Title: Analysis of the explosive power of the lower limbs during the racing period of junior national downhill skiing team. Objectives: The main aim of this thesis is to determine the possible difference between the level of explosive power of the lower limbs before the racing period and just before the end of the racing period in junior downhill skiing team. Methods: In a double measurement, 10 skiers (n=10) were measured for differences in explosive power levels by using specially made test battery before the start of the racing season (December 2020) and after the end of the season (April 2021). Output measure values were compared to input values and the significance of gains or losses in scores on the output measure was assessed using a reliability test. Results: Over half of the comparisons were substantively significantly better between the input and output measurements. Keywords: force, explosive force, skiing, comparison

Aktualumas. Karate yra viena iš populiarių dvikovinių sporto šakų Lietuvoje. Karate kovotojui išskirtinai svarbios yra tokios fizinės ypatybės kaip jėga, galingumas, lankstumas ir pusiausvyra (Probst, Fletcher, Seeling, 2007). Manoma, kad didelę įtaką smūgio ranka efektyvumui turi nugaros ir pilvo preso raumenų funkcinis pajėgumas, tačiau tai nėra patvirtinta moksliniais tyrimais. Yra žinoma, kad pliometrinės treniruotės gali ženkliai padidinti smūgio jėgą, galingumą ir nesportuojantiems asmenimis (Drinkwater et al., 2007), ir suaugusiems sportininkams, tačiau nėra žinoma, ar po šešių savaičių nugaros ir pilvo raumenų stiprinimo programos padidės sportininkų smūgių jėga. Keliama hipotezė, kad nugaros, pilvo preso raumenų staigiosios jėgos padidėjimas turės reikšmingos įtakos karate sportininko smūgio ranka efektyvumui. Objektas – raumenų funkcinių grupių pajėgumo sąsajos. Tikslas – nustatyti pilvo preso ir nugaros raumenų pajėgumo įtaką dvikoves sporto šakas kultivuojančių asmenų smūgio ranka efektyvumui. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti karate sporte taikomų kontrolinių pratimų staigiosios jėgos vertinimui atkartotinumą. 2. Nustatyti šešių savaičių trukmės koncentruotų jėgos greitumo krūvių įtaką karate sportininkų raumenų staigiosios jėgos rodikliams. 3. Nustatyti šešių savaičių trukmės koncentruotų jėgos greitumo krūvių įtaką karate sportininkų smūgio ranka efektyvumui. Darbe buvo taikyti šie metodai: literatūros šaltinių analizė; dinamometrija (smūgio jėgos nustatymas „Kiktest-1... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Karate is one of the most popular sports in Lithuania. It is exceptionally important for karate fighter such physical abilities as strength, power, flexibility, and balance (Probst, Fletcher, Seeling, 2007). It is believed that a great influence on the efficiency of the hand to strike back and abdominal muscle functional capacity, but it is not confirmed by scientific research. It is known that pliometrinės workout can significantly increase the impact strength, power and nonathletes parties (Drinkwater et al., 2007), and adult athletes, but it is not known whether the six weeks of back and abdominal muscle strengthening program for athletes to increase the force of impact. Hypothesis of this study was that the increase of spinal and abdominal muscle explosive strength will have a significant impact on the effectiveness of karate sportsmen strike hand . Object –interface of muscle function abilities. Purpose – to determine the influence of abdominal and spinal muscle‘s strength on hand shock performance in duel sports. Goals: 1. Identify the accuracy of testing exercises aplied in karate sport for control of explosive strength. 2. To determine the effectiveness of six weeks of concentrated power speed workloads influence karate athletes muscular explosive strength indicators. 3. Set of six weeks of concentrated power for speed workloads influence karate athletes strike arm efficiency. Methods: review of literature sources; dynamometry (strike force of „Kiktest-100“... [to full text]

Submitted by Pedro de Camargo Guizelini null (pedroguizepa@hotmail.com) on 2018-03-14T16:56:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Pedro Guizelini - Repositorio.pdf: 2007705 bytes, checksum: d596b79d35b56dca87fdf230055fb823 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-03-14T18:02:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guizelini_pc_me_rcla.pdf: 1825856 bytes, checksum: ac375acb4fff466e5fdfa4ff2d5c2bf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T18:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guizelini_pc_me_rcla.pdf: 1825856 bytes, checksum: ac375acb4fff466e5fdfa4ff2d5c2bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / A inclinação da curva força-tempo, obtida durante contrações voluntárias explosivas é definida como taxa de desenvolvimento de força (TDF). Como a TDF reflete a capacidade de desenvolver rapidamente força muscular, ela tem sido considerada uma importante ferramenta para a análise de performance desportiva, principalmente em esportes onde contrações explosivas e/ou ações funcionais (locomoção e manutenção do equilíbrio) são necessárias. Vários protocolos de treinamento com diferentes características (intensidade, número de series, número de repetições, duração) têm produzido melhora significante na TDF. Nesses estudos, vários mecanismos fundamentais para a melhora da TDF foram identificados. No entanto, não há clareza sobre os efeitos que diferentes aspectos do treinamento – tais como o tipo de contração, a velocidade da contração, especificidade de posição corporal entre teste e treinamento e a duração do treinamento - têm sobre a melhora da TDF. Sendo assim, esses aspectos continuam elusivos e são necessárias mais evidências. Então, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a influência do treinamento resistido na TDF em adultos. Adicionalmente, o objetivo da presente meta-análise foi investigar, através da meta regressão, os efeitos das variáveis específicas de treinamento: 1) intenção de realizar o movimento de forma explosiva, independente da velocidade; 2) tipo de treinamento; 3) especificidade; 4) duração total do treinamento na TDF. A busca sistemática na literatura foi realizada em bases de dados eletrônicas desde o início até Marco de 2017, e os estudos descrevendo o efeito do treinamento resistido na TDF em adultos saudáveis foram considerados elegíveis. Dezoito estudos relevantes foram incluídos após a revisão sistemática, compreendendo um total de 527 indivíduos saudáveis. O treinamento resistido proporcionou um efeito benéfico moderado na TDF (% mudança = 27,17, 95%LC 18,22 a 36,81, p < 0,001). O treinamento resistido realizado com ações musculares explosivas e alta velocidade de contração (i.e.,treinamento explosivo) teve um efeito superior na melhora da TDF quando comparado ao treinamento isométrico e de força. No entanto, as contrações musculares explosivas realizadas durante o treinamento de força (i.e., alta carga e baixa velocidade) e o treinamento isométrico não parecem ser capazes de induzir a uma maior melhora de TDF do que o treinamento sem contrações musculares explosivas. Assim, até o momento, ainda não é possível se identificar se a elevada TDF contrátil por si só é o principal estímulo do treinamento para a melhora da TDF na fase inicial da contração (i.e., < 100 ms). / The slope of the moment (force)-time curve recorded during explosive voluntary contractions has been defined as the rate of force development (RFD). The RFD can be measured at different time intervals from the onset of the muscle contraction, and has been classified as RFD early (< 100 ms) and RFD late (> 100 ms). Since RFD reflects the capacity to rapidly develop muscle force, it has been considered an important tool for the analysis of sports performance, specifically in explosive-type sports and functional tasks (e.g. locomotion and postural balance). Several training protocols with different characteristics (intensity, number of sets, number of repetitions, duration) have produced significant improvement in RFD. In these studies, mechanisms have been identified that are important for RFD enhancement after different resistance training protocols. However, there is no clarity about the effects of different training variables – such as contraction type, contraction speed, body position specificity between training and testing and training duration – on RFD. Therefore, these aspects remain elusive and more data is needed. Thus, the purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to determine the general effects of resistance training on RFD in adults. Furthermore, the present meta-analysis, using meta-regression, examines how specific training variables, such as: 1) intention of performing explosive muscle actions irrespective of high velocity movements; 2) training type; 3) specificity; and 4) total training duration affect RFD. A systematic literature search on electronic databases was performed up to March 2017, and the studies describing the resistance training effect on RFD in healthy adults were considered eligible. Eighteen relevant studies were included after systematic review, comprehending a total of 527 healthy individuals. Resistance training yielded a moderate beneficial effect on RFD (% change = 27,17, 95%CI 18,22 to 36,81, p < 0,001). Resistance training performed with explosive muscle actions and high contraction velocity (i.e., explosive training) had a superior effect on RFD improvement, when compared to isometric and strength training. However, explosive muscle contractions performed during strength training (i.e., high loads and low velocity) and isometric training don’t seem to be able to induce a higher RFD improvement when compared to training without explosive muscle contractions. Thus, the actual data does not allow identifying the high contractile RFD per se, as the main training stimulus for early RFD enhancement. (i.e., < 100 ms).

L’objectif général de la présente thèse était d’étudier les effets et les facteurs d’influence des exercices et des programmes d’entraînement consistant en la co-contraction maximale isométrique volontaire (CCMIV) de l’articulation du coude : effet de l’entraînement en CCMIV sur la force explosive (Etude A), influence de l’heure habituelle d’entraînement (Etude B) et de charges additionnelles pendant les CCMIV (Etude C). Les résultats ont montré que 6 semaines d’entraînement en CCMIV peuvent améliorer simultanément la force maximale volontaire des muscles sans altération de la force explosive (Etude A et B) et indépendamment de l’heure habituelle d’entraînement (Etude B). Ces gains de force s’accompagnaient d’une augmentation de l’activité électromyographique des muscles agonistes (Etude A et B). Cependant, les résultats de l’étude B suggèrent que l’entraînement le matin s’accompagne d’un meilleur gain de la force musculaire, masquant ainsi les différences de force entre le matin et le soir. Par ailleurs, l’étude C a montré qu’une charge additionnelle (50% FMV) associée à une CCMIV modifie le pattern d’activation des muscles agonistes-antagonistes : augmentation du niveau d’activation des muscles agonistes et diminution de celui des antagonistes. Par conséquent, un programme d’entraînement en CCMIV avec charge additionnelle devrait comprendre des exercices avec charge pour les fléchisseurs et les extenseurs. De plus, les résultats de l’étude C suggèrent que le concept du fléchisseur équivalent pourrait être appliqué non seulement quand les fléchisseurs agissent comme agonistes mais aussi quand ils agissent comme antagonistes. / The aim of the present thesis was to study the effects and the influencing factors during the elbow joint maximal isometric voluntary co-contractions (MIVCC) exercises and training program: effect of the MIVCC training on the explosive force (Study A), influence of the time-of-day at which training was scheduled (Study B) and additional load during MIVCC (Study C). The results showed that six weeks of MIVCC training can simultaneously improve the maximum voluntary force, without altering the explosive force (Study A and B) and independently of the time-of-day at which training was scheduled (Study B). These improvements were accompanied by an increase in electromyography activity of agonist muscles (Study A and B). However, the results of study B suggest that morning training is accompanied by a higher strength improvement, by masking the strength differences between the morning and evening. Furthermore, the study C showed that additional load (50% MVF) associated with MIVCC modifies the activation pattern of the agonist-antagonist muscles: by increasing the activation level of the agonist muscles and decreasing the co-activation level of the antagonist muscles. Therefore, MIVCC training program with additional load should include exercises with load for flexor and extensor muscles. In addition, the results of the study C suggest that the concept of “flexor equivalent” may be applied not only when the flexor muscles acting as agonist but also when they acting as antagonist muscles.

Title: Optimization of warm-up before speed-strenght loading Objectives: The aim of this work is to compare three variants of warming up and to determine the most appropriate one before speed-strenght loading. Methods: The test group consisted of 15 male students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport at The Charles University at the age of 22 -26 years. The tested subjects underwent 4 tests within 4 weeks. The first test was used to determine the 1 RM bench press and leg-press, the results of which we needed for the proper determination of the weights for the following protocols. The other three measurement protocols include three warm-up (base, a speed-strenght and toning), followed by a test of explosive strength in arms and legs. Countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing was used for legs testing and medicine ball shoot-up in supine position was used for arms testing. Results: This research shows that best results in the countermovement vertical jump height with arm swing were achieved after the speed-power warm-up. The best results in medicine ball shoot-up in supine position were achieved after the basic warm up, but results are not statistically significant for these testing. Keywords: Warm-up, dynamic stretching, speed-force loading, toning, explosive force, testing

Title: The force toning in women's softball Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate post-activation potentiation (PAP) following the muscle toning during the strenght training. The toning effect on upper limb explosive force was analyzed following application of two different degrees of resistence. Methods: In this study, we applied randomized selection for the subject to minimize the effect of possible ambiguities such as gender, training status, and player maturity. A homo- -geneous group of well-trained women with the most developed technical response was accepted. (Czech national team, Women's softball). We used the contrast method, where the data were analyzed to determine the effect of different resistance degrees and a fixed rest interval for the strength-dynamic exercise. It is a sticking out of medicine ball in sitting position, which was performed by women of the highest player level. The measurement was processed by using the direct method of dynamic efforts. We compared the explosive force with a medicine ball sticking forward in relation to the distance of the sticking medicine ball by the tested person. Results: The measurement has shown that the PAP generated by toning protocol has a sig- -nificant impact on enhancing the response in explosive drills. The exercise for...