L’affaire Guibord a un rôle d’importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Malgré ceci, ce cas judiciaire se retrouve souvent dans l’ombre du fameux combat entre ultramontains et libéraux. Cette étude démontre le procès Guibord et ses répercussions, exposant la place grandissante du clergé au sein de la société québécoise. On observe une Église catholique ultramontaine triomphante sous la direction de Mgr Bourget, évêque de Montréal. Cette recherche présente d’abord les sources du conflit jusqu’à l’année 1869, lorsque l’Institut canadien de Montréal est condamné par l’Église catholique, peu avant la mort de Joseph Guibord, membre de l’organisation. Une analyse est ensuite faite concernant la question d’excommunication qui l’aurait frappée. Le cas de refus de sépulture étant porté en cour civile, il est alors possible d’observer les décisions des différents tribunaux jusqu’au verdict du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé à Londres qui tranche en faveur de l’Institut canadien, héritier de la veuve Guibord. Cependant, une émeute aux portes du cimetière catholique, en septembre 1875, va reporter de deux mois son enterrement. L’incident est largement repris dans les journaux d’un bout à l’autre du Canada, mais aussi aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, révélant l’opinion de sources externes sur l’affaire Guibord et le catholicisme au Québec.

L’affaire Guibord a un rôle d’importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Malgré ceci, ce cas judiciaire se retrouve souvent dans l’ombre du fameux combat entre ultramontains et libéraux. Cette étude démontre le procès Guibord et ses répercussions, exposant la place grandissante du clergé au sein de la société québécoise. On observe une Église catholique ultramontaine triomphante sous la direction de Mgr Bourget, évêque de Montréal. Cette recherche présente d’abord les sources du conflit jusqu’à l’année 1869, lorsque l’Institut canadien de Montréal est condamné par l’Église catholique, peu avant la mort de Joseph Guibord, membre de l’organisation. Une analyse est ensuite faite concernant la question d’excommunication qui l’aurait frappée. Le cas de refus de sépulture étant porté en cour civile, il est alors possible d’observer les décisions des différents tribunaux jusqu’au verdict du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé à Londres qui tranche en faveur de l’Institut canadien, héritier de la veuve Guibord. Cependant, une émeute aux portes du cimetière catholique, en septembre 1875, va reporter de deux mois son enterrement. L’incident est largement repris dans les journaux d’un bout à l’autre du Canada, mais aussi aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, révélant l’opinion de sources externes sur l’affaire Guibord et le catholicisme au Québec.

L’affaire Guibord a un rôle d’importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Malgré ceci, ce cas judiciaire se retrouve souvent dans l’ombre du fameux combat entre ultramontains et libéraux. Cette étude démontre le procès Guibord et ses répercussions, exposant la place grandissante du clergé au sein de la société québécoise. On observe une Église catholique ultramontaine triomphante sous la direction de Mgr Bourget, évêque de Montréal. Cette recherche présente d’abord les sources du conflit jusqu’à l’année 1869, lorsque l’Institut canadien de Montréal est condamné par l’Église catholique, peu avant la mort de Joseph Guibord, membre de l’organisation. Une analyse est ensuite faite concernant la question d’excommunication qui l’aurait frappée. Le cas de refus de sépulture étant porté en cour civile, il est alors possible d’observer les décisions des différents tribunaux jusqu’au verdict du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé à Londres qui tranche en faveur de l’Institut canadien, héritier de la veuve Guibord. Cependant, une émeute aux portes du cimetière catholique, en septembre 1875, va reporter de deux mois son enterrement. L’incident est largement repris dans les journaux d’un bout à l’autre du Canada, mais aussi aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, révélant l’opinion de sources externes sur l’affaire Guibord et le catholicisme au Québec.

O estudo tem por objetivo analisar a concepção de sociedade cristã expressa nos casos de excomunhão do Libro de las confesiones, escrito em 1316 pelo clérigo castelhano Martín Pérez. Tendo por ponto de partida a normatividade dos textos confessionais, e que tal caráter empresta ao texto da fonte um aspecto ordenador e propositivo, o estudo aborda a lista dos casos de excomunhão procurando perceber qual sociedade cristã é idealizada e quais rupturas da ordem se pretende regulamentar e corrigir, dado que a excomunhão é uma sanção punitiva que separa o pecador que põe em risco a salvação das almas e a libertas Ecclesiae, proibindo que haja convívio com ele até que seja absolvido e restituído ao seio da comunidade. Dessa forma, a sentença põe em evidência a crença num grupo cristão obediente, livre da impureza do pecado, como um corpo que mantém sua saúde evitando as doenças. A excomunhão ganha uma função medicinal, e a cura do corpo doente se dá pelo rompimento sacramental do laço holístico que, desde o batismo, une todos cristãos entre si e com Cristo. A lista de casos de excomunhão de Martín Pérez, recolhida de autoridades tanto antigas quanto contemporâneas dele, realiza a presentificação e a positivação desses princípios, submetendo a sociedade a desígnios emanados pelas autoridades eclesiásticas da Igreja Católica, que detém o poder de excomungar e absolver, conferindo às mesmas mecanismos sacramentais de controle dos comportamentos sociais. / This study aims to analyze the idea of Christian society expressed in the list of excommunications of the Libro de las confesiones, written in the year 1316 by the Castilian cleric Martín Pérez. Having as a starting point the normativity of the confessional texts, and that this character gives the source text an propositive and coordinative aspect, the study approaches the list of excommunications seeking to perceive which Christian society is idealized, and what order disruptions are regulated and corrected, given that excommunication is a punitive sanction that separates the sinner who puts in danger the salvation of the souls and the libertas Ecclesiae, forbidding coexistence with him until he’s absolved and restituted to the community core. Thereby, the sentence evidences a belief in an obeying Christian group, free from the impurity of sin, like a body that keeps its health by avoiding diseases. The excommunication gains a medical function, and the cure of the ill body goes by the rupture of the sacramental holistic bound that, since baptism, binds every Christian altogether and with Christ. Martín Pérez’s list of excommunications, compiled from both ancient and contemporary authorities, provides presentification and positivization to these principles, submitting the society to the purposes emanating from ecclesiastical authorities of the Catholic Church, the same that have the power to excommunicate and absolve, which confer them sacramental arrangements of social behavior control.

O estudo tem por objetivo analisar a concepção de sociedade cristã expressa nos casos de excomunhão do Libro de las confesiones, escrito em 1316 pelo clérigo castelhano Martín Pérez. Tendo por ponto de partida a normatividade dos textos confessionais, e que tal caráter empresta ao texto da fonte um aspecto ordenador e propositivo, o estudo aborda a lista dos casos de excomunhão procurando perceber qual sociedade cristã é idealizada e quais rupturas da ordem se pretende regulamentar e corrigir, dado que a excomunhão é uma sanção punitiva que separa o pecador que põe em risco a salvação das almas e a libertas Ecclesiae, proibindo que haja convívio com ele até que seja absolvido e restituído ao seio da comunidade. Dessa forma, a sentença põe em evidência a crença num grupo cristão obediente, livre da impureza do pecado, como um corpo que mantém sua saúde evitando as doenças. A excomunhão ganha uma função medicinal, e a cura do corpo doente se dá pelo rompimento sacramental do laço holístico que, desde o batismo, une todos cristãos entre si e com Cristo. A lista de casos de excomunhão de Martín Pérez, recolhida de autoridades tanto antigas quanto contemporâneas dele, realiza a presentificação e a positivação desses princípios, submetendo a sociedade a desígnios emanados pelas autoridades eclesiásticas da Igreja Católica, que detém o poder de excomungar e absolver, conferindo às mesmas mecanismos sacramentais de controle dos comportamentos sociais. / This study aims to analyze the idea of Christian society expressed in the list of excommunications of the Libro de las confesiones, written in the year 1316 by the Castilian cleric Martín Pérez. Having as a starting point the normativity of the confessional texts, and that this character gives the source text an propositive and coordinative aspect, the study approaches the list of excommunications seeking to perceive which Christian society is idealized, and what order disruptions are regulated and corrected, given that excommunication is a punitive sanction that separates the sinner who puts in danger the salvation of the souls and the libertas Ecclesiae, forbidding coexistence with him until he’s absolved and restituted to the community core. Thereby, the sentence evidences a belief in an obeying Christian group, free from the impurity of sin, like a body that keeps its health by avoiding diseases. The excommunication gains a medical function, and the cure of the ill body goes by the rupture of the sacramental holistic bound that, since baptism, binds every Christian altogether and with Christ. Martín Pérez’s list of excommunications, compiled from both ancient and contemporary authorities, provides presentification and positivization to these principles, submitting the society to the purposes emanating from ecclesiastical authorities of the Catholic Church, the same that have the power to excommunicate and absolve, which confer them sacramental arrangements of social behavior control.

O estudo tem por objetivo analisar a concepção de sociedade cristã expressa nos casos de excomunhão do Libro de las confesiones, escrito em 1316 pelo clérigo castelhano Martín Pérez. Tendo por ponto de partida a normatividade dos textos confessionais, e que tal caráter empresta ao texto da fonte um aspecto ordenador e propositivo, o estudo aborda a lista dos casos de excomunhão procurando perceber qual sociedade cristã é idealizada e quais rupturas da ordem se pretende regulamentar e corrigir, dado que a excomunhão é uma sanção punitiva que separa o pecador que põe em risco a salvação das almas e a libertas Ecclesiae, proibindo que haja convívio com ele até que seja absolvido e restituído ao seio da comunidade. Dessa forma, a sentença põe em evidência a crença num grupo cristão obediente, livre da impureza do pecado, como um corpo que mantém sua saúde evitando as doenças. A excomunhão ganha uma função medicinal, e a cura do corpo doente se dá pelo rompimento sacramental do laço holístico que, desde o batismo, une todos cristãos entre si e com Cristo. A lista de casos de excomunhão de Martín Pérez, recolhida de autoridades tanto antigas quanto contemporâneas dele, realiza a presentificação e a positivação desses princípios, submetendo a sociedade a desígnios emanados pelas autoridades eclesiásticas da Igreja Católica, que detém o poder de excomungar e absolver, conferindo às mesmas mecanismos sacramentais de controle dos comportamentos sociais. / This study aims to analyze the idea of Christian society expressed in the list of excommunications of the Libro de las confesiones, written in the year 1316 by the Castilian cleric Martín Pérez. Having as a starting point the normativity of the confessional texts, and that this character gives the source text an propositive and coordinative aspect, the study approaches the list of excommunications seeking to perceive which Christian society is idealized, and what order disruptions are regulated and corrected, given that excommunication is a punitive sanction that separates the sinner who puts in danger the salvation of the souls and the libertas Ecclesiae, forbidding coexistence with him until he’s absolved and restituted to the community core. Thereby, the sentence evidences a belief in an obeying Christian group, free from the impurity of sin, like a body that keeps its health by avoiding diseases. The excommunication gains a medical function, and the cure of the ill body goes by the rupture of the sacramental holistic bound that, since baptism, binds every Christian altogether and with Christ. Martín Pérez’s list of excommunications, compiled from both ancient and contemporary authorities, provides presentification and positivization to these principles, submitting the society to the purposes emanating from ecclesiastical authorities of the Catholic Church, the same that have the power to excommunicate and absolve, which confer them sacramental arrangements of social behavior control.

L’affaire Guibord a un rôle d’importance au Québec au cours de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle. Malgré ceci, ce cas judiciaire se retrouve souvent dans l’ombre du fameux combat entre ultramontains et libéraux. Cette étude démontre le procès Guibord et ses répercussions, exposant la place grandissante du clergé au sein de la société québécoise. On observe une Église catholique ultramontaine triomphante sous la direction de Mgr Bourget, évêque de Montréal. Cette recherche présente d’abord les sources du conflit jusqu’à l’année 1869, lorsque l’Institut canadien de Montréal est condamné par l’Église catholique, peu avant la mort de Joseph Guibord, membre de l’organisation. Une analyse est ensuite faite concernant la question d’excommunication qui l’aurait frappée. Le cas de refus de sépulture étant porté en cour civile, il est alors possible d’observer les décisions des différents tribunaux jusqu’au verdict du Comité judiciaire du Conseil privé à Londres qui tranche en faveur de l’Institut canadien, héritier de la veuve Guibord. Cependant, une émeute aux portes du cimetière catholique, en septembre 1875, va reporter de deux mois son enterrement. L’incident est largement repris dans les journaux d’un bout à l’autre du Canada, mais aussi aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni, révélant l’opinion de sources externes sur l’affaire Guibord et le catholicisme au Québec.

The Islamic State (IS) infamously carried out brutal acts of terrorism against the west. These acts of terrorism in Europe and the USA does, however, not make up most of the violence instigated by the Islamic State. This majority of violence took place in Iraq and Syria, where the Islamic State conquered large territories. The forces that the IS battled in the Iraqi-Syrian theatre of war consisted largely of individuals identifying as Muslim. In some cases, the Islamic State fought other Islamist militias. In this context the concept of Takfir, i.e. excommunication within Islam, is central in the rhetoric of persecution. This paper analyses the Islamic State’s beliefs and practices on Takfir, as it is shown in the propaganda magazine Dabiq. Following a qualitative content analysis of Dabiq's articles relevant to Takfir and defining true Muslims, central themes were identified.  The bulk of the apostasy arguments found in Dabiq is targeted against ethnicities and sects that the Islamic State is at war with. Several arguments for the apostasy of the IS's enemies are explored, and an internal logic is presented throughout Dabiq. Neither the criteria’s nor the process that leads to the proclamation of Takfir, outside fighting the Islamic State, are explained in Dabiq. While examples of such Takfiri declarations are found in Dabiq, they are considerably less common than war-aligned claims of apostasy. What motivates the Islamic State’s practice of Takfir is open ended, as it can be both considered a result of their religious doctrine and a justification for the conflicts which they have partaken in.

This thesis deals with the life story of Augustin Komanec, dean of Slaný, a man standing among many other anonymous priests who were persecuted for their firm human and Christian attitudes towards the Church and its bishops in the early 1950's. Augustin Komanec was one of those tried by the totalitarian communist regime in fabricated trials. He was not sentenced to death, nevertheless the stiffness of the punishment led to the ultimate sacrifice. He died soon after he had been sent to the communist prison in Mírov. Based on documents available, the work presents Komanec's both civil and clerical life from 1885 to 1948 and then from the communist coup to his death in 1953. The aim of the work is to present the destiny of this brave person, who refused to give in to the totalitarian power and who represented the real enemy of this power: the Church, courageous and free.

Cette thèse étudiera la franc-maçonnerie de traditions européennes qui se transforma au cœur des périodes colonisatrices française et britannique de 1778 à 1915. Les loges du Grand Orient de France qui s’implantèrent, sous la colonisation française de l’Isle de France, à la fin du XVIIIe siècle furent des pionnières de la maçonnerie dans un pays qui vécut, simultanément, une nouvelle période de colonisation britannique, à partir de 1810, et des changements drastiques aux niveaux démographique, socio-économique, ethnique et politique. Le fait maçonnique ne put que changer intrinsèquement dans le contexte insulaire multiculturel alors que la colonie, n’ayant pas de peuples autochtones, devint le terreau d’une multitude de traditions européennes, africaines et asiatiques. La maçonnerie locale acquit, grâce aux échanges entre les loges françaises et les nouvelles obédiences qui s’implantèrent (la Grande Loge Unie d’Angleterre, la Grande Loge d’Ecosse, la Grande Loge d’Irlande et le Suprême Conseil de France), une identité insulaire et mauricienne. Cette thèse montrera comment l’institution maçonnique mit en exergue la possibilité de construire une cohésion et un espace de partage à certains moments-clés de l’histoire du pays. Cependant, les loges françaises et britanniques eurent à faire face aux grands défis socio-politiques, économiques et religieux du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe siècle. En effet, les maçons furent aussi en proie aux divisions et conflits liés au multiculturalisme et à la pluriethnicité de la société coloniale. Cette thèse démontrera, en l’occurrence, comment la franc-maçonnerie de plusieurs obédiences développa des fonctionnements et des traditions influencés par le contexte et put maintenir un œcuménisme malgré les difficultés. Pourtant, la fin du XXe siècle entraîna les loges dans des divergences religieuses, idéologiques et institutionnelles et certains éléments, qui firent du laboratoire maçonnique mauricien un exemple des valeurs universelles et de la fraternité internationale, devinrent les sources mêmes de divisions. / This thesis will study freemasonry coming from European cultures which was transformed in the midst of French and British colonising periods from 1778 to 1915. The Grand Orient de France lodges, which settled under the French colonising regime of Isle de France at the end of the 18th century, introduced freemasonry in a country which underwent, simultaneously, a new British colonising era, as from 1810, and deep changes on the demographic, socio-economic, ethnic and political levels. Freemasonry could not but profoundly change in this insular multicultural context as the colony, which did not have any indigenous population, became the melting pot of various European, African and Asian traditions. Local freemasonry acquired, owing to the relations of the French lodges with the different lodges which were created (of the United Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Grand Lodge of Ireland and the Suprême Conseil de France), an insular and Mauritian identity. This thesis will show how the Craft enabled cohesion and provided a place for sharing at some milestones in the history of the country. However, the French and British lodges had to face the grand socio-political, economic and religious challenges of the 19th century. In fact, the freemasons had also to experience the divisions and conflicts induced by the multicultural and multi-ethnic colonial society. Therefore, this thesis will to show how freemasonry from different grand lodges developed practices and traditions influenced by the context and were able to uphold ecumenism in spite of the obstacles. However, the lodges got caught into religious, ideological and institutional conflicts at the end of the 19th century and some components, which made of the Mauritian masonic laboratory an example of universal values and international fraternalism, eroded.