorally Driven Relationship Marketing Theory (BRM), we have investigated what is central in the communication agency– customer. As a basis for achieving our goal, we have in total conducted semi-structured interviews with nine people, six people from a communication agency and three of their customers. We have interviewed employees from both a communication agency and from customers to achieve a more nuanced view of the research problem. In our thematic analysis of our interview transcripts we found the concepts Phases in the Relationship, View of the Relationship, and Cooperation as central aspects. Through these aspects we illustrate the respondents' perceptions of what is central in the relationship. The study's results indicate that the longer the relationship is, the better the cooperation gets, which enables both parts possibilities to achieve desired product. In addition, a crucial part of this seems to be the start up phase and an equal view of the relationship. Furthermore, an ongoing relationship should be characterized with trust, commitment and two-way communication.

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To understand the glass electrode needs knowledge from more than one level. The construction ofthe glass electrode is one part, an other is the composition and structure of glass. The Nernstequation have an important role, but also the sources of errors in the analysis and the calibration ofthe glass electrode. Focus for this article is how the glass electrode really works and how Gibbs freeenergy made the potential dependent of the concentration of H+and gives the logarithm to thefunction. Nikolskii's ion exchange theory starts to explain the question about how the potentialcreates and Baucke's dissociation mechanism made it more explicit. The big different in theequations from the both theories respectively is the meaning of the constants, but for practical useof the glass electrode in analysis it is not important when the value of the constant is given bycalibration. This is not an excuse for that fact that the dissociation mechanism is more completethan the ion exchange theory in the understanding of the glass electrode. / För att förstå hur glaselektroden fungerar krävs kunskap från mer än ett plan. Glaselektrodenskonstruktion är en del, glasets kemiska struktur en annan. Nernst ekvationen spelar en viktig roll,men även felkällorna i de analyser som görs med glaselektrod, (vanligtvis pH-mätning), samtkalibreringen av glaselektroden. I den här uppsatsen ligger fokus på hur glaselektroden faktisktfungerar och hur Gibbs fria energi gör potentialen beroende av koncentrationen vätejoner och tillförlogaritmen i funktionen för glaselektroden. Nikolskii's ion exchange theory påbörjar förklaringen avpotentialens uppkomst och Baucke's dissociation mechanism gör den tydligare. Skillnaden mellanrespektive teori och dess matematiska funktion är konstantens innebörd och betydelse, men för denpraktiska användningen av glaselektroden till analyser är detta av mindre vikt då konstantens värdefås genom kalibrering. Detta är dock ingen ursäkt för det faktum att the dissociation mechanism geren mer fullständig förklaring och ökad förståelse för hur glaselektroden fungerar än the ionexchange theory.

Att hyra kläder är ett fenomen som fått ökat intresse de senaste åren. Inte minst i forskningen där det visat sig komma med miljömässiga fördelar. Kläduthyrning är en form av cirkulär ekonomi och ett svar på textilindustrins negativa miljöpåverkan och dess linjära arbetssätt. Trots vetskapen om dessa existerar fortfarande en stor efterfrågan av nyproducerat mode, varför kläduthyrning kan vara ett hållbarare sätt att uppfylla konsumenternas behov att förnya sig. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för hur konsumenter upplever kollektiv konsumtion, specifikt kläduthyrning. Med dess kvalitativa karaktär identifieras upplevda fördelar respektive nackdelar hos konsumenten samt skillnader och likheter mellan beprövade hyrkoncept. Datainsamlingen baserades på tolv semistrukturerade intervjuer med konsumenter som har erfarenhet av att hyra kläder. Respondenternas svar har analyserats genom Social Exchange Theory (SET) och sedan kategoriserats in i olika teman. Den teoretiska modellen har även stått som grund för att förstå hur konsumenterna väger fördelar och nackdelar mot varandra i valet att hyra kläder. Genom studiens identifierade teman kunde även upplevda skillnader och likheter mellan koncepten konstateras samt användas som underlag för att förstå varför konsumenterna upplever dessa olika. Utifrån respondenternas svar identifierades fem olika uthyrningsmodeller. Genom attapplicera SET urskiljdes sex hedonistiska respektive sex utilitariska motiv samt att tillit och låg risk var faktorer som spelade in. Studien kom även fram till en modifierad version av SET vilken indikerar att vissa faktorer väger tyngre än andra. Flera utilitariska faktorer sam tupplevd risk visade sig vara mer avgörande trots att konsumenterna upplevde fler fördelar gentemot nackdelar. Resultatet visade också att när konsumenter väl provat att hyra kläder är inställningen generellt positiv. Denna studie bidrar därför till en bredare kunskap om kollektiv konsumtion och affärsmodeller inom kläduthyrning. Studien kan även vara användbar i vidare forskning samt för utveckling av branschen och liknande affärsmodeller. Uppsatsens presenteras på svenska. / Renting clothes is a phenomenon that has gained increased interest in recent years, not least in the research field where one has discovered environmental benefits. Clothing rentals are part of the circular economy and is a response to the negative environmental impact caused by the linear way of working in the textile industry. Despite this knowledge, there is still a high demand for newly produced fashion. Thus, renting clothes can be a way of fulfilling consumer needs to renew themselves with less negative environmental impact. The purpose of this study is to gain further understanding of how consumers experience collaborative consumption, specifically clothing rental. With its qualitative nature, this study identifies consumers perceived advantages and disadvantages as well as differences and similarities between rental models. By conducting twelve semi-structured interviews with experienced consumers data was collected. Through the lens of Social Exchange Theory (SET), the respondents’ answers could be categorized in to different themes. The theory also worked as a tool to analyze how consumers weigh perceived advantages and disadvantages when choosing whether or not to use a rental service. Through the identified themes, perceived differences and similarities between various rental services could be determined and used as a basis for understanding why consumers experience the concepts differently. Based on the answers of the respondents’, five different rental models were identified. By applying SET six hedonistic and six utilitarian motives was found. In addition, trust and reduced risk were important factors in the consumers decision. The research also resulted in a modified version of SET that implies that some factors weight heavier than others. Several of the utilitarian motives as well as perceived risk were more decisive, despite the fact that consumers experienced more advantages than disadvantages. The result also showed that once consumers have experienced the concept of renting clothes, their attitude is generally positive. Therefore, this study contributes to deeper knowledge about collaborative consumption and business models based on clothing rental. It can also be useful in further research as well as for the development of the industry and similar business models. This report is presented in Swedish.

Sammanfattning Titel: Att leda löshästar - en studie om hur resurskonsulter upplever ledarskapet i kundföretagen Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Sabina Molin och Kamilla Kristoffersson Handledare: Monika Wallmon och Lars Ekstrand Datum: 2015 – Januari Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att med hjälp av leader-member exchange theory undersöka utbytesrelationerna mellan resurskonsulter och deras närmaste ledare på kundföretaget samt vilka ledarbeteenden som används för att leda inhyrd arbetskraft och hur de påverkar relationerna. Metod: Denna uppsats har ett positivistiskt förhållningssätt och det används en hypotetiskdeduktiv metod som innebär att hypoteser deduceras från teori och sedan prövas mot empiri. En kvantitativ ansats används genom att samla in empiri genom webbenkäter som skickades ut till 148 respondenter. Resultat & slutsats: Undersökningen visade att stödjande ledarskap och leda som förebild hade störst påverkan på utbytesrelationerna. De ledarbeteenden som användes i störst utsträckning var berättigande och erkännande. Utveckling och visionerande användes allra minst. De flesta utbytesrelationer var höga. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Flera förslag till fortsatt forskning presenteras men vi finner att undersöka både ledare, ordinarie och inhyrd personal för att jämföra hur ledarskapet se ut och få en bredare bild är främsta intresset. Uppsatsens bidrag: Denna uppsats har bidragit med en insyn i hur ledare leder inhyrd personal och hur detta ledarskap ser ut i form av ledarbeteenden och utbytesrelationer. Nyckelord: Ledarskap, inhyrd personal, utbytesrelation, leader-member exchange theory, ledarbeteende, transformativt och transaktionellt ledarskap.

Significant work has taken place in the development of our understanding of business dyadic relationships but much work remains to be done in determining the antecedents, particularly our understanding of cultural contexts. This research aims to add to the debate about what counts in developing a long-term orientation in channel relationships by investigating the role of the concept of market orientation; it explores the possible interface existing between the marketing concept and development of channel relationships. The context is relationships between distributors and suppliers in Taiwan. This study examines the relationship literature from a social exchange theoretical perspective and conducts multiple-case in-depth interviews at the dyadic ends to develop an integrated research model for analysing potential effects of market orientation on the relationship factors influencing long-term oriented relationship building. Quantitative mixed-mode questionnaire surveys were undertaken to test the research model and hypotheses drawn from the model. Data were collected from 158 distributors from four selected business sectors, including both commodity and noncommodity ones. The results confirm the applicability of the marketing concept to an eastern country: Taiwan, and provide empirical evidence that adoption of the marketing concept can be a strategy for stimulating and sustaining long-term oriented channel relationships while mediated by a number of relationship constructs. Communication and shared value are highlighted as the primary mediators while satisfaction signals an inclination to continue a relationship. Market orientation is found to exert significant direct effects on communication and shared value and indirect effects on the other relationship components: trust, cooperation, commitment, conflict and satisfaction, which all contribute to a continuing relationship.

Currently there is a critical shortage of transplantable organs in the UK. The existing evidence base highlights that cultural and religious norms can hinder familial consent and uptake of registration as an organ donor, particularly within ethnic minority groups. There is a dearth of information relating to the Polish community in the UK. Since the expansion of the European Union and the potential and consequent economic migration of Poles to the UK, this community presents a potential significant contribution to the active transplant waiting list, NHS Organ Donor Register and requests made for organs for donation on behalf of a relative. The aim of the study was to examine in depth, the perceptions of the relationship between deceased organ donation, gift exchange and religion. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, grounded theory methodology was used and one to one interviews were carried out with 31 participants who were recruited using a purposive convenience sampling strategy. This approach allowed for the collection of rich and deep data in a hitherto under-researched issue with the Polish community in the UK. To contextualise the key findings of the relationship, an in-depth analysis of settlement patterns, helping behaviour and experiences of and attitudes toward religion was conducted. The relationship between religion and gift-exchange was perceived to interact in different ways with deceased organ donation depending on the context. For the individual making an end-of-life choice, gift exchange impacted on the perception of the organ as a gift and whether reciprocity was expected, religion shaped views of the need for the body after death and social and cultural norms influenced the view of the 'typical' donor and family discussion of donation. For the relatives, social, religious and cultural norms impacted on death rituals and the conceptualisation of the dead body and experiences of a relative's death. This study contributes to an understanding of the social, cultural and religious norms toward deceased organ donation from a Polish perspective and the implications for policy, health promotion and clinical practice.