Tyrimo objektas - Lietuvos kaimiškosios savivaldybės. Tyrimo dalykas – kaimiškų savivaldybių socialinis - ekonominis vystymasis. Darbo tikslas – suformuoti periferinių regionų struktūrinių pokyčių valdymo principus. Uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti vietovių vystymosi specifiką ir periferiškumo problemas teoriniu aspektu. 2. Parengti periferiškumo vertinimo metodiką pritaikant ją praktiškai. 3. Ištirti Lietuvos struktūrinius pokyčius ir jų valdymo specifiką. 4. Parengti periferinių savivaldybių struktūrinių pokyčių valdymo modelį. Tyrimo metodai: lyginamosios analizės, loginės analizės ir sintezės, duomenų sisteminimo ir statistinių duomenų analizės, palyginamosios analizės, grafinio vaizdavimo ir modeliavimo metodai, taip pat kiekybinių rodiklių analizei taikomas koreliacijos metodas. Lietuvos savivaldybių pasiskirstymas pagal periferiškumo lygį pateiktas naudojant GIS kompiuterinę programą. / Research object - rural municipalities of Lithuania. Research subject - social – economical development of rural municipalities. Research aim - to compose the possibilities for peripheral areas structural changes management. Objectives: 1. To analyze specific of areas development and periphery in the theoretical aspects. 2. To compose methodic of peripherality evaluation and adapt it in practice. 3. To analyze specific of Lithuanian structural changes and their management. 4. To compose a structural changes management model of peripheral municipalities. Research methods: comparative, logical analysis and synthesis, analysis of both: data systematizing and statistical data, graphical depiction and modeling, correlation.

Magistrantūros studijų darbe pateikiami egzogeninio prolino poveikio žaliosios šerytės augimui ir vystymuisi tyrimų rezultatai. Darbo objektas – žalioji šerytė (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Darbo metodai: IV organogenezės tarpsnyje žaliosios šerytės augalai nupurkšti prolino tirpalais ir auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje esant 20/18 °C (diena/naktis) temperatūrai, 16/8 val. (diena/naktis) fotoperiodui, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 apšviestumui. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti praėjus 1, 5, 10 ir 15 dienų po purškimo. Esant 35-40% substrato drėgniui augalai nupurkšti 10 mM L-prolino tirpalu ir toliau auginti programuojamoje auginimo kameroje sausros sąlygomis. Fotosintezės pigmentai, augalo žalia masė ir sausos medžiagos kiekis nustatyti po 3 ir 6 sausros dienų. Darbo rezultatai. Žaliosios šerytės augalai sukaupė statistiškai patikimai didesnį chlorofilo a ir karotenoidų kiekį visų tirtų L-prolino koncentracijų poveikyje. Augalus paauginus 10 ir 15 dienų po purškimo nustatytas neigiamas egzogeninio L-prolino poveikis chlorofilo b kiekiui žaliosios šerytės augaluose. Neigiamas egzogeninio L-prolino poveikis žaliai masei nustatytas praėjus 5 ir 10 dienų po purškimo, o paauginus augalus 15 dienų neigiamas L-prolino poveikis augalo žaliai masei beveik eliminavosi. Visos tirtos L-prolino koncentracijos praėjus 15 dienų po purškimo didino sausos medžiagos kiekį žaliosios šerytės augaluose ir spartino generatyvinių organų susidarymą... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous proline on growth and development of green millet plants. Object of the work – green millet (Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). Methods of the work: green millet plants were to spray with proline and growing in growth chamber under 20/18 °C (day/night) temperature, 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod, 50 µmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. Amount of photosynthetic pigments, fresh mass of plants, dry weight was evaluated after 1, 5, 10 and 15 days after treatment. When substrate humidity was 35-40%, plants were to spray with 10 mM proline and growing in growth chamber under moisture deficit. The results of work. Green millet plants accumulated significantly higher chlorophyll a and carotenoids contents under influence of all proline concentration tested. Negative effect of exogenous L-proline on amounts of chlorophyll b in green millet plants has been obtained after 10 and 15 growing days. Negative effect of exogenous L-proline on fresh mass of green millet plants has been obtained after 5 and 10 growing days, however this effect was almost eliminated after 15 growing days. All tested L-proline concentrations increased dry weight after 15 growing days and accelerated formation of generative organs. After 3 and 6 drought stress treatment, exogenous proline didn’t have any effect on chlorophyll b content, but resulted in increasing of chlorophyll a content. Exogenous proline didn’t have significant effect on dry weight... [to full text]

New solid phase microextraction (SPME) method was developed for brain tissue bioanalysis on a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry platform. To achieve set objectives, in vivo SPME desorption process was optimized for high throughput analysis through the development of a desorption device. Subsequently, new SPME coatings were developed for the extraction of polar neurotransmitters from biological matrices. In a targeted analysis, in vivo SPME was used to monitor of changes in the concentrations of endogenous compounds (multiple neurotransmitters) and exogenous drugs (carbamazepine and cimetidine) in the striatum of the rat brain extracellular fluid. For the first time, SPME was used for quantitative analysis of neurotransmitters and also study spacial distribution of other drugs in different regions of the brain extracellular fluid. A new approach was developed for improved metabolites coverage in a global non-targeted metabolomics studies. The proposed in vivo method showed how complementary results can be obtained through the combination of microdialysis and SPME for simultaneous sampling of the brain extracellular fluid. Finally, in a clinical application, SPME was used to monitor changes in the concentration of multiple neurotransmitters during deep brain stimulation of the pre-frontal cortex of the brain.

The seafood industry is of considerable importance to both the New Zealand and global economies and therefore tissue preservation technologies that increase product quality and/or prolong shelf life have the potential to add significant value. Technologies for maintaining the viability of isolated tissues also have a wide range of other medical and industrial applications. This thesis examines the relationship between metabolic function, oxidation and cell death and the resulting stability of the non-viable tissues during long term storage in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) red and white skeletal muscle tissue. This research also looks at the role of the aquatic anaesthetic AQUI-S™, in which the active ingredient is isoeugenol (a lipid soluble antioxidant), and other antioxidant compounds in preserving metabolic function in viable tissues and tissue stability in nonviable tissues. Perfusion of salmon tails at 15℃ over 5 or 10 hours with oxygen saturated saline resulted in significant increases in protein and lipid oxidation (protein carbonyl and TBARS concentrations respectively) in the red muscle, but not the white muscle. The introduction of ascorbic acid and uric acid into the saline did not reduce the oxidation in the red muscle despite significantly increasing their respective concentrations in the tissue. This indicates the difficulties associated with attempting to extend tissue viability by delivering free oxygen to the tissue and also highlights the difference in susceptibility of the two muscle types to oxidation. Tail fillets from salmon harvested in both rested and exhausted physiological states using AQUI-S™, and fillets from exhausted salmon harvested without AQUI-S™, were exposed to air at 15℃ for up to 96 hours. Protein carbonyls increased in a roughly linear fashion over the entire 96 hours in all three groups. Both lipid peroxides (TBARS) and uric acid concentrations began to increase in the exhausted group after 30 hours. In contrast, no significant increases in lipid peroxides or uric acid was seen in the fillets from either group harvested using AQUI-S™. Vitamin E concentrations reduced slowly but did not change significantly despite the oxidation that was evident in the tissue. These processes also occurred in salmon tail fillets during storage at 6℃. The measurement of ATP related compounds provides an effective indicator of both the metabolic state of the tissue post-harvest and the quality. The breakdown of these compounds is also associated with the production of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Fresh rested salmon fillets had high concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate, which were both depleted after 12 hours storage at 15℃. This indicates that cell viability lasted a number of hours following harvesting. These metabolites were depleted in exhausted fillets and metabolic potential appeared to be immediately compromised. The concentration of the taste enhancing compound IMP was significantly reduced in fresh rested tissue, but increased during storage, and was significantly higher than in exhausted tissues following 12 hours of storage at 15℃. This indicates that some properties of rested tissues may improve with limited storage times. The accumulation of uric acid - the metabolic end point for ATP related compounds - was also significantly reduced in rested tissue and increases in K-value were slowed. AQUI-S™ showed an ability to preserve tissue function through its anaesthetic action allowing tissue to be harvested in a rested state, and to reduce late stage lipid oxidation in stored salmon tail fillets. The antioxidant action of isoeugenol in salmon fillets may be mediated through its ability to chelate transition metals released during tissue degradation. This research shows that during reperfusion and during fillet storage there is a significant level of oxidative stress, which needs to be minimized while maintaining basic tissue metabolism to prolong tissue and cellular viability. The development of future technologies to preserve tissue viability may depend on the development of a synthetic oxygen carrying compound with properties similar to red blood cells. This may allow more control over oxygen delivery, potentially reducing the oxidative stress associated with high concentrations of free oxygen in solution. However, preserving cell viability will also require the maintenance of endogenous antioxidant function and there is also the potential to use iron chelating compounds including plant derived flavonoids to preserve non-viable tissues. Future research in these areas is necessary.

Anaerobic digestion, which is the process by which bacteria breakdown organic matter to produce biogas (renewable energy source) and digestate (biofertiliser) in the absence of oxygen, proves to be the ideal concept not only for sustainable energy provision but also for effective organic waste management. However, the production amount of biogas to keep up with the global demand is limited by the underperformance in the system implementing the AD process. This underperformance is due to the difficulty in obtaining and maintaining the optimal operating parameters/states for anaerobic bacteria to thrive with regards to attaining a specific critical population number, which results in maximising the biogas production. This problem continues to exist as a result of insufficient knowledge of the interactions between the operating parameters and bacterial community. In addition, the lack of sufficient knowledge of the composition of bacterial groups that varies with changes in the operating parameters such as temperature, substrate and retention time. Without sufficient knowledge of the overall impact of the physico-environmental operating parameters on anaerobic bacterial growth and composition, significant improvement of biogas production may be difficult to attain. In order to mitigate this problem, this study has presented a nonlinear multi-parameter system modelling of mesophilic AD. It utilised raw data sets generated from laboratory experimentation of the influence of four operating parameters, temperature, pH, mixing speed and pressure on biogas and methane production, signifying that this is a multiple input single output (MISO) system. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of the data, the nonlinear black-box modelling technique is applied. The modelling is performed in MATLAB through System Identification approach. Two nonlinear model structures, autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) and Hammerstein-Wiener (NLHW) with different nonlinearity estimators and model orders are chosen by trial and error and utilised to estimate the models. The performance of the models is determined by comparing the simulated outputs of the estimated models and the output in the validation data. The approach is used to validate the estimated models by checking how well the simulated output of the models fits the measured output. The best models for biogas and methane production are chosen by comparing the outputs of the best NARX and NLHW models (each for biogas and methane production), and the validation data, as well as utilising the Akaike information criterion to measure the quality of each model relative to each of the other models. The NLHW models mhw2 and mhws2 are chosen for biogas and methane production, respectively. The identified NLHW models mhw2 and mhws2 represent the behaviour of the production of biogas and methane, respectively, from mesophilic AD. Among all the candidate models studied, the nonlinear models provide a superior reproduction of the experimental data over the whole analysed period. Furthermore, the models constructed in this study cannot be used for scale-up purpose because they are not able to satisfy the rules and criteria for applying dimensional analysis to scale-up.

The principle of effective demand states that given endogenous expenditure patterns, the level of exogenous expenditure determines the level of employment. If investment represents the sole form of exogenous expenditure, employment adjusts to the level of investment. If exogenous expenditure changes, equilibrium is restored via the equilibrating variable, employment. If employment is linked in a unique way to income, we have what is referred to as the income adjustment process. The income adjustment process is investigated in a closed and a small open economy (SOE) which imports consumption and capital goods. If a SOE imports its capital goods, the causal link between investment and employment is weakened. When capital goods are imported, investment adjusts to the balance of payments and animal spirits are constrained. Certain South African data are analysed within the framework of the income adjustment process. / M.A.(Economics)

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2017-11-29T15:47:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Itallo Conrado Sousa de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 13043895 bytes, checksum: c3f16d3550fa6f7cec4898c3e9256066 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-30T10:22:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Itallo Conrado Sousa de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 13043895 bytes, checksum: c3f16d3550fa6f7cec4898c3e9256066 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T10:22:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Itallo Conrado Sousa de Araújo - 2017.pdf: 13043895 bytes, checksum: c3f16d3550fa6f7cec4898c3e9256066 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-09 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Two experiments were conducted to avaluate the effect of in ovo supplementation of antioxidants to broiler chickens on neonatal oxidative status, incubation results, chick quality and broiler performance. In the first experiment, five levels of vitamin E (0.0, 25.0, 35.0, 45.0 and 55.0 mg) were diluted in 0.5 mL of sunflower oil and in the second experiment five levels were used of cantaxanthin (0.000, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055 and 0.065 mg) obtained from a commercial product (canthaxanthin 10%), diluted with 0.5 mL of distilled water. In both experiments were used 780 eggs, distributed in three incubators (block), 260 eggs in each. Vitamin E supplementation improved egg hatchability, lower birth rate of chicks and better physical quality of chicks. There was also a positive response in the small intestine weight and villus height of the duodenum of the chicks, which provided improvement in feed conversion for all the periods studied during the performance. The results of protein concentration in the liver and striated muscle were higher for the chicks that received vitamin E. It was concluded that vitamin E supplementation in ovo improves the oxidative state of the chick and this improves the incubation results, quality of the chick and performance in the initial phase. On the other hand, supplementation with the commercial product of canthaxanthin showed worsening for the hatching and birth window variables, with a consequent increase in the number of neonatal chicks with physical quality below 71 points. Supplementation of canthaxanthin did not influence the weight or length of neonatal chicks. Furthermore, it was possible to verify a higher amount of total proteins in the liver of the chicks supplemented with the commercial product of canthaxanthin, it was also possible to verify improvement in the catalase activity present in the chicks liver. It can be concluded that the commercial product is not indicated for inoculation in ovo because it contains compounds that hinder chicks hatching. However, the improvement in oxidative status was evident, and further studies could be indicated with the use of pure canthaxanthin in ovo for broiler chickens. / Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da suplementação de agentes antioxidantes in ovo para frangos de corte sobre o estado oxidativo do neonato, os resultados de incubação, qualidade do pinto e desempenho inicial do frango. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados cinco níveis de vitamina E (0,0; 25,0; 35,0; 45,0 e 55,0 mg) diluídos em 0,5 mL de óleo de girassol e no segundo experimento foram utilizados cinco níveis de cantaxantina (0,000; 0,035; 0,045; 0,055 e 0,065 mg), obtida de um produto comercial (cantaxantina 10%), diluídos dem 0,5 mL de água destilada. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizados 780 ovos, distribuídos em três incubadoras (bloco), sendo 260 ovos em cada uma. A suplementação de vitamina E promoveu melhora da eclosão dos ovos, menor janela de nascimento dos pintos e melhor qualidade física dos pintos. Também houve resposta positiva no peso do intestino delgado e altura de vilos do duodeno dos pintos o que proporcionou melhoria na conversão alimentar para todos os períodos estudados durante o desempenho. Os resultados de concentração de proteína no fígado e músculo estriado esquelético do peito foram superiores para os pintos que receberam a vitamina E. Conclui-se que a suplementação de vitamina E in ovo melhora o estado oxidativo do pinto e isso propicia melhora dos resultados de incubação, qualidade do pinto e desempenho na fase inicial. Já a suplementação com o produto comercial com cantaxantina demonstrou piora para as variáveis de eclosão e janela de nascimento, com consequente aumento do número de pintos neonatos com qualidade física abaixo de 71 pontos. A suplementação da cantaxantina não influenciou o peso ou o comprimento dos pintos neonatos. Ainda, foi possível verificar maior quantidade de proteínas totais no fígado dos pintos suplementados com o produto comercial de cantaxantina e também foi possível verificar melhora na atividade de catalase presente no fígado dos pintos. Pode-se concluir que o produto comercial não é indicado para a inoculação in ovo por conter compostos que prejudicaram a eclosão dos pintos. Entretanto, ficou evidente a melhoria no estado oxidativo, podendo assim ser indicado mais estudos com o uso da cantaxantina pura in ovo para frangos de corte. Palavras-chave:,Antioxidantes, Ovos férteis, Proteção oxidativa, Suplementação exógena

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-15T17:16:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T12:17:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T12:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Research with use of exogenous enzymes in feed for broiler, has shown its advantages in improving the digestibility and nutrient availability for birds, resulting in better performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding "on the top" the enzyme protease 0.05% (Cybenza DP 100) in diets for broilers containing animal meal. Two experiments were conducted divided into 4 treatments each experiment. In both experiments were using the same treatments, the treatments offered were: T1 - corn-based feed and soybean meal, T2 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of protease, T3 - based feed corn and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, T4 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, with the addition of protease. The "experiment 1" was carried out with 320 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 21 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into batteries, with 4 treatments and 8 repetitions each containing 10 broiler per cage. The variables analyzed were: digestibility and performance variables. The "Experiment 2" was carried out with 720 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 42 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into box with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions each containing 30 broiler per box. The analyzed variables were: performance and Biometry of the gastrointestinal tract organs and the intestines and bowel. In all treatments the data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. In the " experiment 1 " it was observed that supplementation of the enzyme protease improved the feed conversion only in the pre- initial stage , but proved advantageous to use also in the initial phase , because even with the reduction in nutrient levels the results did not differ . In the " second experiment " it was observed that the use of animal meal for broilers from 1 to 21 days of age proved advantageous , since treatments with animal meal in their composition showed better weight gain and lower feed intake . The protease enzyme supplementation improved viability. / Pesquisas com a utilização de enzimas exógenas na alimentação de frangos de corte, tem evidenciado as suas vantagens em melhorar a digestibilidade e disponibilidade de nutrientes para os frangos, resultando em melhor desempenho. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da adição “on the top” da enzima protease 0,05% (Cybenza DP 100) em dietas para frangos de corte contendo farinhas de origem animal. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos divididos em 4 tratamentos cada experimento. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizando os mesmos tratamentos, os tratamentos oferecidos foram: T1 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, T2 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, com adição de protease, T3 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão de farinha de carne, penas e vísceras, T4 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão de farinha de carne, penas e vísceras, com adição de protease. O “experimento 1” foi realizado com 320 pintos da linhagem Cobb500 de 1 a 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, dividido em baterias, com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições cada, contendo 10 frangos por gaiola. As variáveis analisadas foram: digestibilidade e variáveis de desempenho. O “experimento 2” foi realizado com 720 pintos da linhagem Cobb500 de 1 a 42 dias. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, dividido em box, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições cada, contendo 30 frangos por box. As Variáveis analisadas foram: desempenho e Biometria de órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e do intestino e do intestino. Em todos os tratamentos os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. No “experimento 1” foi observado que a suplementação da enzima protease melhorou a conversão alimentar apenas na fase pré-inicial, porém se mostrou vantajoso a sua utilização também na fase inicial, pois mesmo com a redução dos níveis nutricionais os resultados não diferiram entre si. No “experimento 2” foi observado que a utilização da farinha de origem animal para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade se mostrou vantajosa, uma vez que os tratamentos que receberam farinhas de origem animal em sua composição apresentaram um melhor ganho de peso e menor consumo de ração. A suplementação da enzima protease melhorou a viabilidade.

Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros cruzados Ile de France, com peso médio inicial de 22,27 ± 1,85 kg e, aproximadamente, 80 dias de idade, suplementados com os níveis 0 (controle); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg de MS de produto enzimático comercial, contendo amilase, celulase, fitase, xilanase, betaglucanase, pectinase e protease, adicionado no momento da mistura do concentrado. O desempenho animal não foi afetado pela adição das enzimas, com médias de 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153 kg/dia; 0,356 ± 0,077 kg/dia e 3,3 ± 0,3 para o PVF, IMS, GPD e CA, respectivamente. Para a digestibilidade da MS, FDN, FDA, PB, EE, NDT e amido, as médias foram, respectivamente, 80,55; 60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 e 98,20%. A Digestibilidade da FDN apresentou uma tendência de aumento linear conforme o acréscimo do nível de enzima, com uma melhora de 11% para o último nível, em relação ao controle. As demais variáveis não foram alteradas. As concentrações de fósforo e glicose plasmáticos não foram alteradas pela enzima. O protozoário do gênero Entodinium sp. representou mais de 95% do total de ciliados para todos os tratamentos avaliados, e os dados se ajustaram ao efeito quadrático, com o nível de 2,18 kg de enzima/kg de MS proporcionando maior crescimento destes. Para o pH ruminal ao abate, não houve influência das enzimas. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria apresentaram uma queda até os níveis de 1,61 e 1,55 g de enzima/kg de MS, respectivamente, sendo que, após estes valores, os rendimentos se aproximaram novamente do controle. A adição de níveis crescentes de enzimas diminuiu a perda de água por exsudação, mas não afetou a perda por cocção e a maciez da carne de cordeiros. Portanto, apesar da melhora em alguns parâmetros, o desempenho dos animais, bem como as características de carcaça e da carne, não foram afetados pela adição das enzimas, sendo que, para ovinos, o complexo enzimático avaliado não é eficaz sob as mesmas condições experimentais. / Twenty-four crossbred lambs Ile de France, with initial average body weight of 22,7 ± 1,85 kg and age of 80 days, were supplemented with 0 (control treatment); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg DM levels of enzymatic commercial product, with amylase, cellulose, phytase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase e protease, added at the moment of concentrate mixing. Performance was not affected by enzyme complex supplement,, with averages of 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153kg/day, 0,356 ± 0.077 kg/day and 3,3 ± 0,3 for FLW, DMI, ADG and FC, respectively. For DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE, TDN and starch, the averages were, respectively, 80,55;60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 and 98,20%. There was observed a tendency to FDN digestibility with linear increasing as the enzyme levels increased, with an improvement of 11% for the last level, compared to control diet. All the others variables were not changed. Glucose and phosphorus concentrations were not affected by the enzyme complex. The Entodinium sp. protozoa represented more than 95% of the total ciliated protozoa for all treatments studied and the data were adjusted by the quadratic effect, with the level of 2,18 kg of enzyme/kg of DM showing a better growing of those. Ruminal pH at the slaughter, was not affected by enzymes. Hot dressing percentage and cold dressing percentage decreased until levels of 1,61 and 1,55 g of enzyme/kg of DM, respectively, even when after these data, dressing percentage went back closely to the control treatment. The increasing levels addition of enzyme decreased drip loss, but did not affect the cocking loss and tenderness of lambs meat. Despite the improvement of some parameters, as well as performance, meat and carcass characteristics, were not affect by the enzymes, suggesting that enzyme complex analyzed was not efficient at the same experimental conditions for sheep.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_marta_amaral.pdf: 872749 bytes, checksum: 441aef851eaec2633ad2f7530bf3c07c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-28 / Transgenic animals have been used as biological models in studies of the genes functions and their mechanisms of action, as well as to improve animal production. Researchers are trying to produce transgenic animals that will be organs donors in xenotransplants. Another use of the transgenic animal is in the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical interest, starting from several tissues and corporal fluids of different animal species. Using TMGT (Testis Mediated Gene Transfer), the efficiency of pEGFP transgene transmission in mice using non surgical TMGT was evaluated, without epididymis electroporation; using transfectants as DMSO, liposomes, and for the first time the DMA. To evaluate the efficiency of non surgical TMGT in F0 the EGFP expression was evaluated in vivo and detection in genome was conducted by PCR analysis. Moreover, we evaluated which transfectants were more efficient in transgene transmission and if it induce histological damage in testis, by histological analysis. EGFP expression was not detected in F0 through the ultraviolet light.The result of the PCR analysis shows that liposomes and DMSO were the best transfectants for pEGFP in F0. The histological analysis shows that injections of DMSO with exogenous DNA could affect the development of the germ cell of seminal tubules. The purpose about SMGT was to evaluate the interaction of the spermatozoa of silver catfish with pEGFP vector. It was observed that the semen after three washes in isosmotic solution and at 1000 x g centrifugation could eliminate seminal plasma proteins and preserve cellular motility. The time of action of DNase in the seminal plasma was 30 minutes, the temperature of action of DNase ranged between 33-53°C and its inhibition was detected at 70°C. In the presence of EDTA 30mM the activity of DNase was inhibited. Through PCR it was detected that in the DNA of the silver catfish s spermatozoids, the amplicon of EGFP at different concentrations of pEGFP vector (5-100 ng/106 spermatozoa). We demonstrate that spermatozoa of the silver catfish need to be washed to remove seminal plasma before contact with exogenous DNA, after several washes exogenous DNA was internalized in spermatozoa. / Os animais transgênicos vêm sendo empregados como modelos biológicos em estudos das funções dos genes e dos seus mecanismos de ação, bem como para melhorar a produção animal. Pesquisadores vêm tentando produzir animais transgênicos que serão doadores de órgãos em xenotransplantes. Outra utilização da transgênese animal é a produção de proteínas recombinantes de interesse farmacêutico a partir de diversos tecidos e fluidos corporais de diferentes espécies de animais. Em relação à TMGT (Testis Mediated Gene Transfer) foi avaliada a eficiência da transmissão do transgene EGFP em camundongos, utilizando a TMGT não cirúrgica, sem o uso de eletroporação no epidídimo; utilizando transfectantes como o DMSO, lipossomos, e pela primeira vez o DMA. A detecção da expressão do EGFP foi avaliada in vivo na F0 e por PCR, para comprovar a eficiência da TMGT não cirúrgica. Também foi analisado qual dos transfectantes propiciou a maior taxa de transmissão e se eles causaram danos histológicos aos testículos, através de análise histológica. Não foi detectada a expressão de EGFP, através da luz ultravioeta na F0. Os resultados da análise de PCR demonstraram que o lipossomo e o DMSO foram os melhores transfectantes do pEGFP na F0. A análise histológica demonstrou que a injeção de DMSO com o DNA exógeno, pode comprometer o desenvolvimento das células germinativas do túbulo seminal. O objetivo em relação à SMGT (Sperm-mediated gene transfer) foi avaliar a interação dos espermatozóides de silver catfish (Rhandia quelen) com o vetor pEGFP. Foi observado que o sêmen após três lavagens em solução isosmótica e centrifugadas à 1000 x g, eliminaram as proteínas do plasma seminal e preservaram a motilidade celular. O tempo de atividade da DNase no plasma seminal foi de 30 minutos, a temperatura de atividade da DNase variou entre 33-53°C e sua inativação ocorreu aos 70°C. Na presença de EDTA 30mM a atividade da DNase foi inibida. Através da PCR foi detectada a presença do pEGFP no DNA dos espermatozoides do silver catfish, que incorporaram o vetor em diferentes concentrações (5-100 ng/106 espermatozoides). Concluímos que os espermatozoides do silver catfish precisam ser lavados para retirada do da DNase do plasma seminal antes de entrar em contato com o DNA exógeno, e que após as lavagens ocorreu a internalização do DNA exógeno no espermatozoide.