The purpose of this study was to examine the fibrinolytic response to whole body vibration (WBV) and exercise in men. Methods. Twenty healthy males (23.8 ± 4.2 years, 80.8 ± 3.3 kg·mˉ²) participated in the study. Each subject performed 3 trials in randomized order separated by 1 week. The trials consisted of exercise (X), vibration (V) and vibration + exercise (VX). Exercise sessions consisted of 15 minutes of unloaded squatting at a rate of 20 per minute. Vibration sessions were conducted on a WBV platform vibrating at a frequency of 30 Hz and amplitude of 1.5mm for 15 minutes. Plasma concentrations of active tPA and PAI-1 samples were assessed at baseline and immediately after each session. Results. tPA activity change from pre to post trial was found to be significantly greater in the VX condition (0.87 ± 0.35 IU·mlˉ¹ to 3.21 ± 1.06 IU·mlˉ¹) compared to the X (0.71 ± 0.36 IU·mlˉ¹ to 2.37 ± 1.13 IU·mlˉ¹) or V (0.83 ±0.25 IU·mlˉ¹ to 1.00 ± 0.37 IU·mlˉ¹) condition. tPA activity change from pre to post trial was found to be significantly greater in the X condition compared to the V condition. PAI-1 activity change from pre to post trial was found to be significantly decreased in the VX (6.54 ± 5.53 IU·mlˉ¹ to 4.89 ± 4.13 IU·mlˉ¹) and X (9.76 ± 8.19 IU·mlˉ¹ to 7.48 ± 7.11 IU·mlˉ¹) conditions compared to the V (5.68 ± 3.53 IU·mlˉ¹ to 5.84 ± 3.52 IU·mlˉ¹) condition. Heart rate change from pre to post exercise for the V condition (pre, 75 ± 8 bpm; post, 90 ± 7 bpm) was less than the change in the VX condition (pre, 77 ± 13 bpm; post, 148 ± 19 bpm) and X condition (pre, 71± 11 bpm; post, 139 ± 22 bpm). The change in heart rate was found to be similar in the X and VX conditions. Peak RPE was not significantly different between X and VX sessions. Conclusions. WBV does not stimulate increased fibrinolytic activity in young men. However, the significant increase in fibrinolytic potential observed during squatting exercise is enhanced by concurrent WBV. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Purpose: Little is known about the heart rate (HR) responses at the onset of exercise, at peak exercise, and recovery in apparently healthy men and women. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of abnormal HR acceleration at the onset of exercise, define the HR acceleration profile, determine if traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are associated with abnormal HR acceleration, and identify whether abnormal chronotropic responses cluster with abnormal HR acceleration in an asymptomatic, self-referred, adult population. Methods: A retrospective examination of a symptom-limited maximal treadmill test was performed for participants of a university-based fitness program between 1990 and 2006. Records were analyzed for various HR responses from individuals (N=947) of both sexes who represented a broad range of age and fitness levels (mean VO2: 32.9±9.4ml∙kg-1∙min-1). Abnormal HR acceleration at minute 1 and ⅓ total exercise time was defined as a HR increase from standing rest of ≤14 and ≤28 beats respectively. Results: The prevalence of abnormal HR acceleration at minute 1 and ⅓ total exercise time was 30.6% and 31.3% respectively. The mean HR increase during the first minute and ⅓ total exercise time was 20.5 ± 10.3 and 33.7 ± 10.4 beats respectively. Abnormal accelerators had a significantly better CVD risk factor profile (lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, higher VO2, and higher percent of regular exercise) than normal accelerators, despite consisting of a greater percentage of current smokers. Lastly, abnormal HR acceleration showed higher prevalence with abnormal HR recovery than with chronotropic incompetence. Conclusions: In the present study cohort, a lower HR increase at the onset of exercise was associated with a better CVD risk factor profile but the same differences were not seen at ⅓ total exercise time. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

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Background: Thrombosis is a common and critical consequence of cancer. Changes in thrombotic potential were examined after exercise training in patients with cancer. Methods: Eight cancer patients (65 ± 11 yrs) completed this study, five exercising and three non-exercising controls. Venous blood samples were obtained at baseline and after approximately 12 weeks of study participation. Weekly physical activity was measured using a standard, validated physical activity questionnaire. APTT, PT, fibrinogen and factor VIII were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: A time x group interaction trend (p=0.067) was observed for fibrinogen. Plasma concentrations decreased in the exercise group (355 ± 49.3 mg/dL to 331 ± 19.5 mg/dL), but increased in the control group (341 ± 52.4 mg/dL to 384 ± 107.9 mg/dL). Physical activity significantly decreased over time in both groups. Conclusions: Exercise training may reduce coagulation potential in cancer patients more than usual and customary care. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Access to abstract permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. In skeletal muscle, PGF2a, has been shown to regulate protein synthesis, and ibuprofen and acetaminophen have been shown to block the normal increase in PGF2a and muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise in humans. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the expression of the COX-1 (COX-1 variants: COX-1 v1, -1v2, -1 b,, -1 b2, and -1b3) and COX-2 isoforms following resistance exercise to help elucidate the isoform or variant through which PGF2a, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen regulate muscle protein synthesis. Human skeletal muscle biopsy samples were taken from 16 individuals (8M, 8F) before, 4 h, and 24 h following a single bout of resistance exercise and analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. COX-Iv1 and COX-1v2 were the most abundant COX mRNA before exercise and remained unchanged (P>0.05) following exercise (i.e., constitutively expressed). Relatively few individuals expressed the intron 1-retaining COX-1 b variants (COX-1 b,, - 1b2, and -1 b3) at any time point, and when expressed these variants were in very low abundance. COX-2 was not expressed in any subject before exercise, but increased significantly (P<0.05) at 4 and 24 h following exercise. These results suggest that the intron 1-retaining COX-1 b,, -1 b2, and -lb3 variants are likely not the COX through which PGF2a is produced to stimulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis. PGF2a, stimulation, as well as ibuprofen and acetaminophen inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis likely work through COX-2, or one of the constitutively expressed COX-1 variants (COX-lv1 or -1v2). / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-exercise carbohydrate feeding on repeated bouts of anaerobic exercise in pre- and early-pubertal boys. Eleven boys, (10.2 ± 1.3 yrs) maturation stage I and II according to Tanner participated in this study. Peak (PP) and mean power (MP) were examined using 4 repeated Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT) bouts. Two double-blind, randomized trials were performed; a carbohydrate (CHO) and placebo (PL) trial. A two-way (trial by time) ANOVA was used to analyze PP, MP, blood glucose, lactate, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. PP and MP were not significantly different across trials. Glucose was significantly higher after CHO consumption, but post-exercise responses did not vary between trials. There was no significant trial or time effect and no interaction effect for HR. There was a significant time effect for lactate and RPE. The results suggest that pre-exercise CHO feeding does not enhance anaerobic exercise performance in children, a finding that is similar to outcomes involving adults. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Eleven older adults (49-66 years) participated in 15 weeks (60 sessions) of endurance walking. A training intensity of approximately 65% maximum heart rate was determined (Karvonen method), for each subject. The training resulted in improved cardiorespiratory fitness as evidenced by a significant 19.2% mean increase in maximal oxygen uptake (ml/ kg-min.), and a significant bradycardial response of heart rate during submaximal walking. An insignificant change in mean absolute body weight was observed, however, subjects lost significant amounts of subcutaneous body fat as demonstrated by a. decrease in percent body fat and sum of six skinfold measurements.The male subjects showed more pronounced improvements in their fitness as evidenced by a greater weight loss, lower resting heart rate, improved oxygen uptake and maximal ventilation. These benefits were possibly due to a greater walking velocity and total mileage attained by the male subjects. This infers that the men were able to exercise at a higher intensity and duration than the females.

Six runners (V02 max=68.2 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min) were studied on three separate occasions during a 30 min treadmill run at 70% V02 max. On each occasion, the subjects ingested either 75g of glucose (trial G), fructose (trial F) or a sweetened placebo (trial C). No differences were observed between any of the trials for oxygen uptake, heart rate or perceived exertion. Serum glucose levels were elevated as a result of the glucose feeding (P<0.05) reaching peak levels at 30 min post-feeding. With the onset of exercise, glucose levels dropped to a low of 5.89 ± 0.99 mmol/l at 15 min of exercise in trial G. Serum glucose concentrations in trials F and C averaged 6.21 ± 0.31 mmol/l and 5.95 ± 0.23 mmol/l over all the time points, respectively, and were not different (p>0.05). Muscle glycogen utilization in the first 15 min of exercise was similar in trial C (18.8 ± 1.9 mmol/kg), trial F (16.3 ± 4.1 mmol/kg) and trial G (18.8 ± 9.1 mmol/kg), and total glycogen use was also similar in trial C (20.7 ± 5.3 mmol/kg), trial F (35.4 ±6.3 mmol/kg) and trial G (25.6 ± mmol/kg). These data suggest that pre-exercise feedings of fructose or glucose do not affect the rate of muscle glycogen utilization during 30 min of treadmill running in well-trained runners.