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The work in this thesis addresses the general problem of how ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to mature in the cytoplasm. There are three parts in this dissertation. In the first part, I asked questions about the specificity for export receptors in the nuclear export of the large (60S) ribosomal subunit in yeast. In principle, I tethered different export receptors that are known to work in various unrelated export pathways to the ribosome by fusing them to the trans-acting factor Nmd3. Interestingly, all the chimeric receptors were able to support export, although to different degrees. Moreover, 60S export driven by these chimeric receptors was independent of Crm1, an export receptor that is essential for 60S export in wild-type cells. The second question I addressed in this project was whether or not a nuclear export signal could be provided in cis on ribosomal proteins (Rpls) rather than in trans by a transacting factor. The nuclear export signal (NES) of Nmd3 was fused to different ribosomal proteins and tested for support of 60S export. Several Rpl-NES fusion constructs worked to promote 60S export. Rpl3 gave the best efficiency. In conclusion, these results imply unexpected flexibility in the 60S export pathway. This may help explain how different export receptors could have evolved in different eukaryotic lineages. In the second part of my thesis, I identified the assembly pathway for the base of the ribosome stalk. The stalk is an important functional domain of the large ribosomal subunit because of its requirement for interaction with translation factors. Mrt4 is a nuclear paralog of P0, which is an essential part of the stalk. Here, I identified Yvh1 a novel ribosome biogenesis factor that is required for the release of Mrt4. Yvh1 is a conserved dual phosphatase, but the C-terminal zinc-binding domain rather than the phosphatase function was required for its activity to release Mrt4. Mrt4 localizes in the nucleus and nucleolus in the wild-type cells, but was persistent on cytoplasmic 60S subunits in yvh1[Delta] cells. The persistence of Mrt4 on the 60S subunits blocked the loading of P0 and assembly of the stalk. I also found the binding of Yvh1 depended on Rpl12, a protein that binds together with P0 to form the base of the stalk. Deletion of Rpl12 phenocopied yvh1[Delta]. These data identified the function of Yvh1 as a release factor of Mrt4. I also showed that the function of Yvh1 is conserved in human cells. In my final project, I analyzed the interdependence and order of the known cytoplasmic maturation events of the 60S subunit. 60S subunits require several maturation steps in the cytoplasm before they become competent in translation. There are four major steps involving two ATPases, Drg1 and Ssa1, and two GTPases, Efl1 and Lsg1. In my study, I ordered these steps into one serial pathway. Drg1 releases Rlp24 in the earliest step of 60S maturation in the cytoplasm. Truncation of the C-terminus of Rlp24 blocked cytoplasmic maturation of the large subunit by preventing the recruitment of Drg1 and led to a secondary defect in the release of Arx1 because of a failure to recruit Rei1. Deletion of REI1 mislocalized Tif6 from the nucleus and nucleolus to the cytoplasm and deletion of ARX1 suppressed the Tif6 mislocalization, indicating that the release of Arx1 was required for Tif6 release downstream. I found that mutation of efl1 or sdo1, the known release factors for Tif6, also blocked Nmd3 release. Tif6-V192F, which could bypass the growth defects of efl1 or sdo1 mutants, suppressed the defect of Nmd3 recycling. These results showed that the release of Tif6 was a prerequisite for Nmd3 release. Thus, the release of Nmd3 is downstream of the Tif6 release step. In conclusion, I have ordered the events of cytoplasmic maturation with Drg1 as the first step after ribosome export, followed by Rei1/Jji1 and then Sdo1/Efl1. The release of Nmd3 by Lsg1 appears to be the last step of ribosome maturation in the cytoplasm. Thus, the two ATPases Drg1 and Ssa work first and then the two GTPases Efl1 and Lsg1 work in a linear pathway of 60S maturation in the cytoplasm. / text

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

In the dissertation from the holistic point of view are discussed export development peculiarities in the global area. The main aim of the dissertation is the expansion of the export development concept in consideration to the challenges of globalization. Therefore, peculiarities of internationalization and globalization processes and their connections in the context of export development are discussed; alternation of internationalization models under conditions of globalization is evaluated, highlighting integrated economic and social export development benefit. The export development mechanisms and instruments as well as their creation, adaptation and other aspects are analyzed and summarized. Moreover, world’s and especially Finland’s innovative experience in this area in the global context is emphasized. Based on analysis and synthesis of scientific literature theoretical integrated export development trajectories model was developed by the author. The main aim of the research is to prepare the integrated export development directions model with the focus on its applicability to Lithuania’s export development possibilities improvement in the context of current state of globalization. Through the use of the summarized results from the Lithuanian SME’s empirical research, discovering main suppressive reasons for export development, and expert research, evaluating Lithuanian export promotion current state and perspectives, the current Lithuanian export promotion activities... [to full text] / Disertacijoje holistiniu požiūriu nagrinėjami eksporto plėtros ypatumai globalioje erdvėje. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - eksporto plėtros koncepcijos išplėtimas įvertinant globalizacijos iššūkius. Disertacijoje įvairiais aspektais atskleisti internacionalizacijos ir globalizacijos procesų ypatumai ir jų sąsajos, bei teikiamos naujos galimybės eksporto plėtrai; įvertinama internacionalizacijos modelių kaita globalizacijos sąlygomis, išryškinamos integruotos ekonomines ir socialines eksporto plėtros naudos. Disertacijoje atskleista eksporto plėtros instrumentų panaudojimo esmė bei pagrįsti alternatyvių eksporto plėtros ir skatinimo priemonių pasirinkimai ir išanalizuotas empirinis jų panaudojimo ištyrimo lygis pasinaudojant pažangia pasaulio ir ypač Suomijos patirtimi. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize ir sinteze sukurtas integruotos eksporto plėtros trajektorijų modelis. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas - parengti Lietuvos integruotos eksporto plėtros krypčių modelį šiuolaikinėmis globalizacijos sąlygomis. Darbe atliktas empirinis Lietuvos SVV įmonių tyrimas, kurio metu atskleistos eksporto plėtrą stabdančios priežastys, ekspertinio tyrimo metu atliktas Lietuvos eksporto skatinimo būklės ir perspektyvų vertinimas. Apibendrinti tyrimų rezultatai leido įvertinti Lietuvos eksporto skatinimo veiklos transformavimo motyvus, numatyti integruotos eksporto plėtros būdų tobulinimo sritis ir priemones, skatinančias SVV įmonių eksporto apimčių augimą.

The study intended to investigate whether Zimbabwe possesses realistic potential export opportunities that can lead to the sustainable reconstruction of its economy. The study was initiated on the premise that Zimbabwe is a fragile state and a post-conflict country going through reconstruction. The study also premised itself on the foundation that the current recovery efforts by Zimbabwe – although they have yielded some positive results, have still fallen short of providing sustainable economic growth without meaningful deeper reforms. Hence, this study is an attempt to provide policy makers with an alternative researched export promotion strategy with a focus on realistic potential opportunities. The study employed two techniques, namely survey of literature and empirical investigation. The survey of literature was achieved through theoretical literature on post-conflict reconstruction. Exports were identified in the various experiences of those countries that have gone through post-conflict reconstruction and still managed to use them in their recovery process. This necessitated a thorough investigation of literature to draw a theory upon which exports promotion could rely. The major theory that was surveyed in the literature is exportled growth (ELG). The theory is based on the premise that exports influence economic growth. Empirical evidence through literature was established in the studies carried out in different countries supporting the hypothesis. The theory was seen as superior to the import substitution strategy which led many developing countries to lag behind those which adopted export-led growth policies. The other aspect of empirical investigation was carried out through the application of the Decision Support Model (DSM). This is a scientific model that is used as a method of market selection. The model’s 4 filters were modified to include a 5th filter to specifically take into account the special circumstances of Zimbabwe. The 5th filter extension of the model provided a substantial contribution by this study to the model. A proxy of Zimbabwe’s neighbours – namely Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia was used to reinforce Zimbabwe’s competitiveness. This was based on the assumption that if Zimbabwe’s neighbours under similar conditions can successfully penetrate certain markets, then Zimbabwe should not find it difficult to penetrate the same markets. This empirical investigation showed that Zimbabwe does possess realistic potential export opportunities. The results identified 344 realistic export opportunities (REOs) for Zimbabwe in 17 regions, 50 countries, 13 sectors and 112 product lines. The study observed that Zimbabwe is in fact not utilising much of the REOs. In order to enable Zimbabwe to utilise the REOs, the study developed an appropriate export promotion strategy. The export promotion strategy is based on the results obtained from empirical investigation. The export promotion strategy has sub-strategies which respond to the specific needs of individual sectors and individual markets. The study established that instead of spending resources in an unfocused manner, the meagre resources can be applied to a more focused export promotion strategy. Based on the experiences of other countries that have gone through a similar post-conflict reconstruction process and have also used the theoretical conceptual framework of the export-led growth theory, the DSM results show there are realistic export opportunities (REOs) and these may contribute towards economic growth and recovery. The study further provided recommendations on how Zimbabwe could realise realistic potential export opportunities. This study has made a three-fold contribution. Firstly, a contribution has been made to the literature on post-conflict reconstruction and export promotion. Secondly, a significant contribution has been made by extending the Decision Support Model with a 5thfilter that also considers the supply side in the model. Finally, it has formulated an export promotion strategy, which can be applied by policy makers in Zimbabwe. / Thesis (PhD (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The study intended to investigate whether Zimbabwe possesses realistic potential export opportunities that can lead to the sustainable reconstruction of its economy. The study was initiated on the premise that Zimbabwe is a fragile state and a post-conflict country going through reconstruction. The study also premised itself on the foundation that the current recovery efforts by Zimbabwe – although they have yielded some positive results, have still fallen short of providing sustainable economic growth without meaningful deeper reforms. Hence, this study is an attempt to provide policy makers with an alternative researched export promotion strategy with a focus on realistic potential opportunities. The study employed two techniques, namely survey of literature and empirical investigation. The survey of literature was achieved through theoretical literature on post-conflict reconstruction. Exports were identified in the various experiences of those countries that have gone through post-conflict reconstruction and still managed to use them in their recovery process. This necessitated a thorough investigation of literature to draw a theory upon which exports promotion could rely. The major theory that was surveyed in the literature is exportled growth (ELG). The theory is based on the premise that exports influence economic growth. Empirical evidence through literature was established in the studies carried out in different countries supporting the hypothesis. The theory was seen as superior to the import substitution strategy which led many developing countries to lag behind those which adopted export-led growth policies. The other aspect of empirical investigation was carried out through the application of the Decision Support Model (DSM). This is a scientific model that is used as a method of market selection. The model’s 4 filters were modified to include a 5th filter to specifically take into account the special circumstances of Zimbabwe. The 5th filter extension of the model provided a substantial contribution by this study to the model. A proxy of Zimbabwe’s neighbours – namely Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia was used to reinforce Zimbabwe’s competitiveness. This was based on the assumption that if Zimbabwe’s neighbours under similar conditions can successfully penetrate certain markets, then Zimbabwe should not find it difficult to penetrate the same markets. This empirical investigation showed that Zimbabwe does possess realistic potential export opportunities. The results identified 344 realistic export opportunities (REOs) for Zimbabwe in 17 regions, 50 countries, 13 sectors and 112 product lines. The study observed that Zimbabwe is in fact not utilising much of the REOs. In order to enable Zimbabwe to utilise the REOs, the study developed an appropriate export promotion strategy. The export promotion strategy is based on the results obtained from empirical investigation. The export promotion strategy has sub-strategies which respond to the specific needs of individual sectors and individual markets. The study established that instead of spending resources in an unfocused manner, the meagre resources can be applied to a more focused export promotion strategy. Based on the experiences of other countries that have gone through a similar post-conflict reconstruction process and have also used the theoretical conceptual framework of the export-led growth theory, the DSM results show there are realistic export opportunities (REOs) and these may contribute towards economic growth and recovery. The study further provided recommendations on how Zimbabwe could realise realistic potential export opportunities. This study has made a three-fold contribution. Firstly, a contribution has been made to the literature on post-conflict reconstruction and export promotion. Secondly, a significant contribution has been made by extending the Decision Support Model with a 5thfilter that also considers the supply side in the model. Finally, it has formulated an export promotion strategy, which can be applied by policy makers in Zimbabwe. / Thesis (PhD (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

It is generally well understood that venture capital (VC) is an important and significant source of financing for small firms. Questions revolving around the increased likelihood of a firm backed by Venture Capitalists (VCs) to be export oriented have yet to be fully explored. Responding to this research gap, a sample of Canadian VC backed firms is used to compare the performance of Canadian VC firms in terms of facilitating internationalization among their portfolio companies. The particular reference of this study is Export Development Canada (EDC), a crown corporation mandated to promote export among Canadian firms. This research finds that EDC as a VC investor and export-oriented consultant has no association with the increased probability of exporting. Also, stage of the investment does not show any relationship with internationalization. These results run contrary to previous speculation that syndication of VCs increases the probability of internationalization among portfolio firms.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1990. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-185).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 270-280).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Duke University, 1990. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [1]-14, 2nd group).