The Master´s thesis deals with the selection of appropriate forms of financing reconstruction of real estate from external sources. In particular, it deals with the analysis and comparison of bids each bank loans. The essence of the thesis is to find an optimal variant of the external financing of reconstruction of real estate, including the evaluation of the implementation of the planned investment.

Ampliando e aprofundando o conhecimento a respeito do fenômeno da Restrição Financeira em empresas brasileiras, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e aplicação de metodologia voltada a obter um medidor confiável da intensidade de restrição financeira de uma empresa, a partir de suas próprias demonstrações financeiras. A amostra utilizada abrangeu 273 empresas, de 105 diferentes setores de atuação (classificação NAICS), por um período de 23 anos (1995-2017). Depois de caracterizar a evolução do pensamento acadêmico sobre o tema nos últimos 50 anos, foi especificado e aplicado um composto metodológico estruturado em duas partes: I) Compondo a Questão Metodológica A, e visando detectar a superioridade de um de três critérios de agrupamento testados para caracterizar empresas restritas e irrestritas (tamanho, dividendos ou variável especialmente criada a partir das demonstrações financeiras), foi utilizada uma bateria de testes composta de cinco modelos econométricos básicos e algumas variantes; II) A partir do critério identificado como superior (variável especialmente criada), e compondo a Questão Metodológica B, seguiu-se a especificação e aplicação de metodologia voltada a possibilitar que esse critério pudesse produzir o efeito máximo que lhe é atribuído. Os resultados obtidos (indicando elevada significância estatística e alta magnitude econômica dos achados com o uso da citada variável de segregação) podem ser considerados um primeiro e importante passo na compreensão do fenômeno da restrição financeira atuando nas empresas brasileiras, sob uma ótica multidimensional. Com o uso da referida variável de segregação, ficou comprovada a relação negativa entre captação de recursos externos e rentabilidade (pecking order theory), mas apenas para as empresas irrestritas. As restritas, ao contrário, tendem a não abrir mão de captar recursos externos, mesmo com geração positiva de caixa. Também, procuram acumular, nos itens do ativo circulante, os excedentes resultantes de lucros, com isso sinalizando a preferência por construir folga financeira, em vez de destinar imediatamente tais recursos para investimentos. Estes últimos, por sua vez, ao serem concretizados, tendem a ser utilizados, ainda no caso das restritas, como colaterais na captação de mais recursos externos, configurando um expressivo multiplicador de crédito. Como já mencionado anteriormente, esses achados têm expressiva significância estatística e alta relevância econômica. Várias direções de desenvolvimento futuro do tema foram identificadas e explicitadas. / Expanding and deepening the knowledge about the phenomenon of Financial Constraint in Brazilian companies, this study presents the development and application of a methodology aimed at obtaining a reliable measure of the intensity of a company financial constraint, from its financial statements. The sample used included 273 companies from 105 different sectors of activity (NAICS classification) for 23 years (1995-2017). After characterizing the evolution of academic thinking on the topic over the last 50 years, a methodological compound structured in two parts was specified and applied. The first part (Methodological Question A) was aimed to detect the superiority of one of three grouping criteria tested for to characterize constrained and unconstrained companies (size, dividends or variable specially created from its financial statements). A test battery of five basic econometric models and some variants were used for that purpose. Once the best criterion was identified (specially created variable), followed the Methodological Question B, regarding the specification and application of a methodology aimed at enabling this criterion to produce the maximum possible effect. Results obtained (indicating high statistical significance and high economic magnitude of the findings with the use of this special segregation variable) can be considered as a first and significant step in understanding the phenomenon of financial constraint operating in Brazilian companies, from a multidimensional perspective. With the use of the segregation variable mentioned above, the negative relationship between external financing and cash generation (pecking order theory) was found, but only for unconstrained companies. Constrained ones, on the other hand, tend not to give up attracting external resources, even with positive cash generation. They also seek to accumulate surpluses resulting from profits in current asset items, thereby signaling a preference for financial slack, rather than immediately allocating such resources to investments. The latter, in turn, tend to be used, in the case of constrained companies, as collateral in the collection of more external resources, forming a significant credit multiplier. As previously mentioned, these findings have high statistical significance and high economic relevance. Also, the study identified several directions for the future development of the theme, as well as made them explicit.

This diploma thesis deals with the choice of a suitable form of an external financing for the selected company. Individual banking products and services are generally defined in the theoretical part. Defined banking products are then compared within the analytical part of this work. Analytical part of this work contains also some calculations. The most suitable financing method for the selected company is recommended within the last part of this work.

The Diploma Thesis deals with the problem what resources are the most optimal to be used for financing if a company wants to renovate its real estate property. The core of the work is the comparative analysis of bank loans, a real estate leasing, subsidy programmes and reserves for fixed assets renovating. The thesis focuses on finding certain outputs which represent always the best option from several possibilities of financing, either from external or internal resources.

Forskningsfrågor:   -       Vilka icke-finansiella signaler skickar små och medelstora aktiebolag genom sina förvaltningsberättelser för att få positivt bifall av externa finansiärer?  -       Hur påverkar denna signalering företagens legitimitet?   Syfte:                        Syftet med studien är att skapa en förståelse för hur små och medelstora aktiebolag signalerar icke-finansiell information för att öka sina chanser att erhålla extern finansiering. Studien kommer enbart fokusera på de signaler som bidrar positivt till bifall, det vill säga vilka sambanden är mellan icke-finansiell information som förmedlas ut och bifall av finansiärer. Syftet är också att öka kunskapen kring hur signaleringen gällande den icke-finansiella informationen kan bidra till att företag ökar sin legitimitet.            Metod:                      Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ förklarande studie. Som utgår från en deduktiv ansats. Där undersökning består av analys utav förvaltningsberättelser i små och medelstora företag.    Slutsats: Slutsatsen dras att den information som små och medelstora företag signalerar ut i sina förvaltningsberättelser till övergripande del liknar varandra. Det kan konstateras att signaler gällande miljö, arbetsklimat och arbetsmiljö är mest återkommande och tas upp av flest företag. Studien kan därför dra slutsatsen att baserat på legitimitet är det denna information som investerare kräver mest vid bifall. Ytterligare kan det fastställas att väsentliga händelser, risker samt framtid också är av stor vikt gällande det som signaleras ut. Dessa typer av icke-finansiell information är därmed också av väsentlig betydelse vid bifall från finansiärer. Slutligen kan det konstateras att den icke-finansiella informationen överlag inte är omfattande. Därmed dras slutsatsen att externa finansiärer inte kräver välutvecklad information, utan det räcker med att viktiga delar av icke-finansiell information nämns i en kortare och mer koncis text. / Research questions:  -      What non-financial signals do small and medium-sized limited companies send through their management reports to gain positive approval from external financiers? -      How does this signaling affect the legitimacy of companies?    Purpose:       The purpose of the study is to create an understanding of how small and medium-sized limited companies signal non-financial information to increase their chances of obtaining external financing. The study will only focus on the signals that contribute positively to approval, that is, what are the connections between non-financial information that is conveyed and approval by financiers. The purpose is also to increase knowledge about how  the signaling regarding the non-financial information can contribute to companies increasing their legitimacy.   Method:        The study was conducted through a qualitative explanatory study. Which is based on a deductive approach. Where research consists of analysis of management reports in small and medium-sized companies.   Conclusion:                                              The conclusion is drawn that the information that small and medium-sized companies signal out in their management reports is broadly similar. It can be stated that signals regarding the environment, working climate and working environment are the most frequent and are taken up by the most companies. The study can therefore conclude that based on legitimacy, it is this information that investors require the most in case of approval. Furthermore, it can be established that significant events, risks and the future are also of great importance regarding what is signaled. These types of non-financial information are therefore also of essential importance in the case of approval from financiers. Finally, it can be stated that the non-financial information is generally not comprehensive. The conclusion is thus drawn that external financiers do not require well-developed information, but it is enough that important parts of non-financial information are mentioned in a shorter and more concise text.

Disruptive innovation pertains to a process wherein a modest idea can grow and transform the entire landscape among established companies within the same industry. While this type of innovation has the potential to revolutionize markets and industries, it also presents challenges, particularly in securing funding. Financing disruptive companies can be a difficult endeavor as they may be challenging to comprehend and assess. Traditional financiers may not recognize the potential in these ideas and may be reluctant to risk their resources on what may appear to be uncertain ventures. Thus, the question arises whether the financing process for entrepreneurs engaging in disruptive innovation differs from that of other entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study is to observe the factors that influence disruptive entrepreneurship and how they are reflected in the financing process. Empirical findings were analyzed alongside theoretical findings. The results indicated that external financing capable of primarily providing knowledge was valued more highly than external financing that could only offer capital. / Disruptiv innovation handlar om en process där en liten idé kan växa och förändra hela spelplanen bland etablerade företag inom samma bransch. Denna typ av innovation har potentialen att revolutionera marknader och industrier. Men med disruptiv innovation kan det också uppstå utmaningar, särskilt när det gäller att hitta finansiering. Att finansiera disruptiva företag kan vara en svår uppgift eftersom de kan vara svåra att förstå och värdera. Traditionella finansiärer kanske inte inser potentialen i dessa idéer och kan vara ovilliga att riskera sina pengar på vad som kan verka vara osäkra satsningar. Det kan således ifrågasättas huruvida finansieringsprocessen för entreprenörer som ägnar sig åt disruptiv innovation skiljer sig från andra entreprenörer. Syftet i denna studie är att se vad som har en inverkan på disruptivt entreprenörskap och hur det speglas i finansieringsprocessen. Empiriska fynd analyserades med teoretiska fynd och resultatet visade att extern finansiering som kunde bidra med främst kunskap värderas högre än extern finansiering som bara kunde erbjuda kapital.

本文主要目的擬以台灣某上市司所發行海外可轉換交換債為例，探討海外可轉換交換債作為我國上市公司財務工具的可行性、作業、管理及其成本效益。海外可轉換交換債，是現代財務衍生的一項籌資工具，在台灣尚不算極普及的財務工具應用。國際企業身處在一個整合和變動的世界經濟活動中，如何利用台灣上市公司的企業利基，運用海外可轉換交換債取得國際資金和資金成本效益。本研究選擇以探討海外可轉換交換債作為我國上市公司財務工具的可行性，並且深入了解其必需具備的各項企業條件及選擇可轉換標的決策考量，探討發行海外可轉換交換債的各項法規限制及發行海外可轉換交換債的國際金融環境，以研究發行海外可轉換交換債的應用及其成本效益，了解組織財務管理及發行海外可轉換交換債的各項作業與決策管理，並透過海外可轉換交換債與其它財務工具的成本效益比較海外可轉換交換債此項財務工具的實質效益。 / The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the possibilities, operation, management and cost-effectiveness of European Exchangeable Bonds by using a Taiwanese listed company as an example. European Exchangeable Bonds is a modern financing tool that it’s still not a popular application in Taiwan. However, international corporations are in integrated and dynamic world economic activities. We’d like to discuss how to use the advantages of the Taiwanese listed company to make use of European Exchangeable Bonds to get international funds and make profit on cost of capital. The research would choose a company as instance to discuss in deep about the feasibility of European Exchangeable Bonds and the considerations of issuing European Exchangeable Bonds. We will research the restrictions of issuing process and the international financing environment and to discover the application and operation cost effectiveness of European Exchangeable Bonds, and then compare practical benefits between European Exchangeable Bonds and other financing tools.

Cette thèse étudie les conséquences macroéconomiques des afflux de capitaux et de financements extérieurs dans les pays en développement. La première partie de la thèse s’intéresse à l’effet économique des financements extérieurs, alors que les deuxième et troisième parties de la thèse analysent l’effet distributif. Après avoir mis l’accent sur les mesures et les concepts susceptibles d’influer le mouvement du taux de change (TC) (Chapitre 1), la thèse révèle un ensemble de résultats. Premièrement, les investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) et les transferts des migrants sont propices au sein de la région MENA (Middle East and North Africa), néanmoins les flux officiels, de portefeuilles et les prêts bancaires confirment le mécanisme du syndrome hollandais. La présence d’un faible risque politique ; économique et financier permettent d’atténuer l’appréciation du Taux de Change Effectif Réel (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, après avoir analysé les difficultés d’ordre méthodologique de l’étude empirique (Chapitre 3), les résultats confirment la mise en cause des hypothèses d’Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson. L’ouverture commerciale n’est pas pro-pauvre dans les pays en développement. L’absence d’un effet robuste de l’impact des afflux de financements extérieurs sur les parts de revenu appelle à une investigation profonde et nous conduit à la troisième partie de la thèse (Chapitre 4). Troisièmement, les transferts des migrants sont d’une part pro-pauvres lorsque le migrant représentatif est d’origine sociale pauvre résident dans un pays riche, de niveau d’émigration qualifiée faible et où le coût d’obtention de passeport est faible. D’autre part, les transferts des migrants sont pro-riches lorsque les coûts de transfert d’argent sont élevés, ce qui se traduit par l’exploitation des canaux informels au détriment des canaux formels (Chapitre 5). L’aide au développement est pro-riche au sein des pays démocratiques et pro-pauvres au sein des pays à niveau de revenu moyen qui sont moins dépendants à l’aide (Chapitre 6). / This thesis examines the macroeconomic consequences of capital and external financial flows in developing countries. While the first part of the thesis focuses on the economic effects of external flows, the second and third parts of the thesis analyse the distributional repercussions. Having focused on the measurement and concepts that may influence the movement of the exchange rate (ER) (Chapter 1), the thesis reveals a set of results. First, foreign direct investment (FDI) and workers remittances are favourable in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region. However, official flows; portfolio flows and border bank loans confirm the Dutch disease mechanism. The presence of institutional quality mitigates the appreciation of the real effective exchange rate (REER) (Chapter 2). Second, after analysing the methodological difficulties of the empirical study (Chapter 3), the results confirm that the assumptions of Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson do not corroborate with the real world. Trade openness is not pro-poor in developing countries. The lack of robustness of capital and external flows on income shares requires a deep analysis and lead to the third part of the thesis (Chapter 4). Third, on the one hand, remittances are pro-poor when the representative migrant is issued from a poor family, living in a rich country or in a low brain drain country and in low passport costs country. On the other hand, remittances are pro-rich when the money transfer costs are high, this reflects the use of the informal channels at the expense of formal channels (Chapter 5). Development aid is pro-rich in democratic countries and pro-poor in middle income countries (less aid dependent countries).

This Master’s thesis deals with the analysis of long-term corporate financing. Described is financing through the capital market securities – by shares and bonds as well as bank loan. The first part compares the theoretical possibilities of external financing, the second part is focused on the analyse of IPO and analysis of IPO which was realized in Czech republic by listed companies.

Cette thèse propose une analyse empirique de deux stratégies majeures du financement du développement; les annulations de dette et la mobilisation des ressources domestiques. Les trois premiers chapitres tentent d'analyser les effets des annulations de dette du début des années 2000 sur les finances publiques et les possibilités de réendettement des gouvernements bénéficiaires. Nos résultats montrent que les annulations de dette concédées via les initiatives PPTE et IADM ont permis d'améliorer significativement la composition budgétaire des gouvernements récipiendaires et de diversifier leurs sources de financement. Néanmoins, d'autres résultats mettent en lumière l'existence d'un aléa moral induit par ces initiatives, nécessitant ainsi une surveillance accrue des politiques budgétaires, notamment une fois l'annulation de dette octroyée. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre tente de revisiter la relation entre fiscalité et croissance en adoptant une approche macro-micro à l'aide de données de firmes. Notre analyse montre que la fiscalité est bénéfique à l'activité des entreprise, en particulier celles des pays à faible revenu. Par ailleurs, d'autres résultats suggèrent que cet effet est renforcé lorsque ces mêmes firmes font face à une faible corruption, réitérant ainsi la nécessité pour les pays en développement d'établir un environnement économique et politique sain. / This thesis aims at investigating empirically the effects of two financing strategies for low-income countries; debt relief and taxation. The first three chapters focus on the consequences of debt relief for public finance and new external financing. Results show that cancellations granted under the multilateral debt relief initiatives have been beneficial for recipient countries by significantly improving the composition of their budget and widening financing opportunities. However, findings also underline the risk of moral hazard stemming from these initiatives which thus calls for continuous sound fiscal management, especially after debt relief. Lastly, the fourth chapter revisits the taxation-growth nexus adopting a macro-micro approach. Using firm-level data in developing countries our findings suggest that taxation is favorable to firms' activity, especially when firms operate in poor countries characterized by a significant lack of infrastructure. Moreover, this effect of taxation seems to be maximal in the absence of corruption, hence reaffirming the need for healthy and enabling economic and political environments in developing countries.