This thesis investigates the application of ultra-high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates to strengthen damaged reinforced concrete beams and slender columns. In the first phase, two different pre-repair loading histories were simulated in seven 3000x300x150 mm reinforced concrete beams, namely cracking within the elastic range, and overloading in the plastic range. After unloading, the beams were repaired with either high- or ultra-high modulus (210 or 400 GPa) CFRP plates, or a hybrid system, and then reloaded to failure. It was shown that the level of pre-existing damage has an insignificant effect on the strengthening effectiveness and the failure mode at ultimate. The 210 and 400 GPa CFRP of reinforcement ratio ρf = 0.17% increased the ultimate strength by up to 29 and 51%, respectively, despite the 40% lower tensile strength of the 400 GPa CFRP, due to the change in failure mode from debonding to rupture. Doubling ρf of the 400 GPa CFRP to 0.34% resulted in a 63% overall gain in flexural strength, only 8% increase in ultimate strength over ρf = 0.17%, due to change in failure mode from rupture to concrete cover delamination. The beam retrofitted by hybrid CFRP showed remarkable pseudo ductility and warning signs before failure. However, a parametric study revealed a critical balance in proportioning the areas of hybrid CFRP to achieve reliable pseudo ductility. In the beam with ρf =0.34%, this was achieved using a maximum of 30% ρf of the 400 GPa CFRP. The second phase of this thesis presents an analytical model developed by modifying the provisions of the ACI 318-08 code and employing the computer software Response 2000, to predict the performance of CFRP strengthened slender reinforced concrete columns. Response 2000 is used to establish the interaction curve while the modified ACI 318-08 code is used to acquire the slender column loading path to failure including the second order effects. The model predicts that the effectiveness of the FRP strengthening system increases as the slenderness ratio and FRP reinforcement ratio increase. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-24 12:36:48.352

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Hayder A. Rasheed / Nowadays, using the technology of FRP strengthening has become acknowledged by engineers and has reached a full acceptance. However, researchers are always looking for improvement in performance. In this study, external bonding of GFRP and near surface mounting of regular steel bars are combined to improve the behavior, delay the failure and enhance the economy of the strengthening. E-Glass FRP is selected due to its inexpensive cost and non-conductive properties to shield the NSM steel bars from corrosion. On the other hand, the use of NSM bars gives redundancy against vandalism and environmental deterioration of GFRP. An experimental program was conducted in which four full scale T beams were designed and built. All four specimens were fabricated with Grade 70 steel reinforcement and 8000 psi concrete. Only one beam was loaded beyond first cracking then exposed to highly concentrated deicing salt water to accelerate the corrosion process. All beams were tested by monotonic loading until failure. The load rate was 1 kips/min. The first specimen is tested as a control beam failing at about 15 kips. The second specimen is strengthened using two #5 steel NSM bars and 1 layer of GFRP, both extending to the support. This beam failed at 38.4 kips by GFRP debonding. The third specimen is strengthened with the same system used for the second beam. However, the NSM steel bars were cut short covering only 30% of the shear-span while the GFRP was extended to the support. This beam failed at 25.9 kips by GFRP debonding and NSM delamination due to the lack of sufficient development of the NSM steel bars and the shear stress concentration at the steel bar cut off point. Nevertheless, the fourth beam is strengthened with the same system used for the third beam. The fourth specimen was exposed to severe attack of deicing salt by immersing it in concentrated deicing salt solution for three continuous months. In order to accelerate the corrosion process, the beam was loaded beyond its cracking load before the corrosion procedure. After the completion of the three months, the beam was tested monotonically to failure. It failed at 23.2 kips indicating that some deterioration might have taken place. The failure mode was by GFRP debonding and NSM delamination like the case of Beam 3.However, it was observed after failure that the NSM bars were very well protected by the surrounding epoxy.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Hayder Rasheed / The technology of FRP strengthening has matured to a great extent. However, there is always room for performance improvements. In this study, external bonding of GFRP and near surface mounting (NSM) of regular steel bars is combined to improve the behavior, delay the failure, and enhance the economy of the strengthening. E-Glass FRP is selected due to its inexpensive cost and non-conductive properties to shield the NSM steel bars from corrosion. On the other hand, the use of NSM bars gives redundancy against vandalism and environmental deterioration of the GFRP. An experimental program is conducted in which four rectangular cross-section beams are designed, built, and tested in four-point bending. The first beam is tested as a control beam failing at about 12.24 kips. The second beam is strengthened using two #5 steel NSM bars and 1 layer of GFRP, both extending to the support. This beam failed at 31.6 kips. The third beam is strengthened with the same system used for the second beam. However, the NSM steel bars were cut short covering 26% of the shear-span only while the GFRP was extended to the support. This beam failed at 30.7 kips due to reaching the full flexural capacity of the section at the NSM bars cut off point and the shear stress concentration at the steel bar cut off point. The fourth beam was strengthened with same system as the third beam but then submerged in a highly concentrated saline solution for six months and then tested. This beam failed at a maximum applied load of 29.8 kips, which shows that the GFRP sheet provided good corrosion resistance from the saline solution.

There are four prominent product graphs in graph theory: Cartesian, strong, direct, and lexicographic. Of these four product graphs, the lexicographic product graph is the least studied. Lexicographic products are not commutative but still have some interesting properties. This paper begins with basic definitions of graph theory, including the definition of a graph, that are needed to understand theorems and proofs that come later. The paper then discusses the lexicographic product of digraphs, denoted $G \circ H$, for some digraphs $G$ and $H$. The paper concludes by proving a cancellation property for the lexicographic product of digraphs $G$, $H$, $A$, and $B$: if $G \circ H \cong A \circ B$ and $|V(G)| = |V(A)|$, then $G \cong A$. It also proves additional cancellation properties for lexicographic product digraphs and the author hopes the final result will provide further insight into tournaments.

Social pressure for sustainability has become a significant factor in Australian business. Made popular by a variety of diverse social movements that employ various tactics, sustainability is increasingly being debated in boardrooms and work areas of both large and small businesses. In this research, sustainability issues are treated as a set of a wider range of obligatory and externally imposed (OEI) issues that are increasingly confronting contemporary business. Of interest to this research is how senior managers deal with sustainability issues. While some businesses excel in dealing with OEI issues, others prevaricate. This research focuses on those businesses that appear to excel in resolving sustainability issues to explore how senior managers deal with sustainability issues. Such understanding is essential for contemporary practising senior managers, as it provides guidance for management behaviour that will enable sustainability and other OEI issues to be dealt with. The author's effort to understand how senior managers deal with sustainability issues has led to the first business context application of Harré's positioning theory. A social constructionist approach, positioning theory is concerned with ordinary conversations, and presumes that these are the building blocks of all other discursive phenomena. The resulting theory builds on positioning theory and provides a point of departure to conduct related research on other organizations that excel in dealing with OEI issues and those that prevaricate. With positioning theory it has been shown that, in dealing with sustainability issues, senior managers engage in a range of positioning of themselves and others. In doing so, power and knowledge have been considered in the light of Foucault's unique and penetrating concepts. This has led to the proposed augmentation of positioning theory to include a concept of social flux, which is put forward as an indication of social order or culture. Through this development, it has shown how senior managers confront opposition and reinforce support to enable them to achieve and preserve sustainability objectives. In practical terms, senior managers alter four components of the social order to align the culture with the issues that need to be dealt with. These components - rights, duties, morals and actions - are parameters that senior managers tune or level when they deal with sustainability issues. When the social order is appropriately tuned or levelled, it is aligned with the issues that need to be dealt with. That alignment enables issues to be resolved in a way appropriate for the organization.

Masonry walls subjected to out-of-plane loading, such as in a seismic event, require reinforcement to improve the ductility of the system. In current masonry construction practice, reinforcement is placed internally and fully grouted. For new construction this can make the wall unjustifiably heavy by not taking advantage of its light, hollow structure. For existing construction, it is difficult to retrofit using this technique. Additionally, the reinforcement is located close to the neutral axis which reduces its effectiveness. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars, strips and sheets are becoming increasingly popular in construction applications due to their noncorrosive nature and ease of installation. Also, stainless steel bars are used where the structure is exposed to a corrosive environment but have not found wider application for masonry structures. This study is an experimental investigation of the structural performance of masonry walls reinforced with Near-Surface-Mounted (NSM) FRP and stainless steel reinforcement under out-of-plane bending. Additionally, walls with Externally Bonded (EB) FRP sheets were tested. The study simulates retrofitting applications and also proposes the NSM technique for new wall construction, using pre-grooved blocks, in lieu of the conventional method of internal reinforcing and grouting. To accommodate the NSM reinforcement, the grooves in the masonry blocks were aligned with ducts used to anchor the NSM reinforcement in the concrete footing. Seven wall specimens were tested, including walls reinforced with conventional and stainless steel bars, glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP), and carbon-FRP (CFRP) reinforcement. The study demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the NSM technique for new construction. Walls with NSM reinforcement showed a superior performance to those with EB reinforcement. It was shown that increasing the FRP reinforcement ratio may result in a change of failure mode, and as such, the increase in strength may not be proportional to the increase in reinforcement ratio. NSM steel-reinforced walls showed a superior performance in terms of strength, stiffness and the ductility associated with the formation of a plastic hinge at the base. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-05-31 06:24:20.976

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Cette thèse a cherché à évaluer et à comprendre les répercussions des maltraitances physiques et psychiques sur le développement des enfants qui en sont victimes. Il s’agit ici de repérer l’influence des représentations de la mère concernant l’enfant qui ont conduit aux actes maltraitants. Le but de l’étude était de repérer la place de l’enfant dans les enjeux psychiques maternels avec l’hypothèse de la mise en acte d’un fantasme d’infanticide à l’œuvre. Dans une approche culturelle, il a été question d’élargir la notion de maltraitance au-delà des syndromes communs notamment les enfants singuliers. L’étude a visé à comprendre les modalités d’expression de l’enfant de moins de 3 ans à travers les comportements d’externalisation et d’internalisation. 15 enfants de 6 mois à 3 ans et leur mère ont été recrutés. Différentes méthodes ont été utilisées, l’échelle de Brunet-Lézine-Révisé et la Malette Projective Petite Enfance, l’observation et l’entretien clinique à visée de recherche. Les résultats ont fait ressortir la mise en acte de fantasme chez les 12 mères sous différentes formes à travers le vécu de la grossesse, de l’accouchement, du maternage etc. et les effets des maltraitances qui entravent le développement de ces enfants. / The goal of this research is to evaluate and understand the repercussions of physical and psychological abuse on the development of children who are victims. The focal point is to identify the mental appraisal the mother has of the child and how it inherently drives her to mistreat the child. The aim of the study was to ascertain the child’s place in the mother’s mental thoughts with the assumption of the portrayal of an infanticide fantasy at work. Culturally, it was pertinent to broaden the notion of abuse way beyond the common syndromes especially associated with children that act bizarre. The study aimed to understand the modalities of expression of the child below the age of three through behaviors externally and internally expressed. Fifteen children from 6 months to 3 years of age and their mothers were selected for this study. Different methods were used such as, the revised version of the Brunet-Lézine scale, the "Malette projective Petite enfance " test, observation and clinical research interviews. The results highlighted the act of fantasy in the 12 mothers in different forms. Right from the experience of pregnancy, to childbirth, to nursing the child, etc. and the effects of abuse that hinder the development of these children.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Externally visible characteristics (EVCs) predicted from an unknown sample of DNA are particularly useful in forensics as they can provide information beyond that of an STR profile. Current EVCs which are highly studied and well-predicted include iris, hair, and skin color. Notably, models predicting iris color, such as IrisPlex, are the most accurate with up to ~95% accuracy; however, some inaccurate predictions occur, as is evidenced by the ~5%. Often, these are due to green or hazel eyes, which are frequently viewed as intermediate. Though, some of the inaccurate predictions are due to true-blue being predicted as brown and vice versa. Previous research has theorized the possibility of two SNPs, rs12913832 and rs1800407, acting as a functional haplotype affecting iris color. rs12913832 is recognized as the most predictive SNP for iris color and highly significant in other pigmentation phenotypes; presently, rs1800407 is the second-ranked SNP in the IrisPlex 6-SNP system. Both SNPs are highly variable in Europe, where the majority of variation in iris color originates. In the present study, we explore the SNP variation present in the genetic regions of OCA2-HERC2 as well as possible haplotypes. Our research centers around the functional haplotype and the addition of SNPs to the functional haplotype. In addition, three different ways of classifying the phenotype are assessed simultaneously. First, using a 4-point categorical phenotype—blue/blue grey, blue/green yellow, hazel/light brown, and dark brown. Second, calculating a continuous scale from a quantitative phenotype in which the percentage of each categorical color has been measured. Third, using the IrisPlex 6-SNP system to predict eye color and identify individuals which have been inaccurately predicted. Exploration of the SNP and haplotype variation resulted in two SNPs for both the categorical and quantitative phenotypes which were significantly correlated with hazel/light brown—rs1448484 and rs61335644, both as independent SNPs and when assessed in a haplotype with rs1800407-rs12913832. SNP rs1448484 has been associated with skin pigmentation previously and is located in a possible transcription factor binding site. SNP rs61335644 is not presently associated with pigmentation but is in complete LD with two SNPs in and around regulatory regions present in HERC2. Finally, the addition of rs1448484 and rs61335644 into the current IrisPlex 6-SNP system slightly improved each of the tested performance metrics for hazel/light brown and dark brown. Within the inaccurately predicted phenotypes, rs1800407 is confirmed to affect both inaccurately predicted groups and is the most significant SNP. Additionally, rs121918166, a missense variant in OCA2, is the second most significant SNP in true blue predicted as brown. Both SNPs were also the two most significant haplotypes with at least one allele being derived. Therefore, the next steps should include the addition of the functional haplotype and rs121918166 into the current IrisPlex model, and further testing of rs1448484 and rs61335644 on a molecular level. Consequently, the current IrisPlex model should also be reassessed on an independent test set using the 4-point categorical scale rather than the present 3-point scale.

Segmented traveling wave electro-absorption modulators (TWEAMs) can provide a modulation speed above 100 Gb/s, which is needed in new optical communication networks. In the EU-project TWILIGHT, KTH continues the design work of TWEAMs in the EU-projects IPHOBAC and HECTO with the aim to design a new optical modulator to be integrated with an electronic layer. The structure of the modulator has to be changed in order to make it compatible with the integration technology that will be used in the project. Like in previous projects, the PSPICE software is an important tool for the design work. The past studies left a large amount of different models and test data. This thesis has been focused on studying these models and data to see if they can help the future work in the project. This includes the comparison of the geometrical dimensions, the microwave properties, and the simulation results with the fabricated modulators in the past projects. The electrical parameters are also critical for the design work, especially the capacitance which determines the impedance of the modulator. Since the TWILIGHT project needs a new design of the modulator, the calculation of these parameters will change. This thesis contains a study how this can be done and discusses the parameters for the new TWEAM design. / Segmenterade elektroabsorptionsmodulatorer för vandrande vågor (TWEAMs) kan ge moduleringshastigheter över 100 Gb/s, vilket behövs i nya optiska kommunikationsnätverk. I EU-projektet TWILIGHT fortsätter KTH designarbetet av TWEAMs i EU-projektet IPHOBAC och HECTO med syfte att designa en ny optisk modulator som ska integreras med ett elektronik-lager. Modulatorns struktur måste ändras för att den ska bli kompatibel med integrationstekniken som ska användas i projektet. Precis som i tidigare projekt är PSPICE-mjukvaran ett viktigt verktyg för designarbetet. Den tidigare studierna lämnade en stor mängd olika modeller och testdata. Detta examensarbete har fokuserat på att studera dessa modeller och data för att se om de kan hjälpa det framtida arbetet i projektet. Detta inkluderar jämförelsen av de geometriska dimensionerna, mikrovågsegenskaperna och simuleringsresultaten med de tillverkade modulatorerna i tidigare projekt. De elektriska parametrarna är också kritiska för konstruktionsarbetet, speciellt kapacitansen som bestämmer modulatorns impedans. Eftersom TWILIGHT-projektet har en ny design för modulatorn, ändras beräkningen av dessa parametrar. Detta examensarbete innehåller en studie hur detta kan göras och diskuterar parametrarna för den nya TWEAM-designen.