Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-20T11:52:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Cristina da Penha Franca.pdf: 1679353 bytes, checksum: 9703d2a013a1d783ae4e0d394ef6d0f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T11:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Cristina da Penha Franca.pdf: 1679353 bytes, checksum: 9703d2a013a1d783ae4e0d394ef6d0f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-08 / Tisbe biminiensis is a potential live prey for many species of aquatic animals since its nutritional value is better than those found in other feed organisms commonly used in crustacean and fish larvivultures. Live food seems to be a source of exogenous enzymes which eases food digestion of fish and crustacean early life stages. The aim of this work was to study alkaline proteases from the harpacticoida copepod Tisbe biminiensis by evaluating the effects of pH, temperature and specific inhibitors on the proteolytic activity. Proteases were also studied by SDS-PAGE and zymograms. Crude extract from T. biminiensis showed a total proteolytic activity of 0.39 mU/mg of protein and tryptic activity of 2.33 mU/mg. Optima pH and temperature were 9.0 and 55oC, respectively. The enzymes were thermostable at temperature ranging from 25 to 50oC. The enzymatic activity was strongly inhibited by the trypsin specific inhibitors TLCK (100%), SBTI (100%) and benzamidine (91%).However, EDTA, PMSF and b mercaptoethanol caused only a slight inhibition (35, 35 and 7%, respectively). The results show that alkaline proteases are present on crude extract of Tisbe biminiensis. The highest effects of trypsin inhibitors on enzyme activity suggest that this enzyme plays an important role in protein digestion. T. biminiensis is an important source of live prey to fish and crustacean larvae in nature and partially replace others live food commonly used in aquaculture because they contribute with both exogenous enzymes for the digestion processes and other nutrients required during development of aquatic animals and contribute to development of aquaculture. / Os copépodos harpacticóides são microcrustáceos que servem como alimento vivo preferencial na natureza para diversas espécies de larvas de organismos aquáticos sendo nutricionalmente superiores quando comparados a outros alimentos vivos comumente utilizados nas larviculturas. O alimento vivo é uma importante fonte de enzimas exógenas que contribui para o processo digestivo dessas larvas que por não estarem com o sistema digestivo completamente formado, dependem das enzimas provenientes do alimento vivo para um melhor aproveitamento dos ingredientes da dieta,apresentando consequentemente melhores desempenhos na taxa de crescimento e sobrevivência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as proteases alcalinas do copépodo harpacticóide Tisbe biminiensis através de parâmetros cinéticos e físico-químicos como: pH e temperatura ótima, efeito de inibidores, estabilidade térmica, além da caracterização eletroforética por SDS-PAGE e zimograma. O extrato bruto do T. biminiensis apresentou uma atividade proteolítica total de 0,39 U/mg de proteínas sendo a atividade tríptica de 2,33 U/mg. A atividade enzimática apresentou uma temperatura ótima de 55ºC e pH ótimo de 9,0 e mostrou-se estável termicamente no intervalo de 25 a 50ºC. A atividade enzimática foi fortemente inibida por inibidores específicos de tripsina, TLCK (100±1%), SBTI (100±2%), benzamidina (91±10%), e não houve inibição significativa com os inibidores: EDTA (35±1%), PMSF (35±1%), b- mercaptoetanol (7±11%). Estes resultados demonstraram que a principal protease alcalina presente no extrato bruto do T. biminiensis foi a tripsina, exercendo importante papel na digestão protéica destes animais e este copépodo pode contribuir como fonte de enzimas exógenas para o processo digestivo nas larvas de organismos aquáticos.

De acordo com a legislação brasileira o uísque cortado é produzido com a mistura de, no mínimo, 30% de destilado alcoólico simples de malte envelhecido, com destilados alcoólicos simples de cereais envelhecidos ou não, e neste trabalho foi utilizada a quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 para produzir uísque, pois tem alto valor nutricional, propriedades antioxidantes e baixo custo. A quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 foi inicialmente hidrolisada em escala de bancada de 500mL seguindo o planejamento fatorial 23 completo, com seis experimentos no ponto central, analisando os parâmetros tempo, adição da enzima ProteMax N600® ou Maltezyn W® e a concentração das enzimas Brautec alfa TF® e Maltezyn W®. De acordo com a análise estatística, a melhor condição obtida na região estudada foi com a utilização de 1000mg de Brautec alfa TF®/kg de amido em base seca e 750mg de Maltezyn W®/kg de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 em base seca a 95ºC por 30min, sendo adicionado posteriormente 500mg de Maltezyn W®/kg de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 em base seca a 60ºC até a hidrólise do amido resultar em teste de iodo negativo, sendo esta condição utilizada em escala de bancada de 15L e em escala piloto de 125L. Em todas as fermentações com quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 adicionou-se 10g da enzima Panzyn GA®/hL de meio fermentativo, após a inoculação com a levedura. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pré-tratada ou não a 40ºC/1h, foi utilizada na concentração de 0,4g peso seco/L de meio fermentativo. Em escala de bancada de 15 L os resultados de produtividade volumétrica em etanol, dos ensaios fermentativos com quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 e malte de cevada, com levedura pré-tratada ou não, não apresentaram diferença significativa. Portanto, nas fermentações das matérias-primas em escala piloto de 125L utilizou-se levedura sem pré-tratamento, e os fermentados obtidos foram destilados separadamente em alambique de 160L. O destilado alcoólico simples de malte de cevada que foi envelhecido aceleradamente por nove dias e o de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 que não foi envelhecido foram misturados na proporção de 30% e 70%, e também 50% e 50%, respectivamente, resultando em dois uísques cortados a 40ºGL com o teor de polifenois de 141 e 229mg/L equivalente em ácido gálico, respectivamente. Estes dois uísques cortados foram analisados sensorialmente em relação a um uísque puro malte envelhecido 12 anos e um bourbon, encontrados no mercado mundial, por 125 provadores voluntários não treinados da EEL-USP. Considerando que o uísque cortado produzido com 50% de destilado alcoólico simples de malte de cevada envelhecido e 50% destilado alcoólico simples de quirera de arroz preto IAC-600 não envelhecido foi avaliado positivamente nos parâmetros cor e sabor quando comparado aos outros três uísques, e que não houve diferença significativa na aceitação global entre os quatro uísques avaliados, este uísque cortado possui potencial mercadológico como um produto novo, apresentando sabor diferenciado em relação aos dois uísques comerciais. Por outro lado, a análise descritiva quantitativa realizada por dez provadores treinados da Pernod Ricard, nos dois uísques produzidos neste trabalho, demonstrou que o processo de envelhecimento acelerado não forneceu os atributos aromáticos desejados, sendo necessário o aperfeiçoamento ou a substituição desta metodologia. / According to Brazilian law, the blended whisky is produced by mixing at least 30% of aged single malt distilled alcohol with aged or not single alcoholic distillates from cereal, and this study used broken IAC-600 black rice to produce whisky, due to its high nutritional value, antioxidant properties and low cost. The broken IAC-600 black rice was initially hydrolyzed at bench scale (500mL) following the 23 full factorial design with six assays at central point, analyzing the parameters time, addition of ProteMax N600® or Maltezyn W® enzymes and the concentration of the Brautec alfa TF® and Maltezyn W® enzymes. According to statistical analysis, the best condition obtained at the studied region was with1000mg Brautec alfa TF®/kg starch (dry basis) and 750mg Maltezyn W®/kg of broken IAC-600 black rice (dry basis) at 95°C for 30min. Subsequently, 500mg Maltezyn W®/kg of broken IAC-600 black rice was added at 60°C until starch hydrolysis results in negative iodine test, and this condition was used at bench scale (15L) and at pilot scale (125L). In all the fermentations with broken IAC-600 black rice 10g Panzyn GA®/hL of fermentative medium was added after the inoculation with the yeast. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, pretreated or not at 40°C/1h, was used at 0.4g dry weight/L of fermentative medium. At bench scale (15L), the results of ethanol volumetric productivity in the fermentation assays with broken IAC-600 black rice and barley malt with yeast, pre-treated or not, showed no significant difference. Therefore, in the raw materials fermentations at pilot-scale (125L), the yeast without pretreatment was used, and the obtained washes were separately distilled into 160L still. The single alcoholic distillate of barley malt that was rapidly aged for nine days and the broken IAC-600 black rice that was not aged were mixed at ratios of 30% and 70% and also 50% and 50%, respectively, obtaining two blended whiskies at 40ºGL with 141 and 229mg/L polyphenol contents equivalent to gallic acid, respectively. These two blended whiskies were sensory analyzed in relation to a 12 year-old pure malt whisky and to a bourbon found in the world market, by 125 volunteers untrained tasters of EEL-USP. Considering that the blended whisky produced with 50% of aged single alcoholic distillate of barley malt and 50% of not aged single alcoholic distillate of broken IAC-600 black rice was positively evaluated in color and taste parameters when compared to the other three whiskies, and that there was no significant difference in acceptability among the four whiskies evaluated, this blended whisky has marketing potential as a new product, presenting distinctive taste compared to the two commercial whiskies. In the other hand, the quantitative descriptive analysis made by ten trained tasters of Pernod Ricard about the two whiskies produced in this work showed that the process of rapid aging did not provide the desired aromatic attributes, requiring the improvement or substitution of this methodology.

Le recyclage des résidus organiques sur les sols cultivés d'un territoire pourrait-il rendre possible la substitution au moins partielle des engrais azotés dans la conduite des cultures ? Cette question a été traitée dans le cas de la conduite des grandes cultures dans une zone périurbaine caractérisée par une forte diversité de résidus organiques. Le territoire étudié est la "Plaine de Versailles et le Plateau des Alluets" (PVPA), situé en Ile de France, à l'ouest de Versailles. Il représente 178km2 dont 9900ha cultivés par 82 agriculteurs dont 60 en grande culture. Il y a peu d'élevage dans la région d'étude et les sols les plus fréquents sont les luvisols et cambisols. Dans ce territoire on a mis au point une démarche d'analyse des substitutions possibles des fertilisants chimiques par des PRO (produits résiduaires organiques) qui comprend plusieurs étapes. Tout d'abord un inventaire de tous les PRO disponibles ou potentiellement disponibles sur le territoire a été réalisé et tous les PRO ont été échantillonnés et caractérisés sur un plan physicochimique : en particulier, la disponibilité du N a été évaluée via la minéralisation potentielle de l'azote organique dans des conditions contrôlées au laboratoire (norme française XPU 44-163). Les résidus organiques du territoire ont été classés en (i) PRO « amendants » (26320 tonnes de matière sèche et 442 tonnes de Ntot) caractérisés par une matière organique stabilisée, ayant un potentiel important d'entretien et d'augmentation des teneurs en matière organique des sols et (ii) les PRO « fertilisants » ayant une forte disponibilité de N (5686 tonnes de matières sèches et 361 tonnes de Ntot). Parmi les PRO recensés, les boues de stations d'épuration (séchées et chaulées), un produit commercial correspondant à un lisier de porc en provenance de Bretagne et les fientes de volailles sont les PRO ayant les valeurs fertilisantes les plus intéressantes. Des PRO à forte valeur amendante ont aussi été recensés, dont des fumiers de chevaux compostés ou non et des composts de déchets verts.[...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse. / Did the recyling of organic residues of a territory on cultivated soils could make possible, at least, partial substitution of nitrogen fertilizers in crop management? This issue was treated in the case of cereal crops in a suburban area characterized by a high diversity of organic residues. The study area is the “Plaine de Versailles and the Plateau Alluets”, located in Ile de France, west of Versailles. The total surface is about 178km2 including 9900ha cultivated by 82 farmers from which 60 cultivate cereals. The animal breeding is scarce in the study area and the most common soils are Cambisols and Luvisols. We tried to develop an approach for analyzing possible substitutions of chemical fertilizers by OWP (organic waste products) use. This approach involves several steps. First an inventory of the entire OWP available or potentially available in the territory has been achieved and all OWP were sampled and characterized: in particular, the availability of N was evaluated using the potential mineralization of the organic nitrogen under controlled conditions in the laboratory (French standard XPU 44-163). Organic residues territory were classified into (i) "organic amendments" (26320 tons of dry matter and 442 tons of total N) characterized by a stabilized organic matter, with significant potential maintenance and increasing levels of soil organic matter and (ii) "organic fertilizers" with a high availability of N (5686 tons of dry matter and 361 tons of total N) . Among the identified OWP, sludge from sewage treatment (dried and limed), and a commercial product corresponding to dried pig slurry from Britain and poultry manure are OWP with the most interesting fertilizing values. Organic amendments with high stabilized organic matter value were also identified, including composted or not horse manure, and green waste compost. Last and final summary in the thesis.

In this thesis, two-echelon systems with exogenous and endogenous lead times are studied for the orders placed by the retailer(s) from the supplier. The retailer(s) employ periodic-review base-stock policy, namely (R,S) policy. For the case the demand during review period is i.i.d. and the probability distribution is Normal for each review period, a new method is proposed for exogenous lead time case under stationary policy. The results of the proposed method is then compared with the results of the existing methods in the literature and it is concluded that the proposed method provides service levels sufficiently close to target levels whereas the existing methods do not necessarily provide target levels. We use the simulation to study the endogenous replenishment lead time case. The proposed method is modified when the retailer employs stationary policy and it is seen that the proposed method gives no-stockout probabilities close to target levels. Moreover, the impacts of using adaptive policy on the performance of the retailer are studied for endogenous replenishment lead time case. It is concluded that updating of the order-up-to-level deteriorates the performance of the retailer. Finally, it is questioned whether it is beneficial for a retailer to use adaptive policy in a supply chain with two retailers. Simulation results show that the deterioration in the performance of the retailer handling stationary policy is larger compared to the other retailer handling adaptive policy and the deteriorations get larger in the case of an increase in update frequency or in utilization of the supplier.

Spatial transferability of travel demand models has been an issue of considerable interest, particularly for small and medium sized planning areas that often do not have the resources and staff time to collect large scale travel survey data and estimate model components native to the region. With the advent of more sophisticated microsimulation-based activity-travel demand models, the interest in spatial transferability has surged in the recent past as smaller metropolitan planning organizations seek to take advantage of emerging modeling methods within the limited resources they can marshal. Traditional approaches to identifying geographical contexts that may borrow and transfer models between one another involve the exogenous a priori identification of a set of variables that are used to characterize the similarity between geographic regions. However, this ad hoc procedure presents considerable challenges as it is difficult to identify the most appropriate criteria a priori. To address this issue, this thesis proposes a latent segmentation approach whereby the most appropriate criteria for identifying areas with similar profiles are determined endogenously within the model estimation phase, customized for every model type. The end products are a set of optimal similarity measures that link regions to one another as well as a fully transferred model, segmented to account for heterogeneity in the population. The methodology is demonstrated and its efficacy established through a case study that utilizes the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) dataset for information on weekday activities unemployed individuals within 9 regions in the states of California and Florida engage in. A multiple discrete continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model is developed that simulates the discrete nature of activity selection as well as the continuous nature of activity participation. The estimated model is then applied onto the Austin–San Marcos MSA, a context withheld from the original estimation in order to assess its performance. The performance of the segmented model was then examined vis-à-vis that of other models that are similar to the local region in only one dimension. It is found that the methodology offers a robust mechanism for identifying latent segments and establishing criteria for transferring models between areas. / text

The interest in the use of fiscal policy as an effective economic policy tool has been revived recently, since the global recession of 2008 hit the world. In spite of a large empirical literature, there remains substantial uncertainty about the size and even the direction of the effects of discretionary fiscal policy. This thesis seeks to investigate the macroeconomic effects of discretionary fiscal policy in the short term, highlighting several methodologies for identifying discretionary fiscal policy. In Chapters 2 and 3, we suggest a new instrument based on the narrative approach for identifying exogenous government spending shocks: natural disaster damages and the subsequent government emergency spending. While applying our methodology to the Korean and the U.S data, we find that our instrument is not only powerful but also superior to military build-ups used by most of the literature. The relief expenditure in the wake of natural disaster has several advantages such as the similarity in scope to general government activity and the easy applicability beyond the U.S. compared to military build-ups. In the analysis of Korean fiscal policy, using our narrative method and the Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model, we find that government spending shocks increase GDP, consumption, and real wage, which is in line with the New Keynesian model. We also find that the timing is crucial in identifying government spending shocks due to the anticipation effects of fiscal policy. Furthermore, while analyzing the U.S. fiscal policy both at the state as well as national level, we estimate two kinds of non-defense spending multipliers: federal (1.4~1.7) and state (1.5~2.5), which exceed the defense spending multiplier obtained in the literature using military building-ups. In Chapter 4, in regard to the study of effects of fiscal adjustment, we develop the approach based on changes in cyclically adjusted primary balance (CAPB) by including fluctuations of asset price in the CAPB measure and allowing for individual country heterogeneity in the definition of fiscal adjustment. Using our new CAPB in 20 OECD countries, we find that fiscal adjustments have contractionary effects on economic activity in the short term, which is consistent with the result based on the narrative approach. Nevertheless, our results suggest that fiscal adjustments that rely predominantly on spending cuts are less contractionary than those involving tax increases.

FREITAS, Paulo André Ferreira de. Aplicação foliar de prolina como meio de minorar os efeitos do estresse salino em plantas de milho. 2013. 109 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado em Bioquímica) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-06-27T13:45:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-08-02T20:09:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-02T20:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_paffreitas.pdf: 2578027 bytes, checksum: 526a18fbbfe45aa94b6e45cddcd5dec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of foliar application of proline in growth and development of maize plants under saline conditions, analyzing physiological and biochemical alterations involved. Seeds of maize (Zea mays) genotype BR 205, being carried two experiments in greenhouse. At first experiment, we evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses in maize plants under saline conditions and subjected to foliar application of proline. For this, the maize plants with 10 days old growing in individual buckets with 10 L, containing nutrient solution of Clark. Four treatments were conducted: 1. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with distilled water, 2. plants growing in nutrient solution and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline 3.plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM of NaCl and leaves sprayed with distilled water, and 4. plants growing in nutrient solution containing 80 mM NaCl and leaves sprayed with 30 mM proline. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two levels of proline (0 or 30 mM), two levels of salinity (0 or 80 mM NaCl) and two haverst times (plants 7 and 14 days after treatment application. ) with six replications. In this experiment, plants were collected at 7 and 14 days after the imposition of the treatments, the plants were separated into leaves, stems and sheath and roots. Were analyzed: dried weight of shoots, roots and whole plant, leaf area, concentrations of inorganic solutes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and organic (soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, N-aminosolubles and proline). As result, it was found that the foliar application of proline itself had no effect on the growth of maize plants. However, in saline conditions, such treatment was effective in alleviating the reduction in growth by salinity. This was due, in part, by lower accumulation of toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-), mainly in shoot, combined with a smaller reduction in K+/Na+ plants treated with exogenous proline. Treatment with proline reversed the reduction in soluble protein content by salinity in shoots, roots while these levels were increased to levels higher than those of the controls themselves. The soluble carbohydrates and proline have been changed in different ways by treatment with proline, depending on the organ examined. The second experiment was conducted under similar conditions to the first and following the same treatments and experimental design. The objective was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of proline 30 mM in gas exchange, the levels of malondialdehyde and H2O2, and the activities of protection enzyme system and oxidative metabolism of proline in leaves and roots of maize plants under saline conditions. Salinity reduced gas exchange and exogenous proline caused no changes in these parameters, except for a small increase in the rate of transpiration. In leaves and roots, salinity increased the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, both effects being partially reduced by foliar application of proline in maize plants. This treatment increased the activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, this last especially in leaves, having reversed its reduction in activity by salinity and possibly this may have contributed to the reduction of the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde, an indicator reliable membrane damage. Moreover, the study on the enzymes of the metabolism of proline was observed in leaves, which activity Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), enzyme of proline anabolic pathway, had increased his activity by salinity, but the treatment with exogenous proline strongly reduced its activity after 14 days of treatment. Already proline dehydrogenase (PDH), the enzyme proline catabolic pathway, was strongly stimulated by exogenous proline, under control or salt stress, which suggests that this enzyme is induced by excess proline in tissues. The role of these enzymes in tissue levels of proline could not be clearly established, since the response pattern in their activities by treatment with exogenous proline was not consistent between the two haverst times for maize. / O presente trabalho, teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação foliar de prolina no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas de milho, sob condições de salinidade, analisando as alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas envolvidas. Foram utilizadas sementes de milho (Zea mays), genótipo BR 205, sendo realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação. No primeiro, foram avaliadas as respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas em plantas de milho, sob condições de salinidade e submetidas à aplicação foliar de prolina. Para isso, plantas de milho com 10 dias de idade crescendo em baldes plásticos individuais de 10 L, contendo solução nutritiva de Clarck, foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: 1. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com água destilada; 2. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM; 3. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com água destilada; e 4. plantas crescendo em solução nutritiva contendo NaCl a 80 mM e pulverizadas nas folhas com prolina a 30 mM. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois níveis de prolina (0 ou 30 mM), dois níveis de salinidade (0 ou 80 mM de NaCl) e dois tempos de coleta (plantas com 7 e 14 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos.), com seis repetições. Nesse experimento, foram coletadas plantas aos 7 e 14 dias após a imposição dos tratamentos, sendo as plantas separadas em folhas, colmos + bainha e raízes. Foram analisadas: as massas secas da parte aérea, raízes e da planta inteira; a área foliar; os teores de solutos inorgânicos (Na+, K+ e Cl-) e orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis, proteínas solúveis, N-aminossolúveis e prolina). Como resultado, observou-se que a aplicação foliar de prolina, por si só, não causou efeito no crescimento das plantas de milho. Entretanto, em condições salinas, tal tratamento foi eficaz em minorar a redução no crescimento pela salinidade. Isso se deveu, em parte, pelo menor acúmulo de íons tóxicos (Na+ e Cl-), principalmente na parte aérea, aliado a uma menor redução na relação K+/Na+ das plantas tratadas com prolina exógena. O tratamento com prolina reverteu à redução nos teores de proteínas solúveis pela salinidade, na parte aérea, enquanto nas raízes esses teores foram aumentados a níveis maiores do que os dos próprios controles. Os teores de carboidratos solúveis e de prolina foram alterados de formas diferentes pelo tratamento com prolina, dependendo do órgão analisado. O segundo experimento foi realizado em condições semelhantes às do primeiro e seguindo-se os mesmos tratamentos e delineamento experimental. Ele teve como finalidade avaliar os efeitos da aplicação foliar de prolina a 30 mM nas trocas gasosas, nos teores de malondialdeído e de H2O2, e nas atividades das enzimas do sistema de proteção oxidativa e do metabolismo da prolina, em folhas e raízes de plantas de milho sob condições de salinidade. A salinidade reduziu as trocas gasosas e a prolina exógena não provocou alterações nesses parâmetros, exceto por uma pequena elevação na taxa de transpiração. Nas folhas e raízes, a salinidade aumentou os teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeído, sendo ambos os efeitos parcialmente reduzidos pela aplicação foliar de prolina nas plantas de milho. Esse tratamento aumentou as atividades das enzimas dismutase do superóxido e catalase, especialmente dessa última nas folhas, tendo revertido sua redução em atividade pela salinidade e, possivelmente, isso pode ter contribuído para a redução dos teores de H2O2 e de malondialdeído, que é um indicador confiável de danos de membrana. Por outro lado, no estudo sobre as enzimas do metabolismo da prolina, observou-se, nas folhas, que a atividade da sintetase da Δ1-pirrolina-5-carboxilato (P5CS), enzima da via de síntese da prolina, teve sua atividade aumentada pela salinidade, porém o tratamento com prolina exógena reduziu fortemente sua atividade aos 14 dias de tratamento. Já a prolina desidrogenase (PDH), enzima da via catabólica da prolina, foi fortemente estimulada pela prolina exógena, em condições controle ou de estresse salino, fato que sugere que essa enzima é induzida pelo excesso de prolina nos tecidos. O papel dessas enzimas nos níveis de prolina dos tecidos não pôde ser claramente estabelecido, desde que o padrão de resposta em suas atividades pelo tratamento com prolina exógena não foi consistente entre os dois tempos de coleta das plantas de milho.

This master thesis is focused on the role of horizontal gene transfer in disseminating tetracycline resistance among bacteria in farm soils. In the experimental part, plasmids carrying antibiotic resistance, were exogenously isolated in biparental matings with cattle manure and Escherichia coli K-12 CV601 gfp recipients.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:23:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ruiz_us_dr_jabo.pdf: 1000140 bytes, checksum: bcc0db7a5cca6642f07ee5d615cd14a0 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a suplementação enzimática em dietas com diferentes níveis nutricionais na alimentação de 54 fêmeas suínas, da linha genética Agroceres/Pic. As dietas foram compostas principalmente por milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, formuladas para atender 100, 95 ou 90% das exigências nutricionais dos animais, suplementadas ou não com um complexo enzimático contendo α-amilase, β-glucanase, celulase, pectinase, xilanase, protease e fitase. Foram avaliados o desempenho, os custos das dietas em função do ganho de peso e a excreção de componentes nas fezes dos animais nos seguintes períodos: 1- dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 31,13 ± 2,95 kg; 1-2 - dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 70,34 ± 6,36 kg; 1-3 - dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 96,49 ± 8,98 kg de peso; as digestibilidades das dietas quando os animais apresentaram 25,40 ± 2,15 kg, 49,74 ± 4,47 kg e 79,84 ± 7,54 kg de peso; as deposições de matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos e as características das carcaças ao final do período experimental, quando os animais foram abatidos. Por fim, foi avaliada a biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes dos animais que receberam as dietas que atenderam 100 e 95% das exigências nutricionais, com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, no final do Período 1-3. A maior parte dos resultados encontrados demonstrou que o uso do complexo enzimático na dieta formulada para atender 95% das exigências nutricionais das fêmeas suínas, nos períodos 1-2 e 1-3, trouxe bons resultados produtivos e econômicos e diminuiu o potencial de impacto ambiental da atividade. Por outro lado, atender apenas 90% das exigências nutricionais de animais com grande potencial genético para ganho de peso, independentemente do uso do complexo enzimático, é uma restrição muito drástica / The objective of this research was to evaluate dietary supplemental enzymes in diets with different nutritional levels in the feeding of 54 gilts, Agroceres/Pic. The feeds were based mainly on corn, wheat meal and soybean meal, to achieve 100, 95 or 90% nutrient requirements of the animals, supplemented or not with an enzyme complex containing α-amylase, β-glucanase, celulase, pectinase, xylanase, protease and phytase. The parameters evaluated were the performance of the animals, the diets costs related with the weight gain and the components excreted in the animals feces in the following periods: 1 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 31.13 ± 2.95 kg of live weight; 1-2 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 70.34 ± 6.36 kg of live weight; 1-3 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 96.49 ± 8.98 kg of live weight; the diets digestibility when the animals showed 25.40 ± 2.15 kg, 49.74 ± 4.47 kg and 79.84 ± 7.54 kg live weight; the calcium, phosphorous and magnesium deposition in the bone and the carcass characteristics at the end of the experimental period, when the animals were killed. The anaerobic biodigestion of the feces of the animals, which were fed the diets that achieved 100 and 95% of the nutrient requirements, with or without the enzyme complex, in the end of the Period 1-3, was evaluated. The majority of the results found demonstrated that the enzyme complex utilization in the diet formulated to achieve 95% of the gilts nutrient requirements, in the Periods 1-2 and 1-3, showed positive productive and economic results and reduced the potential environmental impact of the activity. On the other hand, to achieve only 90% of the animals nutrient requirements, independently of the use of the enzyme complex, is a too drastic restriction

Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Valdomiro Shigueru Miyada / Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes / Banca: Fábio Enrique Lemos Budiño / Banca: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a suplementação enzimática em dietas com diferentes níveis nutricionais na alimentação de 54 fêmeas suínas, da linha genética Agroceres/Pic. As dietas foram compostas principalmente por milho, farelo de trigo e farelo de soja, formuladas para atender 100, 95 ou 90% das exigências nutricionais dos animais, suplementadas ou não com um complexo enzimático contendo α-amilase, β-glucanase, celulase, pectinase, xilanase, protease e fitase. Foram avaliados o desempenho, os custos das dietas em função do ganho de peso e a excreção de componentes nas fezes dos animais nos seguintes períodos: 1- dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 31,13 ± 2,95 kg; 1-2 - dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 70,34 ± 6,36 kg; 1-3 - dos 19,90 ± 1,67 aos 96,49 ± 8,98 kg de peso; as digestibilidades das dietas quando os animais apresentaram 25,40 ± 2,15 kg, 49,74 ± 4,47 kg e 79,84 ± 7,54 kg de peso; as deposições de matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio nos ossos e as características das carcaças ao final do período experimental, quando os animais foram abatidos. Por fim, foi avaliada a biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes dos animais que receberam as dietas que atenderam 100 e 95% das exigências nutricionais, com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, no final do Período 1-3. A maior parte dos resultados encontrados demonstrou que o uso do complexo enzimático na dieta formulada para atender 95% das exigências nutricionais das fêmeas suínas, nos períodos 1-2 e 1-3, trouxe bons resultados produtivos e econômicos e diminuiu o potencial de impacto ambiental da atividade. Por outro lado, atender apenas 90% das exigências nutricionais de animais com grande potencial genético para ganho de peso, independentemente do uso do complexo enzimático, é uma restrição muito drástica / Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate dietary supplemental enzymes in diets with different nutritional levels in the feeding of 54 gilts, Agroceres/Pic. The feeds were based mainly on corn, wheat meal and soybean meal, to achieve 100, 95 or 90% nutrient requirements of the animals, supplemented or not with an enzyme complex containing α-amylase, β-glucanase, celulase, pectinase, xylanase, protease and phytase. The parameters evaluated were the performance of the animals, the diets costs related with the weight gain and the components excreted in the animals feces in the following periods: 1 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 31.13 ± 2.95 kg of live weight; 1-2 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 70.34 ± 6.36 kg of live weight; 1-3 - from 19.90 ± 1.67 to 96.49 ± 8.98 kg of live weight; the diets digestibility when the animals showed 25.40 ± 2.15 kg, 49.74 ± 4.47 kg and 79.84 ± 7.54 kg live weight; the calcium, phosphorous and magnesium deposition in the bone and the carcass characteristics at the end of the experimental period, when the animals were killed. The anaerobic biodigestion of the feces of the animals, which were fed the diets that achieved 100 and 95% of the nutrient requirements, with or without the enzyme complex, in the end of the Period 1-3, was evaluated. The majority of the results found demonstrated that the enzyme complex utilization in the diet formulated to achieve 95% of the gilts nutrient requirements, in the Periods 1-2 and 1-3, showed positive productive and economic results and reduced the potential environmental impact of the activity. On the other hand, to achieve only 90% of the animals nutrient requirements, independently of the use of the enzyme complex, is a too drastic restriction / Doutor