This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the efficacy of exogenous enzyme supplementation in releasing metabolisable energy in broiler feeds. Two performance trials were conducted during this study. Effects were measured in terms of the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality and production efficiency factor in broilers. Correct interpretation and practical application of the positive effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to commercial broiler feeds can aid nutritionists to develop nutritionally balanced broiler feeds at lower costs. The negative effects of anti-nutritional factors in broilers feeds can be greatly reduced with the strategic use of exogenous enzyme addition to the feed. In the first performance trial, four treatment feeds were fed to broilers. The Positive control feed was a balanced diet, formulated according to standard nutrient specifications used by Daybreak Farms, with only the metabolisable energy marginally lower than the standard to ensure that energy was the first limiting nutrient. Nutrient specification met or exceeded recommendations by the NRC (1994). A Negative control feed, similar to the Positive control, was formulated with 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed less than the Positive control. An Avizyme treatment and a Hemicell treatment were formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the respective treatments. The addition of Avizyme and Hemicell to the respective treatments was hypothesised to release an additional 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed. Four thousand three hundred and twenty day-old Ross 788 chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each with eight replicates and 135 birds per replicate for the first seven days. After seven days birds were reduced to 126 birds per replicate. In the second performance trial, five treatment feeds were fed to broilers. The Positive control feed was a balanced diet, formulated according to standard nutrient specifications used by Daybreak Farms, with only the metabolisable energy marginally lower than the standard to ensure that energy was the first limiting nutrient. Nutrient specification met or exceeded recommendations by the NRC (1994). Results of the first performance trial indicated that more than the hypothesised 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed was being released from the feed with exogenous enzyme addition. Subsequently, the difference in metabolisable energy between the Negative control and Positive control treatments were increased for the second trial. A Negative control feed, similar to the Positive control, was formulated with 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed less than the Positive control. An Avizyme treatment and a Hemicell treatment were formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the respective treatments. A Combination treatment was formulated similar to the Negative control, with the addition of both 0.05% Avizyme and 0.0125% Hemicell to the feed. Seven thousand five hundred and sixty day-old Ross 788 chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups, each with 12 replicates and 126 birds per replicate. For both trials, birds were housed in environmentally controlled houses with a similar lighting schedule and ad libitum access to feed and water. Body weights, feed intake and mortality were recorded weekly for the duration of the five week performance trials. The data was statistically analysed, using the general linear model function in SAS (Statistical Analysis Systems, 1989; Statistical Analysis Systems, 1994). Fischer’s protected test was used for the post hoc multiple comparison test. Repeated tests were included in the model. The confidence interval was set at 95%. Initial body weight was tested as a covariate in all the analyses. Incorrect dosing of the trial feeds during the first performance trial prevented the evaluation of the treatments for the entire 35 day period. The difference between the Positive control and the Negative control treatments were not large enough to enable the exact determination of the amount of metabolisable energy that the Avizyme released in the feed. It could, however, be concluded that Avizyme addition to a broiler feed increased broiler production efficacy. The Avizyme treatment was contributed at least 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed during the trial released more than 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed during the extended starter phase of the trial. The above mentioned conclusions served as a motivation to increase the metabolisable energy difference between the Positive control and the Negative control treatments for the next performance trial. Addition of Hemicell to the feed contributed 0.35 MJ ME / kg feed over a five week growing period. With the second performance trial, the Avizyme and Hemicell treatments released an additional 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed, supported by broiler production variables similar to the Positive treatment. The Combination treatment was shown to release more than 0.45 MJ ME / kg feed and significantly increased broiler performance. It was concluded that the combination of Hemicell and Avizyme in a broiler ration had a positive synergistic effect on each other in the young broiler, indicating that exogenous enzymes could be more effective in younger broilers. Although exogenous enzymes resulted in the release of a significant amount of additional metabolisable energy in the feed, the addition of these enzymes should undergo economical evaluation to ensure that the addition of these enzymes is viable under commercial circumstances. Addition of Avizyme with a calculated energy contribution of 0.35 MJ ME / kg and 0.45 MJ ME / kg to the feed realised an income over feed cost (IOFC) of 25 c / kg live weight and 4 c / kg live weight, respectively, during the five week period. The Hemicell treatment showed a negative IOFC (suggesting that Hemicell inclusion will decrease profit) of 24 c / kg live weight during the first four weeks of the first production trial and an IOFC of 2 c / kg live weight during the five week period of the second trial. The combination of both enzymes in the feed returned an IOFC of 16 c / kg live weight. In general the income over feed cost was the highest during the starter phase because of a higher efficacy of exogenous enzyme addition in younger broilers. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Objetivou-se elaborar uma revisão sistemática da literatura das exigências de cálcio e fósforo com o uso da enzima fitase em ração para frangos de corte e avaliar altas doses de 6-fitase híbrida em rações, com ajuste na matriz nutricional, sobre o desempenho produtivo, aspectos econômicos, qualidade óssea e características de carcaça de frangos de corte. Para a revisão sistemática adotou-se a metodologia proposta por Lovatto et al. (2007), com a localização de artigos relacionados com o tema, coleta de dados, análise crítica dos artigos, interpretação e representação dos resultados encontrados. Para o desempenho, conduziu-se um experimento com 1200 pintos de um dia, Cobb500®, com peso médio de 47,94 ± 0,54 g, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, com oito repetições de 30 aves cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1) Controle positivo de acordo com as exigências da Tabela Brasileira para Aves e Suínos; 2) Controle negativo (CN) com redução na matriz nutricional equivalente a dose de fitase de 750 FTU/kg, mas sem a inclusão da enzima; 3) CN com inclusão da fitase em 750 FTU/kg; 4) CN com inclusão da fitase em 1000 FTU/kg; e 5) CN com inclusão da fitase em 1500 FTU/kg. A redução dos nutrientes no controle negativo foi de 0,184% de fósforo disponível, 84,8 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável, 0,36% de proteína bruta, 0,206% de cálcio, 0,002% de sódio, 0,006% de lisina digestível e 0,019% de metionina+cistina digestível. A enzima utilizada foi Natuphos® E 10.000 FTU/g, nova 6-fitase de origem híbrida. Para o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (p<0,05), sendo que o controle negativo gerou resultados inferiores em relação aos demais tratamentos, enquanto que, para a análise econômica gerou resultados inferiores para as receitas brutas e superiores para os custos de produção (p<0,05). Para a qualidade óssea, a suplementação de fitase nos níveis de 1000 e 1500 FTU/kg geraram resultados semelhantes aos encontrados para o controle o positivo (p<0,05). Dessa maneira, concluiu-se que a suplementação da 6-fitase híbrida em níveis de 1000 e 1500 FTU/kg, com redução de nutrientes na matriz nutricional, melhora o desempenho, as características de carcaça, os aspectos econômicos e os parâmetros de qualidade óssea, conseguindo alcançar a mesma qualidade óssea do controle positivo, porém com um custo reduzido. / The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on calcium and phosphorus requirements with the use of phytase enzyme in broiler feed and evaluate the levels of hybrid 6-phytase in diets, with an adjustment in the nutritional matrix, on the productive performance, bone quality, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. For the systematic review, the methodology proposed by Lovatto et al. (2007), for the localization of articles related to the theme, data collection, critical analysis of the articles, interpretation and representation of the results found. For broilers from 1 to 21 days, the enzyme phytase Natuphos is the most studied and levels above 500 FTU / kg can be used without compromising the performance of the animals, in addition to significantly improving the cost of. An experiment was carried out with 1200 day-old Cobb500® chickens, with a mean weight of 47.94 ± 0.54 g, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments, with eight replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments used were: 1) Positive control according to the requirements of the Brazilian Poultry and Pork Table; 2) Negative control (CN) with reduction in nutritional matrix equivalent to phytase dose of 750 FTU / kg, but without inclusion of the enzyme; 3) CN with phytase inclusion at 750 FTU / kg; 4) CN with phytase inclusion at 1000 FTU / kg; and 5) CN with phytase inclusion at 1500 FTU / kg. The nutrient reduction in the negative control was 0.184% of available phosphorus, 84.8 kcal / kg of metabolizable energy, 0.36% crude protein, 0.206% calcium, 0.002% sodium, 0.006% digestible lysine and 0.019 % digestible methionine + cystine. The enzyme used was Natuphos® E 10,000 FTU / g, a novel 6-phytase of hybrid origin. For carcass performance and yield, differences between treatments (p <0.05) were observed, and the negative control generated lower results in relation to the other treatments, whereas, for the economic analysis, lower results were obtained for gross and production costs (p <0.05). For bone quality, phytase supplementation at 1000 and 1500 FTU / kg levels were found to be similar to the positive control results (p <0.05). Thus, it is concluded that supplementation of hybrid 6-phytase at levels of 1000 and 1500 FTU / kg, with nutrient reduction in the nutritional matrix, improves performance, carcass characteristics, economic aspects and parameters of bone quality, achieving the same quality bone of the positive control, but with a reduced cost.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T11:02:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Paula Silva Gomides - 2018.pdf: 1989079 bytes, checksum: 3bf945430c1e7aa48082c34c2ae9d96c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T11:05:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Paula Silva Gomides - 2018.pdf: 1989079 bytes, checksum: 3bf945430c1e7aa48082c34c2ae9d96c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-18T11:05:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Larissa Paula Silva Gomides - 2018.pdf: 1989079 bytes, checksum: 3bf945430c1e7aa48082c34c2ae9d96c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of 0.02% protease enzyme (Ronozyme ProAct) on diets based on corn and soybean meal for broilers. In both experiments, the same treatments used: T1- control ration, T2- a value of the nutritional matrix proposed by the enzyme but without the additive, T3- twice the value proposed in T2 without enzyme, T4- T2 with enzyme, T5- T3 with enzyme. In the first experiment, to determine the performance and yield of carcass and cuts were housed 1200 broiler chicks of 1 day of age, distributed in a completely randomized design, totaling 5 treatments, with 8 replicates and 30 birds per box. In the second experiment for the determination of metabolizable coefficients and intestinal histomorphometry, the method of total collection of excreta and intestinal tract collection was used in 300 chicks housed in galvanized steel cages at 1 day of age, distributed in a completely randomized design , submitted to 5 treatments and 6 replicates of 10 birds each. In both experiments, data analysis was perform using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the first experiment, when the data were statistically different at 10% probability, they were compared by the Scott Knott Test and in the second experiment, when the data were statistically different at 5%, they were compared by the Scott Knott Test. In the second experiment we also performed a multivariate analysis of the main components and estimated the Pearson correlations. Chickens fed the one valued with enzyme treatment obtained the same final weight and weight gain as the control until 35 days of age.The birds that received the control treatment presented higher carcass yield, and in the weight of the cuts, there were no statistical differences between the protease treatments. Diets with protease showed higher dry matter metabolizable coefficient and nitrogen metabolizable coefficient, demonstrating that enzyme supplementation was effective. There was higher villus height and villus ratio: ileus crypt in broilers fed diets supplemented with protease at 7 days of age, however, at 21 days protease inclusion was not superior to the control treatment. A strong positive and significant correlation was observe between metabolizable and intestinal histomorphometry variables. Therefore, recommended to use protease in broiler diets. / Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da adição da enzima protease 0,02% (Ronozyme ProAct) em dietas valorizadas a base de milho e farelo de soja para frangos de corte. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizados os mesmos tratamentos: T1- ração controle, T2- uma valorização da matriz nutricional proposta pela enzima mas sem o aditivo, T3- o dobro da valorização proposta em T2 sem enzima, T4- T2 com enzima, T5- T3 com enzima. No primeiro experimento, para a determinação do desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e cortes, foram alojados 1200 pintos de corte de 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, totalizando 5 tratamentos, com 8 repetições e 30 aves por box. No segundo experimento para a determinação dos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade e histomorfometria intestinal, foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas e coleta dos seguimentos intestinais em 300 pintos de corte alojados em gaiolas de aço galvanizado com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, submetidos à 5 tratamentos e 6 repetições de 10 aves cada. Em ambos experimentos, a análise de dados foi realizada utilizando-se a análise de variância (ANOVA). No primeiro experimento, quando os dados foram estatisticamente diferentes a 10% de probabilidade, foram comparados pelo Teste de Scott Knott e no segundo experimento, quando os dados foram estatisticamente diferentes a 5% foram comparados pelo Teste de Scott Knott. No segundo experimento também foi realizada análise multivariada de componentes principais e estimadas as correlações de Pearson. Frangos alimentados com o tratamento de uma valorização e inclusão da protease obtiveram o mesmo peso final e ganho de peso do tratamento controle até os 35 dias de idade. As aves que receberam o tratamento controle apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça, e no peso dos cortes, não houve diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos com protease. As dietas que continham protease apresentaram maior coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS) e coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do nitrogênio (CMN), demonstrando que a suplementação da enzima foi eficaz. Houve maior altura de vilo e relação vilo:cripta do íleo em frangos alimentados com dietas suplementadas com protease aos 7 dias de idade, entretanto, aos 21 dias a inclusão da protease não foi superior ao tratamento controle. Foi observado forte correlação positiva e significativa entre as variáveis de metabolizabilidade e histomorfometria intestinal. Portanto, recomenda-se a utilização da protease em dietas para frangos de corte.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-06T18:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_ferreira_diana.pdf: 858858 bytes, checksum: 5152a8b8e2af6ccba2e79bc8c5a4599b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T19:15:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_ferreira_diana.pdf: 858858 bytes, checksum: 5152a8b8e2af6ccba2e79bc8c5a4599b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T19:15:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) thiago_ferreira_diana.pdf: 858858 bytes, checksum: 5152a8b8e2af6ccba2e79bc8c5a4599b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de codornas de corte alimentadas com farinha de penas e protease nas dietas durante as fases de oito a 21 e de oito a 35 dias de idade. A an?lise dos dados seguiram a seguinte forma: primeiro utilizou-se 360 codornas distribuidas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), totalizando em nove tratamentos, quatro repeti??es de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: T1: Controle positivo (CP) + 0% farinha de penas (FP); T2: CP + 5% FP; T3: CP + 10% FP; T4: Controle negativo (CN), com redu??o de 8% proteina bruta (PB) e amino?cidos em rela??o ao CP + 0% FP; T5: CN + 5% FP; T6: CN + 10% FP; T7: CN + 0% FP + protease; T8: CN + 5% FP + protease e T9: CN + 10% FP + protease. Para o segundo utilizou-se 240 codornas distribu?das em DIC, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (duas dietas (CP e CN) x tr?s n?veis de farinha de penas (FP)), totalizando em seis tratamentos, quatro repeti??es de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: T1: CP + 0% FP; T2: CP + 5% FP; T3: CP + 10% FP; T4: CN + 0% FP; T5: CN + 5% FP e T6: CN + 10% FP. E para o terceiro utilizou-se 240 codornas distribu?das em DIC, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (duas inclus?es da enzima (com e sem) x 3 n?veis de FP), totalizando em seis tratamentos, quatro repeti??es de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: T1: Ra??o reduzida (RD) em 8% da exig?ncia de PB e amino?cidos + 0% FP; T2: RD + 5% FP; T3: RD + 10% FP; T4: RD + 0% FP + protease; T5: RD + 5% FP + protease e T6: RD + 10% FP + protease. As vari?veis de desempenho avaliadas foram: o consumo de ra??o, o ganho de peso e a convers?o alimentar. Aos 35 dias de idade avaliou-se o peso vivo e o rendimento de carca?a, de cortes nobres (peito e coxa+sobrecoxa) e an?lise de rentabilidade econ?mica. As inclus?es crescentes da FP nas ra??es ocasiona redu??o do desempenho das codornas nas duas fases em estudo, entretanto, pode ser utilizada nas ra??es em 5% sem preju?zo ao desempenho. A utiliza??o da enzima protease (caracter?stica de serina) n?o proporciona melhoria no desempenho das aves e n?o contrubui para melhor digest?o da FP, havendo necessidade de estudos utilizando a enzima queratinase. A protease adicionada em ra??es com redu??o de PB e amino?cidos, contendo FP n?o melhora o desempenho das aves. Ra??es reduzidas em PB e amino?cidos n?o apresenta-se como boa estrat?gia para melhorar o desempenho das codornas. A an?lise de rentabilidade econ?mica revela que ra??es controle positivo com 0 e 5% de FP apresentam melhor ?ndice. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of meat-type quail fed with feather meal and protease in the diets during the phases of the eight to 21 days and eight to 35 days of age. Data were analyzed as follows: firstly, 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) were used with a total of nine treatments, four replicates of 10 birds per plot. The experimental treatments were: T1: Positive control (PC) + 0% feather meal (FM); T2: PC + 5% FM; T3: PC + 10% FM; T4: Negative control (NC), with reduction of 8% crude protein (CP) and amino acids in relation to PC + 0% FM; T5: NC + 5% FM; T6: NC + 10% FM; T7: CN + 0% FM + protease; T8: NC + 5% FM + protease and T9: NC + 10% FM + protease. For the second, 240 quails distributed in CRD were used, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (two diets (CP and NC) x three levels of feather meal (FM)) with a total of six treatments, four replicates of 10 birds per plot. The experimental treatments were: T1: CP + 0% FM; T2: CP + 5% FM; T3: CP + 10% FM; T4: CN + 0% FM; T5: CN + 5% FM and T6: CN + 10% FM. Finally, for the third experiment, 240 quails distributed in CRD were used, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (two enzyme inclusions (with and without) x three FM levels) with a total of six treatments, four replicates of 10 birds per plot. The experimental treatments were: T1: Reduced ration (RD) in 8% of the requirement of CP and amino acids + 0% FM; T2: RD + 5% FM; T3: RD + 10% FM; T4: RD + 0% FM + protease; T5: RD + 5% FM + protease and T6: RD + 10% FM + protease. The performance variables evaluated were: feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion. At 35 days of age, live weight and carcass yield were evaluated, from noble cuts (breast and thigh + drumstick), and analysis of economic profitability. Increasing inclusion of FM in feed causes a reduction in the performance of quails in the two phases under study, however, it can be used in rations in 5% without compromising performance. The use of the protease enzyme (serine characteristic) does not improve the performance of the birds and does not contribute to a better digestion of FM, requiring studies using the enzyme keratinase. Protease added in diets with reduced CP and amino acids, containing FM does not improve poultry performance. Reduced CP and amino acid rations do not present as a good strategy to improve quail performance. The economic profitability analysis reveals that positive control rations with 0 and 5% PF present a better index.

Objetivou-se elaborar uma revisão sistemática da literatura das exigências de cálcio e fósforo com o uso da enzima fitase em ração para frangos de corte e avaliar altas doses de 6-fitase híbrida em rações, com ajuste na matriz nutricional, sobre o desempenho produtivo, aspectos econômicos, qualidade óssea e características de carcaça de frangos de corte. Para a revisão sistemática adotou-se a metodologia proposta por Lovatto et al. (2007), com a localização de artigos relacionados com o tema, coleta de dados, análise crítica dos artigos, interpretação e representação dos resultados encontrados. Para o desempenho, conduziu-se um experimento com 1200 pintos de um dia, Cobb500®, com peso médio de 47,94 ± 0,54 g, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, com oito repetições de 30 aves cada. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: 1) Controle positivo de acordo com as exigências da Tabela Brasileira para Aves e Suínos; 2) Controle negativo (CN) com redução na matriz nutricional equivalente a dose de fitase de 750 FTU/kg, mas sem a inclusão da enzima; 3) CN com inclusão da fitase em 750 FTU/kg; 4) CN com inclusão da fitase em 1000 FTU/kg; e 5) CN com inclusão da fitase em 1500 FTU/kg. A redução dos nutrientes no controle negativo foi de 0,184% de fósforo disponível, 84,8 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável, 0,36% de proteína bruta, 0,206% de cálcio, 0,002% de sódio, 0,006% de lisina digestível e 0,019% de metionina+cistina digestível. A enzima utilizada foi Natuphos® E 10.000 FTU/g, nova 6-fitase de origem híbrida. Para o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaça foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (p<0,05), sendo que o controle negativo gerou resultados inferiores em relação aos demais tratamentos, enquanto que, para a análise econômica gerou resultados inferiores para as receitas brutas e superiores para os custos de produção (p<0,05). Para a qualidade óssea, a suplementação de fitase nos níveis de 1000 e 1500 FTU/kg geraram resultados semelhantes aos encontrados para o controle o positivo (p<0,05). Dessa maneira, concluiu-se que a suplementação da 6-fitase híbrida em níveis de 1000 e 1500 FTU/kg, com redução de nutrientes na matriz nutricional, melhora o desempenho, as características de carcaça, os aspectos econômicos e os parâmetros de qualidade óssea, conseguindo alcançar a mesma qualidade óssea do controle positivo, porém com um custo reduzido. / The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on calcium and phosphorus requirements with the use of phytase enzyme in broiler feed and evaluate the levels of hybrid 6-phytase in diets, with an adjustment in the nutritional matrix, on the productive performance, bone quality, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. For the systematic review, the methodology proposed by Lovatto et al. (2007), for the localization of articles related to the theme, data collection, critical analysis of the articles, interpretation and representation of the results found. For broilers from 1 to 21 days, the enzyme phytase Natuphos is the most studied and levels above 500 FTU / kg can be used without compromising the performance of the animals, in addition to significantly improving the cost of. An experiment was carried out with 1200 day-old Cobb500® chickens, with a mean weight of 47.94 ± 0.54 g, distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments, with eight replicates of 30 birds each. The treatments used were: 1) Positive control according to the requirements of the Brazilian Poultry and Pork Table; 2) Negative control (CN) with reduction in nutritional matrix equivalent to phytase dose of 750 FTU / kg, but without inclusion of the enzyme; 3) CN with phytase inclusion at 750 FTU / kg; 4) CN with phytase inclusion at 1000 FTU / kg; and 5) CN with phytase inclusion at 1500 FTU / kg. The nutrient reduction in the negative control was 0.184% of available phosphorus, 84.8 kcal / kg of metabolizable energy, 0.36% crude protein, 0.206% calcium, 0.002% sodium, 0.006% digestible lysine and 0.019 % digestible methionine + cystine. The enzyme used was Natuphos® E 10,000 FTU / g, a novel 6-phytase of hybrid origin. For carcass performance and yield, differences between treatments (p <0.05) were observed, and the negative control generated lower results in relation to the other treatments, whereas, for the economic analysis, lower results were obtained for gross and production costs (p <0.05). For bone quality, phytase supplementation at 1000 and 1500 FTU / kg levels were found to be similar to the positive control results (p <0.05). Thus, it is concluded that supplementation of hybrid 6-phytase at levels of 1000 and 1500 FTU / kg, with nutrient reduction in the nutritional matrix, improves performance, carcass characteristics, economic aspects and parameters of bone quality, achieving the same quality bone of the positive control, but with a reduced cost.

This body of research explores the dietary application of a bioactive, solid-state fermentation (SSF) product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niltoticus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Consequently, the work provides holistic assessment of the influences of SSF products on animal health and performance; depending upon rearing temperature, nutritional physiologies, feed formulations and extrusion conditions; alongside information on the performance of lupins in aquafeeds. The SSF product (at 0.1 % inclusion) improved growth performance of Nile tilapia fed diets containing lupins. Phosphorous retention appeared higher when the SSF product was included in a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) diet whilst Mg retention was significantly higher in fish fed narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). The experimental ingredients did not appear to show any clear effects upon midgut macrostructure. At an ultrastructural level, the fish fed yellow lupin alone, displayed poorest brush border characteristics but those fed yellow lupin and the SSF product showed signs of amelioration since they did not differ significantly from those fed narrow-leaf lupin. Focus was then turned towards a yellow lupin-based diet in rainbow trout, with two inclusion levels of the SSF product. The SSF product significantly improved growth performance and feed efficiency at 0.5 %, with values closer to a fishmeal-based diet than the lupin control. The SSF product increased the digestibility of protein and energy and bioavailability of numerous elements. However, the digestibility and bioavailability of certain nutrients, e.g. fibre and Zn, were only increased with a 0.5 % inclusion. The SSF product influenced vertebral Ca:P ratio but no effect on vertebral morphology was identified. Fish fed yellow lupin kernel meal displayed high Mn concentrations throughout a number of tissues. The intestinal environment was explored in depth, revealing large differences dependent upon SSF product inclusion rate. Fish fed a 0.1 % inclusion exhibited deteriorated brush border characteristics and high diversity of microbes, including increased proportions of key salmonid pathogens. Those fed a 0.5 % inclusion displayed signs of increased surface area at an ultrastructural level, reduced goblet cell numbers and a low microbial diversity; with domination of one particular family, Enterobacteriaceae. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase within the anterior intestine also appeared to be influenced by SSF product inclusion. Variations in haemato-immunological parameters were also observed between the treatments. In the final experiment, the SSF product was applied, pre-extrusion, to a contemporary rainbow trout formulation, at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %. No significant improvements to performance were identified following SSF product inclusion. However, crude protein digestibility from SSF-supplemented diets was significantly higher than the control and tendencies towards elevated retention of Ca, P, and Mg were apparent. In vitro analysis of free-phosphate release was conducted upon pre- and post-extruded diets, at varying temperatures. This indicated that neither extrusion conditions (105 °C) nor an ambient temperature of 10 °C were sufficient to cease P-liberating capabilities by the SSF product; suggesting that the two conditions combined limited the product’s efficacy in practice. This research evidenced that SSF products can be an effective means of improving the available nutrient profiles of compound diets for both omnivorous, warmwater and carnivorous, temperate finfish. Lupins are a promising alternative protein source but their nutritional value can be substantially improved by SSF product application. Exploration of the effects of SSF products on the intestinal environment revealed that both negative and positive effects on intestinal health can occur, which is highly dependent upon product inclusion rate. The holistic approaches adopted within this series of studies have seldom been performed on monogastric animals and thus provide valuable, transferable information for advancing knowledge in the application of SSF products, exogenous enzymes and lupins to farm animal feeds, in general.

Abstract: The objective of this dissertation was to evaluate dephytinizated defatted rice bran for feeding broilers under performance parameters, carcass yield, tibiae resistance and apparent digestibility of protein, calcium and phosphorus. We used 576 male Cobb one day old broiler chicks. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments (basal diet - DB; basal diet with addition of 10% defatted rice bran - FAD; basal diet with addition of 10% defatted dephytinizated rice bran - FADD; basal diet with the addition of 10% defatted rice bran treated with phytase - FADFIT) with 6 replicates of 24 birds each. Growth performance of the lot was not significantly different (P>0.05) among different treatments, as well as carcass yield. The tibiae of birds fed diets with added FADD showed less resistance to breakage compared with those fed the DB (P<0.05). Apparent protein digestibility was higher in birds fed FADD (P<0.05) when compared to those receiving FAD. It can be concluded that the addition of 10% of FADD in the diet, does no damage and has benefits in the digestibility of the protein, allowing the incorporation of this ingredient in feed for broilers. / O objetivo desta dissertação foi avaliar o farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado na alimentação de frangos de corte, sob parâmetros zootécnicos, rendimento de carcaça, resistência de tíbias e digestibilidade aparente de proteína, cálcio e fósforo. Foram utilizados 576 pintos de corte machos, de um dia de idade, da linhagem Cobb. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por 4 tratamentos (dieta basal DB; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado FAD; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado desfitinizado FADD; dieta basal com adição de 10% de farelo de arroz desengordurado tratado com fitase FADFIT) com 6 repetições de 24 aves cada. O desempenho zootécnico do lote não apresentou diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os diferentes tratamentos, assim como o rendimento de carcaça. As tíbias das aves que receberam dietas com adição de FADD apresentaram menor resistência a quebra quando comparadas as alimentadas com DB (P<0,05). A digestibilidade aparente da proteína foi superior nas aves alimentadas com FADD (P<0,05) quando comparada as que receberam FAD. Podese concluir que a adição de 10% de FADD nas dietas, não causa prejuízos a criação e apresenta benefícios na digestibilidade da proteína, permitindo a incorporação deste ingrediente na alimentação de frangos de corte.

Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros cruzados Ile de France, com peso médio inicial de 22,27 ± 1,85 kg e, aproximadamente, 80 dias de idade, suplementados com os níveis 0 (controle); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg de MS de produto enzimático comercial, contendo amilase, celulase, fitase, xilanase, betaglucanase, pectinase e protease, adicionado no momento da mistura do concentrado. O desempenho animal não foi afetado pela adição das enzimas, com médias de 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153 kg/dia; 0,356 ± 0,077 kg/dia e 3,3 ± 0,3 para o PVF, IMS, GPD e CA, respectivamente. Para a digestibilidade da MS, FDN, FDA, PB, EE, NDT e amido, as médias foram, respectivamente, 80,55; 60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 e 98,20%. A Digestibilidade da FDN apresentou uma tendência de aumento linear conforme o acréscimo do nível de enzima, com uma melhora de 11% para o último nível, em relação ao controle. As demais variáveis não foram alteradas. As concentrações de fósforo e glicose plasmáticos não foram alteradas pela enzima. O protozoário do gênero Entodinium sp. representou mais de 95% do total de ciliados para todos os tratamentos avaliados, e os dados se ajustaram ao efeito quadrático, com o nível de 2,18 kg de enzima/kg de MS proporcionando maior crescimento destes. Para o pH ruminal ao abate, não houve influência das enzimas. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria apresentaram uma queda até os níveis de 1,61 e 1,55 g de enzima/kg de MS, respectivamente, sendo que, após estes valores, os rendimentos se aproximaram novamente do controle. A adição de níveis crescentes de enzimas diminuiu a perda de água por exsudação, mas não afetou a perda por cocção e a maciez da carne de cordeiros. Portanto, apesar da melhora em alguns parâmetros, o desempenho dos animais, bem como as características de carcaça e da carne, não foram afetados pela adição das enzimas, sendo que, para ovinos, o complexo enzimático avaliado não é eficaz sob as mesmas condições experimentais. / Twenty-four crossbred lambs Ile de France, with initial average body weight of 22,7 ± 1,85 kg and age of 80 days, were supplemented with 0 (control treatment); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg DM levels of enzymatic commercial product, with amylase, cellulose, phytase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase e protease, added at the moment of concentrate mixing. Performance was not affected by enzyme complex supplement,, with averages of 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153kg/day, 0,356 ± 0.077 kg/day and 3,3 ± 0,3 for FLW, DMI, ADG and FC, respectively. For DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE, TDN and starch, the averages were, respectively, 80,55;60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 and 98,20%. There was observed a tendency to FDN digestibility with linear increasing as the enzyme levels increased, with an improvement of 11% for the last level, compared to control diet. All the others variables were not changed. Glucose and phosphorus concentrations were not affected by the enzyme complex. The Entodinium sp. protozoa represented more than 95% of the total ciliated protozoa for all treatments studied and the data were adjusted by the quadratic effect, with the level of 2,18 kg of enzyme/kg of DM showing a better growing of those. Ruminal pH at the slaughter, was not affected by enzymes. Hot dressing percentage and cold dressing percentage decreased until levels of 1,61 and 1,55 g of enzyme/kg of DM, respectively, even when after these data, dressing percentage went back closely to the control treatment. The increasing levels addition of enzyme decreased drip loss, but did not affect the cocking loss and tenderness of lambs meat. Despite the improvement of some parameters, as well as performance, meat and carcass characteristics, were not affect by the enzymes, suggesting that enzyme complex analyzed was not efficient at the same experimental conditions for sheep.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-15T17:16:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T12:17:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T12:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Deborah Pereira Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 1291033 bytes, checksum: 11909a32b04cb17d98b30025fea8cce2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Research with use of exogenous enzymes in feed for broiler, has shown its advantages in improving the digestibility and nutrient availability for birds, resulting in better performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding "on the top" the enzyme protease 0.05% (Cybenza DP 100) in diets for broilers containing animal meal. Two experiments were conducted divided into 4 treatments each experiment. In both experiments were using the same treatments, the treatments offered were: T1 - corn-based feed and soybean meal, T2 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of protease, T3 - based feed corn and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, T4 - corn-based feed and soybean meal with addition of meat, feathers and viscera, with the addition of protease. The "experiment 1" was carried out with 320 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 21 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into batteries, with 4 treatments and 8 repetitions each containing 10 broiler per cage. The variables analyzed were: digestibility and performance variables. The "Experiment 2" was carried out with 720 chicks Cobb500 strain of 1 to 42 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, divided into box with 4 treatments and 6 repetitions each containing 30 broiler per box. The analyzed variables were: performance and Biometry of the gastrointestinal tract organs and the intestines and bowel. In all treatments the data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. In the " experiment 1 " it was observed that supplementation of the enzyme protease improved the feed conversion only in the pre- initial stage , but proved advantageous to use also in the initial phase , because even with the reduction in nutrient levels the results did not differ . In the " second experiment " it was observed that the use of animal meal for broilers from 1 to 21 days of age proved advantageous , since treatments with animal meal in their composition showed better weight gain and lower feed intake . The protease enzyme supplementation improved viability. / Pesquisas com a utilização de enzimas exógenas na alimentação de frangos de corte, tem evidenciado as suas vantagens em melhorar a digestibilidade e disponibilidade de nutrientes para os frangos, resultando em melhor desempenho. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o efeito da adição “on the top” da enzima protease 0,05% (Cybenza DP 100) em dietas para frangos de corte contendo farinhas de origem animal. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos divididos em 4 tratamentos cada experimento. Em ambos os experimentos foram utilizando os mesmos tratamentos, os tratamentos oferecidos foram: T1 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, T2 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja, com adição de protease, T3 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão de farinha de carne, penas e vísceras, T4 - ração à base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão de farinha de carne, penas e vísceras, com adição de protease. O “experimento 1” foi realizado com 320 pintos da linhagem Cobb500 de 1 a 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, dividido em baterias, com 4 tratamentos e 8 repetições cada, contendo 10 frangos por gaiola. As variáveis analisadas foram: digestibilidade e variáveis de desempenho. O “experimento 2” foi realizado com 720 pintos da linhagem Cobb500 de 1 a 42 dias. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, dividido em box, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições cada, contendo 30 frangos por box. As Variáveis analisadas foram: desempenho e Biometria de órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e do intestino e do intestino. Em todos os tratamentos os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. No “experimento 1” foi observado que a suplementação da enzima protease melhorou a conversão alimentar apenas na fase pré-inicial, porém se mostrou vantajoso a sua utilização também na fase inicial, pois mesmo com a redução dos níveis nutricionais os resultados não diferiram entre si. No “experimento 2” foi observado que a utilização da farinha de origem animal para frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idade se mostrou vantajosa, uma vez que os tratamentos que receberam farinhas de origem animal em sua composição apresentaram um melhor ganho de peso e menor consumo de ração. A suplementação da enzima protease melhorou a viabilidade.

Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros cruzados Ile de France, com peso médio inicial de 22,27 ± 1,85 kg e, aproximadamente, 80 dias de idade, suplementados com os níveis 0 (controle); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg de MS de produto enzimático comercial, contendo amilase, celulase, fitase, xilanase, betaglucanase, pectinase e protease, adicionado no momento da mistura do concentrado. O desempenho animal não foi afetado pela adição das enzimas, com médias de 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153 kg/dia; 0,356 ± 0,077 kg/dia e 3,3 ± 0,3 para o PVF, IMS, GPD e CA, respectivamente. Para a digestibilidade da MS, FDN, FDA, PB, EE, NDT e amido, as médias foram, respectivamente, 80,55; 60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 e 98,20%. A Digestibilidade da FDN apresentou uma tendência de aumento linear conforme o acréscimo do nível de enzima, com uma melhora de 11% para o último nível, em relação ao controle. As demais variáveis não foram alteradas. As concentrações de fósforo e glicose plasmáticos não foram alteradas pela enzima. O protozoário do gênero Entodinium sp. representou mais de 95% do total de ciliados para todos os tratamentos avaliados, e os dados se ajustaram ao efeito quadrático, com o nível de 2,18 kg de enzima/kg de MS proporcionando maior crescimento destes. Para o pH ruminal ao abate, não houve influência das enzimas. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria apresentaram uma queda até os níveis de 1,61 e 1,55 g de enzima/kg de MS, respectivamente, sendo que, após estes valores, os rendimentos se aproximaram novamente do controle. A adição de níveis crescentes de enzimas diminuiu a perda de água por exsudação, mas não afetou a perda por cocção e a maciez da carne de cordeiros. Portanto, apesar da melhora em alguns parâmetros, o desempenho dos animais, bem como as características de carcaça e da carne, não foram afetados pela adição das enzimas, sendo que, para ovinos, o complexo enzimático avaliado não é eficaz sob as mesmas condições experimentais. / Twenty-four crossbred lambs Ile de France, with initial average body weight of 22,7 ± 1,85 kg and age of 80 days, were supplemented with 0 (control treatment); 0,3; 0,9 e 2,7 g/kg DM levels of enzymatic commercial product, with amylase, cellulose, phytase, xylanase, glucanase, pectinase e protease, added at the moment of concentrate mixing. Performance was not affected by enzyme complex supplement,, with averages of 37,3 ± 4,3 kg; 1,182 ± 0,153kg/day, 0,356 ± 0.077 kg/day and 3,3 ± 0,3 for FLW, DMI, ADG and FC, respectively. For DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE, TDN and starch, the averages were, respectively, 80,55;60,14; 58,80; 81,55; 52,02; 83,16 and 98,20%. There was observed a tendency to FDN digestibility with linear increasing as the enzyme levels increased, with an improvement of 11% for the last level, compared to control diet. All the others variables were not changed. Glucose and phosphorus concentrations were not affected by the enzyme complex. The Entodinium sp. protozoa represented more than 95% of the total ciliated protozoa for all treatments studied and the data were adjusted by the quadratic effect, with the level of 2,18 kg of enzyme/kg of DM showing a better growing of those. Ruminal pH at the slaughter, was not affected by enzymes. Hot dressing percentage and cold dressing percentage decreased until levels of 1,61 and 1,55 g of enzyme/kg of DM, respectively, even when after these data, dressing percentage went back closely to the control treatment. The increasing levels addition of enzyme decreased drip loss, but did not affect the cocking loss and tenderness of lambs meat. Despite the improvement of some parameters, as well as performance, meat and carcass characteristics, were not affect by the enzymes, suggesting that enzyme complex analyzed was not efficient at the same experimental conditions for sheep.