The problem of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of prescriptive teaching of arithmetic to seventh grade pupils who were achieving at least one year below grade level in mathematics.

Pour contribuer à la compréhension des processus d'arrachement et de fragmentation de la roche par l'explosif en ciel ouvert, le travail de recherche présenté dans ce mémoire vise à affiner les techniques empiriques de prédiction de fragmentation existantes. Un programme expérimental conséquent réalisé en échelle réelle sur site minier apporte des données ainsi que de nouveaux éléments par rapport à l'existant dans la littérature. En particulier, une comparaison entre résultats de tirs de charge unique et résultats de tirs à plusieurs charges est faite. Dans le contexte roche/explosif du site test, les résultats démontrent que le bénéfice industriel d'une prédiction charge par charge est limité. Une approche numérique a été mise en œuvre en parallèle du travail expérimental ; elle met à contribution un modèle rhéologique d'endommagement développé spécifiquement pour l'étude de laf ragmentation par l'explosif (Rouabhi, 2004). Des calculs 2D avec réduction d'échelle ont été réalisés ; l'utilisation d'un tel modèle d'endommagement s'avère indispensable, et la nécessité de coupler dans le futur les effets des ondes de choc et des gaz d'explosion dans la modélisation est soulignée. On explique par ailleurs de manière originale les résultats d'une étude expérimentale en laboratoire (Miklautsch et al., 2002). En fin de mémoire, plusieurs méthodologies de prédiction charge par charge aisément reproductibles sont testées et ajustées aux résultats du programme expérimental. On finit par montrer que la meilleure méthode offre même davantage de précision lorsqu'elle est appliquée avec les paramètres moyens des tirs et non charge par charge. / To contribute in the understanding of rock breakage and fragmentation processes in open pit blasting, the herein presented research aims at refining existing empirical fragmentation prediction techniques. A comprehensive full-scale experimental program has been conducted in an open pit mine and analyzed. The experiments yield data as well as enlightenments with respect to existing literature on blasting experiments. In particular, single-hole and multiple-hole blasting results are compared. In the test site's rock/explosives context, results demonstrate that industrial benefits from a hole-by-hole prediction are limited. A numerical approach has been developed in parallel to experimental work; it takes advantage of adamage behaviour law specifically designed for fragmentation by explosives (Rouabhi, 2004). 2D calculations with scale reduction are made; the use of such a behaviour law is shown to be essential, and it is outlined that coupling shock wave & explosive gases effects should be sought in future modelling work. Moreover, results observed in a laboratory scale experimental study (Miklautsch, 2002) are explained in an original way. At the end of the thesis, several hole-by-hole prediction methods – which can easily be reproduced –are tested and fitted with results from the full-scale blasting experiments. In the end, it is shown that the most accurate method obtained, when used with mean blast pattern parameters instead of hole-by-hole information, actually provides an even more accurate prediction.

During the summer of 1968, the Vice President for Student Affairs at Ball State University, established the Office of Special Programs. Personnel of the Office were charged with the responsibility for developing and providing special services for students with low academic records so that collegiate success and persistence might be enhanced. The Director of Special Programs was directly charged with the responsibility for providing academic counseling, advice relative to course selections, and for marshalling existing university academic and ancillary support systems as necessary to improve college persistence behaviors among students classified for "Admission with Warning."Personnel of the Office of Special Programs developed and implemented a program designed to provide special academic and supportive services to "Admission with Warning" students. The Directed Admission Student Experimental Program was implemented in the fall of 1968. The program included a remedial reading course, a remedial writing course designed specifically for students identified for the DASEP experience. Personal counseling and special Curricular Advising services were provided to all DASEP students. Over the period from 1968-1972 a total of 274 students were selected to be participants in the DASEP group, and a total of 273 students were identified for inclusion in a control group.The purpose of this study was to determine whether students admitted to the Ball State University Directed Admission Student Experimental Program (DASEP) during the period from 1968 to 1972, persisted to program completion more frequently than did similar students in an identical non-DASEP control group. If the null hypothesis relating to the major purpose was not accepted, differences among DASEP persisters and non-persisters would be investigated.A second purpose of the study was to collect and analyze evaluative perceptions from participants of the Directed Admission Student. Experimental Program relative to the special services provided.The research was planned to test the null hypothesis relating to persistence in the DASEP program and to secure evaluative perceptions about the services from 274 DASEP students.The investigator collected data on persistence in the DASEP program from 265 DASEP and 255 control group students. Data were statistically treated by means of the chi square statistic. The .05 level was used for hypothesis acceptance or non-acceptance. In order to secure evaluative perceptions about services provided participants in the DASEP program, a Likert type instrument was developed and sent to 250 participants in the DASEP program. Review of the data led to the following conclusions:There was no statistically significant difference found between the DASEP group and control group students in persistence to the completion of their individual educational program.Less than one-half of the DASEP students perceived the services provided by the Reading Clinic to be helpful.Slightly more than one-half perceived the services of the Writing Clinic to be helpful.Depending upon the service, about one-half of the students perceived the special Curricular Advising services to be helpful.About one-third perceived the subjects taught in the seminar class to be helpful.Slightly less than one-half of the DASEP students perceived counseling, provided by the staff of Special Programs to be helpful.In a summary question, 94 percent of the DASEP students perceived the DASEP program had been beneficial to them.

[pt] O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a implantação e implementação do Programa Experimental de Educação Integral de Corumbá no Mato Grosso do Sul, entre os anos de 2009 a 2015 que visou a ampliação da jornada escolar com uma nova organização curricular, em três escolas urbanas e uma rural. Para entender esse processo adotamos a metodologia qualitativa com análises de fontes bibliográficas, documentais e orais. Fizemos uma abordagem histórica acerca da educação integral em tempo integral para compreender a política em nível local. Para tanto, apresentamos as diferentes matrizes filosófica, ideológica e política do conceito de educação integral que emergiram no Brasil no início do século XX, e as principais experiências de tempo integral praticadas pelo país. Analisamos a legislação e as discussões atuais sobre a temática e as principais referências teóricas sobre o tema. Para compreender a experiência local, analisamos os documentos e textos que versaram a respeito da política de educação integral do município. Também fizemos entrevistas semiestruturadas com diretores, coordenadores e professores. Três modelos nortearam de forma direta o programa de Corumbá: o Programa Mais Educação, o Ginásio Carioca e a Escola da Ponte. Concluímos que as escolas tiveram dificuldades em entender e colocar em prática o que foi prescrito, por outro lado procuram, cada uma à sua maneira, aumentar o tempo diário e as atividades escolares. Por isso, configurou-se numa proposta de educação integral em tempo integral em construção. E devido a sua configuração, marcada pelo baixo investimento do poder público e localização das escolas, corre o risco de não ser expandida para outras unidades da rede de ensino. / [en] The present study aims to analyze the implantation and implementation of the Experimental Program of Full-time Education of Corumbá in Mato Grosso do Sul, between the years 2009 and 2015 that aimed at extending the school day with a new curricular organization in three urban schools and a rural one. To understand this process, we adopted the qualitative methodology with analyzes of bibliographic, documentary and oral sources. We have taken a historical approach to full-time education to understand politics at the local level. For that, we presented the different philosophical, ideological and political matrices about the concept of full-time education that emerged in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, and the main full-time experiences practiced by the country. We analyzed the legislation and the current discussions on the theme and the main theoretical references on the subject. To understand the local experience, we analyzed the documents and texts that dealt with the full-time education policy of the city. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with directors, coordinators and teachers. Three models guided directly the program of Corumbá: the More Education Program, the Carioca Gymnasium and the School of the Ponte. We conclude that schools had difficulties in understanding and putting into practice what was prescribed, on the other hand they sought, each in their own way, to increase daily time and school activities. Therefore, it was set up in a proposal for full-time integral education in construction. And due to its configuration, it was marked by the low investment by the government and location of the schools, it runs the risk of not being expanded to other education network units.

<p>Uvod: Ko&scaron;arka je naizmeničan, dominantno anaerobni timski sport koji igraju sportisti na različitim nivoima. Iako je primarno američki sport, ko&scaron;arka je ubrzo postala i međunarodni, a danas gotovo da nema zemlje u kojoj se ne igra. Razlog za podizanje svesti o ko&scaron;arka&scaron;koj igri je taj &scaron;to je to dru&scaron;tvena igra čijim upražnjavanjem se može zadovoljiti niz sociolo&scaron;kih, fiziolo&scaron;kih, psiholo&scaron;kih i mnogih drugih aspekata. U trenažnom procesu, samo pravilnim izborom trenažnih programa, raznovrsnosti trenažnih sadržaja, izborom trenažnih metoda i sredstava rada može se očekivati razvoj svih kretnih, funkcionalnih i drugih sposobnosti ko&scaron;arka&scaron;a. Prethodno navedeno utiče na izbor vežbi koje će biti primenjene na sportiste odnosno ko&scaron;arka&scaron;e, a koje su osnovno sredstvo u trenažnoj tehnologiji za prevođenje sportiste iz nižeg u vi&scaron;i nivo sportske forme.<br />Cilj: Cilj istraživanja je da se kroz odabranu bateriju testova ustanovi efekat zadatog tretmana na transformaciju morfo-funkcionalnih, motoričkih i specifično motoričkih sposobnosti studenata ko&scaron;arka&scaron;a sprovedenog u pripremnom delu sezone (predtakmičarski ili bazični deo).<br />Metodologija: Uzorak ispitanika činio je ukupno 95 studenata mu&scaron;kog pola, Severoistočnog federalnog univerziteta u Jakutsku (Rusija) koji broji oko 20000 studenata pretežno iz azijatskog dela sveta. Uzrast ispitanika je od 18-23 godine gde je prosečna starost 20.841.26 godina. Naveden uzorak je metodom slučajnog uzorka podeljen u dve grupe: prva grupa je bila eksperimentalna (N=45), dok je druga grupa bila kontrolna (N=50). Eksperimentalna grupa je realizovala eksperimentalni plan i program. Kontrolna grupa je realizovala &bdquo;Op&scaron;ti program treninga ko&scaron;arka&scaron;kih performansi&ldquo; koji se primenjuje u KK&ldquo;Borac&ldquo; iz Čačka.<br />Za svaku dobijenu varijablu izračunati su centralni i disperzioni parametri. Za procenu normalnosti distribucije svih varijabli primenjen je Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. U cilju utvrđivanja razlika u morfo-funkcionalnim i motoričkimi specifično motoričkim sposobnostima studenata ko&scaron;arka&scaron;a u inicijalnom i finalnom merenju između kontrolne i eksperimentalne grupe primenjena je multivarijatna analiza varijanse (MANOVA) i univarijatna analiza varijanse (ANOVA). Struktura razlika između grupa i hijerarhija antropometrijskih i motoričkih varijabli na inicijalnom i na finalnom merenju utvrđena je primenom Diskriminativne analize. Stvarni efekti eksperimentalnog i kontrolnog tretmana, na finalnom merenju utvrđeni su uz pomoć univarijatne analize kovarijanse (ANCOVA) i multivarijatne analize kovarijanse (MANCOVA).<br />Rezultati: Rezultati multivarijatne analize varijanse ukazuju da u sistemu primenjenih varijabli postoje statistički značajne razlike između kontrolne i eksperimentalne grupe na finalnom merenju u varijablama za procenu morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika (p = .000), funkcionalnih sposobnosti (p = .000), motoričkih (p = .000) i specifično motoričkih sposobnosti (p = .000). Rezultati diskriminativne analize (p = .000) ukazuju da postoji jasno definisana granica između subuzoraka kada su u pitanju varijable za procenu morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika (p = .000), funkcionalnih sposobnosti (p = .000), motoričkih (p = .000) i specifično motoričkih sposobnosti na finalnom merenju. Primenom ANOVA analize utvrđeno je da postoje statistički značajne razlike između subuzoraka studenata ko&scaron;arka&scaron;a u varijablama za procenu morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika i u varijablama za procenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti ispitanika. ANOVA je takođe potvrdila statistički značajne razlike u varijablama za procenu motoričkih i specifično motoričkih sposobnosti. Statistički značajne razlike u gore navedenim varijablama je uočena u korist eksperimentalne grupe.<br />Putem MANCOVA analize utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe studenata ko&scaron;arka&scaron;a u sistemu primenjenih varijabli za procenu morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika ispitanika (p=.000), za procenu funkcionalnih sposobnosti (p=.000), za procenu motoričkih sposobnosti (p=.000) i za procenu specifično motoričkih sposobnosti ispitanika (p=.000) na finalnom merenju, na kraju primenjenog eksperimentalnog tretmana u korist eksperimentalne grupe. Rezultati diskriminativne analize (p = .000) ukazuju da postoji jasno definisana granica između subuzoraka kada su u pitanju varijable za procenu morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika (p = .000), funkcionalnih sposobnosti (p = .000), motoričkih&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (p = .000) i specifično motoričkih sposobnosti na na kraju primenjenog eksperimentalnog tretmana.<br />Zaključak: Kako je uočena statistički značajna razlika u celom ispitivanom prostoru, može se zaključiti da postoji statistički značajan efekat eksperimentalnog tretmana na određene morfolo&scaron;ke karakteristike, funkcionalne, motoričke i specifično motoričke sposobnosti ispitanika. Efekti eksperimentalnog tretmana na ko&scaron;arka&scaron;e su bili bolji od efekata konvencionalnog ko&scaron;arka&scaron;og treninga.</p> / <p>Introduction: Basketball is an alternate, dominant anaerobic team sport that plays athletes at different levels. Although it is&nbsp; the US primarily sport, basketball soon became international, and today there is almost no country in which it is not played. The reason for raising awareness about the basketball game is that it is a social game whose practice can satisfy a range of sociological, physiological, psychological and many other aspects. In the training process, only the correct selection of training programs, variety of training contents, choice of training methods and training tools can be expected to develop all the locomotional, functional and other abilities of basketball players. The aforementioned influences the selection of exercises that will be applied to athletes or basketball players, which are the basic instrumentality in the training technique for translating an athlete from a lower to a higher level of sports form.<br />Objective: The aim of the research is to determine the effect of the given treatment on the transformation of the morpho-functional, motor and specific motor skills of basketball players conducted during the preparatory part of the season (pre-competitive or basic part) through the selected battery of tests.<br />Methodology: The sample of respondents consisted of a total of 95 male students, Northeastern Federal University in Yakutsk (Russia), which has about 20000 students predominantly from the Asian region. The age of the respondents is from 18-23 years, where the average age is 20.841.26 years. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: the first group was experimental (N = 45), while the second group was control group (N = 50). The experimental group realized the experimental plan and program. The control group realized the &quot;General Basketball Performance Training Program&quot;, which is being applied in BC &quot;Borac&quot; from Cacak.<br />For each obtained variable, the central and dispersion parameters. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to estimate the normal distribution of all variables. In order to determine the differences in the morpho-functional, motor and specific motor skills of basketball students in the initial and final measurement between the control and the experimental group, a multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) and a univariate variance analysis (ANOVA) were applied. The structure of differences between groups and the hierarchies of anthropometric and motor variables on initial and final measurement was determined using the Discrimination Analysis. The actual effects of experimental and control treatment were determined at the final measurement using a univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) and multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA).<br />Results: The results of the multivariate analysis of variance indicate that in the system of applied variables there are statistically significant differences between the control and the experimental group at the final measurement in variables for estimating morphological characteristics (p = .000), functional abilities (p = .000) .000), motor skills (p = .000) and specific motor skills (p = .000). The results of the discriminant analysis (p = .000) indicate that there is a clearly defined boundary between subunits when it comes to variables for assessing morphological characteristics (p = .000), functional abilities (p = .000), motor (p = .000) and specific motor skills in final measurement.<br />Using ANOVA analysis it was determined that there are statistically significant differences between subsamples of students in variables for evaluation of morphological characteristics and variables for assessing the functional abilities. ANOVA also confirmed statistically significant differences in variables for assessing motor abilities and specific motor skills. In the above mentioned variables statistically significant differences were observed in favor of the experimental group.<br />The MANCOVA analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control group of basketball students in the system of applied variables for assessing the morphological characteristics of the respondents (p = .000), for assessment functional abilities (p = .000), for the assessment of motor abilities (p =. 000) and for the assessment of the specific motor abilities of the subjects (p = .000) at the final measurement, at the end of the applied experimental treatment, in favor of the experimental group. The results of the discriminant analysis (p = .000) indicate that there is a clearly defined boundary between subunits when it comes to variables for assessment morphological characteristics (p = .000), functional abilities (p = .000), motor (p = .000) and specific motor abilities, at the end of the applied experimental treatment.<br />Conclusion: As a statistically significant difference was observed in the entire study area, it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of experimental treatment on certain morphological characteristics, functional, motor and specific motor abilities of the respondents. The effects of experimental treatment on basketball players were better than the effects of conventional basketball training.</p>

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας Διατριβής Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης αποτελεί η πειραματική διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας της περίσφιγξης υποστυλωμάτων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος με μεγάλο λόγο πλευρών με μανδύες ινοπλισμένων πολυμερών και με μανδύες ινοπλεγμάτων σε ανόργανη μήτρα. Για το σκοπό αυτό διενεργήθηκε εκτενές πειραματικό πρόγραμμα στο Εργαστήριο Μηχανικής και Τεχνολογίας Υλικών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Το πειραματικό πρόγραμμα περιελάμβανε 18 υποστυλώματα υπό κλίμακα 3/5 ύψους 770 mm τα οποία χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ομάδες, ανάλογα με το λόγο των πλευρών τους (1η ομάδα: με λόγο πλευρών 1:3, 150×450mm, 2η ομάδα: με λόγο πλευρών 1:4, 150×600mm). Δύο από τα υποστυλώματα παρέμειναν χωρίς ενίσχυση και αποτέλεσαν τα δοκίμια αναφοράς για τα ενισχυμένα δοκίμια, τα οποία περισφίχθηκαν με μανδύες ΙΟΠ και ΙΑΜ. Τα συστήματα ενίσχυσης που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν περιελάμβαναν μανδύες ΙΟΠ ινών άνθρακα με μια, δύο ή τρεις στρώσεις, χωρίς ή με αγκύρια ινών άνθρακα μορφής θυσάνου καθώς και μανδύα με δύο στρώσεις περιμετρικά του δοκιμίου και μανδύα μορφής U και αγκύρια ινών. Επιπλέον, εξετάστηκαν και μανδύες με τέσσερεις στρώσεις ινοπλέγματος με ίνες άνθρακα σε ανόργανη μήτρα με και χωρίς αγκύρια ινών άνθρακα μορφής θυσάνου εμποτισμένων σε εποξειδική ρητίνη. Η παρούσα διατριβή αποτελείται από οχτώ κεφάλαια, κάθε ένα από τα οποία διαχωρίζεται σε κατάλληλες ενότητες, υποενότητες και παραγράφους. Στο πρώτο και δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα σύνθετα υλικά με περιγραφή των επιμέρους συστατικών τους, των χαρακτηριστικών ιδιοτήτων τους καθώς και των παραγόντων που επηρεάζουν τη συμπεριφορά τους. Στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση για την περίσφιγξη υποστυλωμάτων, όπου αρχικά περιγράφονται συμβατικές τεχνικές ενίσχυσης που περιλαμβάνουν νέους μανδύες οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος, μεταλλικά ελάσματα, μεταλλικούς μανδύες κλπ και στη συνέχεια περιγράφονται τεχνικές ενίσχυσης με σύνθετα υλικά. Περιγράφεται ο καταστατικός νόμος που διέπει τη συμπεριφορά του περισφιγμένου με μανδύες σύνθετων υλικών σκυροδέματος και παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά πειραματικές μελέτες από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία που αφορούν τη διερεύνηση της αποτελεσματικότητας της μεθόδου ενίσχυσης µε ΙΟΠ σε υποστυλώματα με μικρό και μεγάλο λόγο πλευρών. Τέλος, το κεφάλαιο ολοκληρώνεται με συνοπτική αναφορά πειραματικών μελετών σε δοκίμια περισφιγμένα με μανδύες σε ανόργανη μήτρα. Στο τέταρτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται η πειραματική διαδικασία που ακολουθήθηκε για την κατασκευή των δοκιμίων καθώς και οι παράμετροι που διερευνήθηκαν. Συγκεκριμένα, περιγράφονται όλα τα υλικά που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, τα διάφορα συστήματα ενίσχυσης που εφαρμόστηκαν καθώς και οι διαδικασίες που ακολουθήθηκαν από την προετοιμασία των δοκιμίων μέχρι την ενίσχυσής τους. Στο τέλος του κεφαλαίου γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή της πειραματικής διάταξης και του επιμέρους μηχανικού εξοπλισμού που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την υλοποίηση των δοκιμών μονοαξονικής θλίψης. Στο πέμπτο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται διεξοδικά τα αποτελέσματα όλων των δοκιμίων που συμμετείχαν στο πειραματικό πρόγραμμα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, περιγράφονται οι τρόποι αστοχίας των δοκιμίων συνοδεία φωτογραφικού υλικού και παρατίθενται οι καμπύλες τάσης – παραμόρφωσης τόσο για κάθε ένα ξεχωριστά όσο και συγκεντρωτικά για κάθε ομάδα. Στο έκτο Κεφάλαιο γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων όλων των πειραμάτων που διεξήχθησαν στο Εργαστήριο Μηχανικής και Τεχνολογίας Υλικών σε υποστυλώματα με λόγους πλευρών 1:3 και 1:4 περισφιγμένα με μανδύες ΙΟΠ και ΙΑΜ προκειμένου να εξαχθούν γενικότερα συμπεράσματα πάνω στην επίδραση του υλικού της μήτρας, του αριθμού των στρώσεων και της ύπαρξης αγκυρίων στην αποτελεσματικότητα της περίσφιγξης. Στο έβδομο Κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα από ένα αναλυτικό προσομοίωμα που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για την πρόβλεψη του μέγιστου θλιπτικού φορτίου και της οριακής παραμόρφωσης αστοχίας των περισφιγμένων με μανδύες ΙΟΠ και ΙΑΜ. Επιπλέον, γίνεται σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων του αναλυτικού προσομοιώματος με τα πειραματικά δεδομένα και εξετάζεται κατά πόσο αυτό το προσομοίωμα μπορεί να χρησιμοποιείται για υποστυλώματα με μεγάλο λόγο πλευρών, μετά από αλλαγή κάποιων παραμέτρων του. Στο όγδοο και τελευταίο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά τα τελικά συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν αρχικά από την πειραματική διαδικασία και στη συνέχεια από τη χρήση του αναλυτικού προσομοιώματος. Τέλος, γίνονται και μερικές προτάσεις για περαιτέρω έρευνα πάνω σε υποστυλώματα με μεγάλο λόγο πλευρών. / The present study investigates experimentally the effectiveness of the confinement of reinforced concrete (RC) columns with high aspect ratio (wall-like RC columns) retrofitted either with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or with textile-reinforced mortars (TRM) jackets. For this purpose an extensive experimental program was conducted at the Structural Materials Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Patras. A total of 18 identical rectangular reinforced concrete columns were constructed in a scale of 3/5 and 770 mm height so that the slenderness effects could be eliminated and tested in uniaxial compression. The columns were separated in two groups according to their aspect ratio; the first group consisted of seven RC column specimens with cross section dimensions 150mm by 450mm and an aspect ratio equal to 3, and the second group consisted of eleven RC column specimens with cross section dimensions 150mm by 600mm and an aspect ratio equal to 4. To facilitate FRP and TRM wrapping, the four corners were chamfered with a radius equal to 20mm. A number of parameters were investigated such as the kind of the matrix material (organic and inorganic), the number of layers of the jackets (1, 2, 3 and 4), the role of different cross section aspect ratios (3 and 4), the effectiveness of spike anchors (resin-impregnated fiber rovings) and local strengthening with U shape jacketing placed at the smaller sides of the columns. The first chapter provides general information on FRP materials describing their individual components, their characteristic properties, the factors affecting their behavior as well as the basic techniques for their application. The second chapter describes the composite materials in inorganic matrix (TRM) and presents a comparison between the two composite material strengthening systems. In the third chapter a brief literature review is provided about the confinement of columns with conventional techniques (e.g. steel plating, steel jacketing, RC jacketing) as well as with composite materials. The constitutional law of confined concrete with jackets of composite materials is described. Furthermore some experimental studies from the international literature are presented concerning the effectiveness of the confinement with FRP jackets of columns with small and high aspect ratio. Finally, the chapter concludes with a brief reference to experimental studies on specimens confined with jackets in inorganic matrix (TRM jackets). The fourth chapter presents the procedure for constructing and retrofitting the specimens including the materials used (carbon fiber fabric and textile, carbon fiber spike anchors, epoxy resin, inorganic matrix) as well as the equipment used for uniaxial compression tests. In the fifth chapter the results for each specimen are given presenting their failure mode and the corresponding load - displacement curve. In the following chapter the results for each group are compared in order to establish general conclusions on the effect of the kind of the matrix material, the number of layers and the existence of FRP anchors in confinement of wall-like RC columns. The seventh chapter presents the results of an analytical model used to predict the maximum compressive load and the ultimate deformation of specimens confined with FRP or TRM jackets. A comparison between the experimental and the analytical results is made and it is examined whether this model can be used for columns with high aspect ratio after modifying some of the parameters. The eighth chapter summarises the most important conclusions of all investigations carried out by the present project for both the experimental procedure and the analytical model. Finally, some suggestions for further research on columns with high aspect ratio are listed.

Die vorliegende wissenschaftliche Arbeit rekonstruiert die Entwicklung der deutschen Psychologie zwischen der Eröffnung des ersten psychologischen Labors in 1879 und der Gleichschaltung durch das Nazi-Regime in den 1930er Jahren. Die Dissertation stellt den konzeptuellen und methodologischen Rahmen der psychologischen Disziplin anhand von drei Generationen von Pionierforschung dar. Hierbei wird herausgearbeitet, wie sich die frühe experimentelle Psychologie einen eigenen Platz zwischen den Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften kreiert. Die gestaltpsychologische Schule spielt darin eine entscheidende Rolle. Der zentrale Fokus der Arbeit liegt in der historischen Periode zwischen 1922 und 1936, über welche sich Kurt Lewins Untersuchungen zur Handlungs- und Affektpsychologie erstrecken. In dieser deutschen Schaffensperiode wurden der theoretische und methodologische Rahmen, sowie praktische experimentelle Designs erschaffen, welche die amerikanische Arbeit Lewins entscheidend prägten. Der Aufbau von Lewins berühmter Feldtheorie wird im Detail rekonstruiert. Die Dissertation zeigt auf, wie Lewin originelle psychologische Konzepte aus interdisziplinärer Erfahrung formte, und wie experimentelle Praktiken der Zeit die Entstehung eines immer komplexer werdenden Konzeptgerüstes herbeiführten. Anschließend wird die Bedeutung des Gestalt-Lewin-Falles für die Psychologiegeschichte erörtert. In die langfristige Wissenschaftsgeschichte ist Lewins Arbeit nicht etwa als gebündeltes Forschungsgebiet eingegangen. Stattdessen ist sie in so unterschiedliche Bereiche wie Entwicklungs- und Persönlichkeitspsychologie, Soziologie und Wirtschaftsmanagement eingeflossen und hat diese geprägt. / This dissertation represents a historical reconstruction of the development and transformation of German experimental psychology between the emergence of the first experimental laboratory in 1879 and its Gleichschaltung by the Nazi regime in the 1930s. It traces the evolution of the conceptual as well as the experimental framework of psychology over the course of these years following three generations of experimental research. Hereby, the work attempts to grasp how early experimental psychology negotiated its place between the humanities and the natural sciences. The project’s major focus lies in the period between 1922 and 1936, in which Kurt Lewin’s Berlin Experimental Program on Action and Emotions took place. The work specifically investigates the process of constitution of Lewin’s field theory, a system of concepts coined by Lewin in order to study psychological processes underlying human conduct. The dissertation shows how Lewin’s concepts emerged out of interdisciplinary sources, and how experimental practices in psychology triggered the emergence of new knowledge. Eventually, it is shown how the investigated historical case of Gestalt psychology in Berlin fits into and plays a decisive role in the long-term development of experimental psychology.