Abstrakt   Titel: Säljstöd Nivå: Kandidatuppsats Författare: Fredrik Palmé och Niclas Östlin Handledare: Jens Eklinder Frick och Jonas Molin Datum: 2015 - januari   Syfte: Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns lite eller ingen interaktion mellan säljstödsstrukturerna Self-Support, Core-Team Support och External-Support. Syftet med denna studie är därför att öka vår förståelse kring säljstödsstrukturer och se om det finns ett samspel mellan dem och om de kan kombineras, samt öka förståelsen för de fyra underliggande dimensionernas (workload, complexity, prequalification och customization) påverkan på valet av säljstöd. Metod: Studien är designad som en fallstudie med en kvalitativ ansats och ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Den teoretiska referensramen samlades in med hjälp av deduktion och det empiriska materialet samlades in genom semi-konstruerade intervjuer.  Resultat och slutsats: Studien indikerar att det finns ett konstant samspel mellan de tre olika säljstödsstrukturerna. Valet av säljstöd beror  på säljarens upplevelser av de fyra dimensionerna och Self-Support, Core-team support och External-support är ofta kombinerade för att erbjuda det mest lämpliga stödet vid rätt tidpunkt.  Förslag till vidare forskning: Eftersom ett av företagen var under omstrukturering och led av viss personalbrist, finns det möjligtvis en skillnad i appliceringen av säljstöd i ett företag som har lämplig mängd personal. Det vore även intressant att se vilken påverkan kommunikationen i ett mer centraliserat företag hade haft på valet av säljstöd.  Uppsatsen bidrag: Studiens bidrag är den ökade förståelsen kring samspelet mellan olika säljstödsstrukturer. Det måste anses vara svårt att skapa ett ramverk för att bestämma vilket säljstöd som bör tillämpas, då varje säljsituation är unik och kan behöva en kombination av olika säljstöd för att vara tillräcklig.  Nyckelord: Säljstöd, Self-Support, Tvärfunktionella grupper, Externt stöd, Arbetsbörda, Komplexitet, Anpassningsbarhet, Förkvalificering, Säljaktiviteter.

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Bakgrund: På slutenvårdsavdelningarna vid Astrid Lindgrens barnsjukhus arbetar få specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor vilket kan utgöra en risk för patientsäkerheten. Studier visar att det föreligger behov av fler preventiva åtgärder för att förbättra vårdkvaliteten för de inneliggande pediatriska patienterna. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors strategier i bedömningen och omvårdnaden av pediatriska patienter. Metod: En deskriptiv, kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes på åtta sjuksköterskor från tre slutenvårdsavdelningar. Kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys användes. Resultat: Resultatet redovisas i två huvudkategorier: interna strategier och externa strategier. Otillräckliga kunskaper av pediatrisk vård från sjuksköterskornas grundutbildning ledde till att informanterna utförde olika subjektiva interna strategier i bedömning och omvårdnad. När interna strategier inte räckte till använde informanterna externa strategier som innefattade stöd från kollegor, läkare och föräldrar. Samtliga informanter sökte sällan eller aldrig stöd av intensivvårdsavdelningen. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor utan specialistutbildning har svårigheter att klara av sina åtaganden. Det finns således utrymme för förbättringar i både interna och externa strategier samt ett ökat stöd från intensivvården. / Background: At Astrid Lindgren Children´s Hospital, there is a lack of specialized nurses in the inpatient wards. This could pose a risk to patient safety. Studies show that there is a need for more preventative measures, to improve the quality of care for hospitalized pediatric patients. Objective: To investigate the strategies, used by nurses in the assessment and care of pediatric patients. Method: A descriptive, qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Eight nurses from three inpatient wards were interviewed. Qualitative, manifest content analysis were used. Results: The results are presented in two main categories Internal Strategies and External Strategies. The informants felt that their basic education had given them insufficient knowledge and training in pediatric care. They used subjective, internal strategies when assessing and providing care. External strategies, such as turning to colleagues, doctors and the children´s parents for advice were used when the internal strategies were insufficient. Seeking help and support from the Intensive Care Unit was something the informants rarely or never considered. Conclusion: Non-specialized nurses frequently meet with difficulties in managing their commitments. Our conclusion is that there is room for improvement in internal and external strategies and the need for an increased support from the Intensive Care Unit.

<p>In many occupational tasks, environmental constraints limit how close a worker can place their body to a desired element of the task. Although this provides an obstacle when performing the task, workplace obstructions can often be used by a worker to externally support their body by means of bracing. The purpose of this thesis was to identify how a worker’s posture would differ when the task must be performed with a constrained reach, compared to having the option to externally support against the thighs. At 4 different task hand Locations, subjects performed 6 exertions, comprised of 2 Loads (27.5 N and 55 N) and 3 Directions (Up, Down, and Pull). Subjects were able to choose if bracing would be used when performing the first 24 trial exertions. After the choice conditions had been collected, trials were performed again with a forced brace or unbraced. The most important finding of this study was that participants were twice as likely to brace when performing a task with a far reach. In addition, average brace forces were approximately 117 N for Up and Pull exertions, and were nearly half that (67 N) for Down exertions. Participants would brace at a lower height at low versus high locations. Flexing the trunk forward and twisting the right shoulder forward, combined with a more flexed task arm and reduced shoulder rotation, allowed participants to adopt a posture where their shoulder was closer to the point of exertion during braced exertions, thereby increasing their functional arm length.</p> / Master of Science in Kinesiology

External support has previously been found to increase both interrebel alliances and interrebel conflict. This thesis uses a modified principal-agent theory to bring these findings together in a common theoretical framework, arguing that external support leads to interrebel alliances when the sponsor’s leverage is high, and to interrebel warfare when the sponsor’s leverage is low. Using data on multiparty conflicts from 1975-2010, it aims to answer why external state support has increased interrebel warfare in some cases and interrebel alliances in other. It finds that the effect of external support isn’t unidirectional on interrebel alliances or interrebel warfare. This thesis finds that when controlling for forms of support that allows a sponsor to monitor the rebel group, external support is positively correlated with interrebel warfare and negatively with interrebel alliances. It also finds that the monitoring capacity of the sponsor decreases interrebel warfare, whilst the effects on interrebel alliances are inconsistent. Further, strong rebel groups, groups active in areas of drug cultivation and groups that share ideational ties with other groups in the same conflict, are found to be more likely to engage in interrebel warfare, and less likely to engage in interrebel alliances.

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Nonviolent campaigns often extend beyond national boundaries, attracting the attention and involvement of international actors. However, our understanding of the effects of external support on the outcomes of nonviolent protests remains limited. Existing research mainly focuses on internal factors of success or concentrates on one or few cases. This paper aims to provide a generalizable theory of the effects of Black Knights – foreign powers supporting an incumbent government against opposition at home – on movement success. Through a large- N, quantitative analysis based on cross-sectional time-series data from 1980 to 2013, I find support for the hypothesis that foreign sponsorship negatively impacts the prospects of nonviolent victory. Additionally, this paper tests the mechanisms theorized against the case of the Belarusian uprising of 2020-2021. By formulating an extensive theory of the effects of Black Knights and adding depth to the measurement of external assistance by taking into account different types of support, my research expands the current knowledge base on the impacts of support to regimes.

The aim of this study is to examine the predictors of effective performance measurement in the context of Turkish municipalities. In the study, mainly the theoretical guidance of context-design-performance model has been utilized to examine the contextual and design factors which have influenced the effective use of performance measurement systems in Turkish municipalities. The following research questions were examined in this study: To what extent do Turkish municipalities implement performance measurement systems effectively?, What are the predictors of effective performance measurement in Turkish municipalities?, and whether or to what extent do quality of performance measures, technical capacity of the municipality for performance measurement, organizational support, and external support for the use of performance measurement have influence on the effectiveness level of performance measurement systems in Turkish municipalities? In the study, the data were collected from Turkish municipalities by a self-administered online survey and were analyzed by using the structural equation modeling (SEM). It is hypothesized in the study that external support and organizational support for the use performance measurement, and technical capacity for the performance measurement are associated with quality of performance measures and effectiveness of performance measurement systems in general. The results of the study supported the hypotheses of the study regarding the relationships among organizational support, technical capacity, quality of performance measures, and effectiveness of performance measurement. Although the results confirmed that external support has an indirect effect on effectiveness of performance measurement via technical capacity and quality of performance measures, the hypothesis regarding the direct effect of it on effectiveness of performance measurement was not supported. Moreover, the study found that support of employees and citizens for the use of performance measurement in Turkish municipalities are relatively low, the municipalities have deficiencies both in the quantity and the quality of staff that are responsible for performance measurement activities, and the level of employee involvement in the development of performance measures is low.

Local Peace Committees (LPCs) have emerged as adequate infrastructures for fostering peace in conflict-affected countries. The role of LPCs in facilitating peacebuilding is recognized in countries like Kenya, Burundi and Colombia. However, a significant gap exists in our understanding of the factors that enhance LPCs' capacity to resolve pastoral communal conflicts. This thesis aims to fill this gap by addressing the question: Why are some Local Peace Committees able to resolve pastoral communal conflicts while others are not? I propose that LPCs that receive continuous external funding have an increased capacity to resolve communal conflict compared to those with limited external funding. To test this theoretical argument, I conduct a study on two LPCs in Kenya. The findings of my study provide moderate support to the hypotheses tested. I attribute this moderate support to the small sample size, methodological limitations, and other confounding variables, such as local ownership and the country's supportive political environment. This study underscores the need to investigate additional factors that contribute to the increased capacity of LPCs, such as non-financial support( training and workshops).

Problem  Crisis management has never been as important as it is today. Considering that criticism is being spread in a fast pace through social media, the reputation of an organisation can quickly be damaged. Several organisations however lack internal knowledge about crisis management. The majority of the previous research about crisis management has been conducted from the organisations’ perspective. There is however relatively little research done from an external actor’s role in supporting an organisation in crisis. Purpose  This study aims to contribute in the crisis management and communication field by investigating how an external actor can support an organisation in crisis. Method  The study was conducted through a qualitative single case study of crisis management support provided to firms by one external actor, a PR-agency. Primary data for the case was collected from six semi-structured interviews. Conclusion  External actors are a suitable helping hand in crises because they possess experience and knowledge in media and crisis communication and can view the situation objectively. Crisis consultants support their clients by providing a response strategy that is built on being honest and open. Proactive and post work are not prioritised by clients but are highly important for crisis preparedness and building a strong reputation. Social media is a standard part of today’s crisis communication but is also a demanding channel that creates incentives for hiring external support.