<p>The purpose of this thesis is twofold and motivated by recent developments in string theory and extra dimensional models. The first objective is to describe the development and progress in the codimension-2 brane paradigm as a potential cosmological scenario. Secondly, it presents the Antide Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) conjecture, also known as holography, as a tool for calculating physical quantities in condensed matter system and goes on to model the quantum Hall effect. We first describe the initial development of treating back-reaction in codimension-2 branes systems with a scalar and gauge field. The purpose of this is to examine the low-energy effective dynamics on the brane. Furthermore, applications are then explored for D7-branes in F-theory as well as D3-branes in large extra dimensional scenarios explored as a model for the cosmological constant problem. The result of this work is that the higher and lower dimensional scenarios are consistent with each other once brane back-reaction is considered in these models. This work led to a number of future works one of which is in relation to the cosmological constant problem. While the subsequent work is beyond the scope of this thesis, we present a picture and further references for the reader. The larger, later, portion of this thesis introduces the concept of holography, its origins, and the applicability to condensed matter systems. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability in particular to the quantum Hall effect (QHE) and present a model in the holographic language that correctly reproduces some of the physics of the QHE. This includes a paper in which we introduce the model, along with demonstration of symmetry properties and conductivity calculations, as well as a paper which examines the finite size scaling behaviour of the model. As a benefit to the reader, we present a `starter edition guide' to the AdS/CFT dictionary preceding these papers for non-experts such that this thesis is self-contained. The upshot is that these avenues of work, in particular quantum Hall-ography, have been very successful in modeling physics using tools originally developed by string theory. As such, it provides support for string theory as a model and framework, as well as providing more opportunities for future predictions of physical quantities.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

O Modelo Padrão (MP) da física de partículas fornece uma descrição extremamente bem sucedida de todos os dados experimentais atuais. No entanto, temos razões para esperar que ele não seja válido até escalas de energia arbitrariamente altas. No MP a massa do bóson de Higgs é quadraticamente sensível a correções radiativas, sofrendo de grandes problemas de ajuste fino. Isso gera o chamado problema da hierarquia de gauge, cuja solução natural requer nova física na escala TeV. O MP também não fornece nenhuma explicação para a grande hierarquia de massas e ângulos de mistura dos férmions. Os problemas de hierarquia podem ser resolvidos naturalmente em teorias com uma dimensão extra curva. No entanto, a sua versão mais simples viola sabor a nível árvore, em conflito com os dados. Nesta tese investigaremos modelos quadridimensionais que descrevem a física na escala TeV obtidos da discretização de teorias em cinco dimensões no espaço AdS5, segundo o procedimento de desconstrução dimensional. As hierarquias de gauge e das massas dos férmions são geradas naturalmente como no modelo extra-dimensional, satisfazendo ainda os vínculos de sabor e de precisão eletrofraca. Estudaremos também um modelo desconstruído em que o Higgs é um pseudo bóson de Nambu-Goldstone, a fim de obter um Higgs naturalmente leve e dinamicamente localizado / The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics provides an extremely successful description of all current experimental data. However, we have reasons to expect that it cannot be valid up to arbitrarily high energy scales. In the SM the Higgs boson mass is quadratically sensitive to radiative corrections and, hence, suffers from a severe fine-tunning problem. This creates the so-called gauge hierarchy problem, the natural solution of which requires new physics at the TeV scale. The SM also doesnt provide any explanation for the large hierarchy of fermion masses and mixing angles. The hierarchy problems can be naturally solved in theories with a warped extra dimension. However, their simplest version violates flavor at tree level, conflicting with experimental data. In this thesis we investigate four dimensional models that describe physics at the TeV scale obtained from a coarse discretization of five dimensional theories in AdS5 space, by the dimensional deconstruction procedure. The gauge as well as the fermion mass hierarchies are naturally generated in the same manner as in the extra-dimensional model, while also satisfying bonds from flavor physics and precision electroweak data. We also study a deconstructed model in which the Higgs is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson, with the motivation of obtaining a naturally light and localized Higgs.

O Modelo Padrão (MP) da física de partículas fornece uma descrição extremamente bem sucedida de todos os dados experimentais atuais. No entanto, temos razões para esperar que ele não seja válido até escalas de energia arbitrariamente altas. No MP a massa do bóson de Higgs é quadraticamente sensível a correções radiativas, sofrendo de grandes problemas de ajuste fino. Isso gera o chamado problema da hierarquia de gauge, cuja solução natural requer nova física na escala TeV. O MP também não fornece nenhuma explicação para a grande hierarquia de massas e ângulos de mistura dos férmions. Os problemas de hierarquia podem ser resolvidos naturalmente em teorias com uma dimensão extra curva. No entanto, a sua versão mais simples viola sabor a nível árvore, em conflito com os dados. Nesta tese investigaremos modelos quadridimensionais que descrevem a física na escala TeV obtidos da discretização de teorias em cinco dimensões no espaço AdS5, segundo o procedimento de desconstrução dimensional. As hierarquias de gauge e das massas dos férmions são geradas naturalmente como no modelo extra-dimensional, satisfazendo ainda os vínculos de sabor e de precisão eletrofraca. Estudaremos também um modelo desconstruído em que o Higgs é um pseudo bóson de Nambu-Goldstone, a fim de obter um Higgs naturalmente leve e dinamicamente localizado / The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics provides an extremely successful description of all current experimental data. However, we have reasons to expect that it cannot be valid up to arbitrarily high energy scales. In the SM the Higgs boson mass is quadratically sensitive to radiative corrections and, hence, suffers from a severe fine-tunning problem. This creates the so-called gauge hierarchy problem, the natural solution of which requires new physics at the TeV scale. The SM also doesnt provide any explanation for the large hierarchy of fermion masses and mixing angles. The hierarchy problems can be naturally solved in theories with a warped extra dimension. However, their simplest version violates flavor at tree level, conflicting with experimental data. In this thesis we investigate four dimensional models that describe physics at the TeV scale obtained from a coarse discretization of five dimensional theories in AdS5 space, by the dimensional deconstruction procedure. The gauge as well as the fermion mass hierarchies are naturally generated in the same manner as in the extra-dimensional model, while also satisfying bonds from flavor physics and precision electroweak data. We also study a deconstructed model in which the Higgs is a pseudo Nambu-Goldstone boson, with the motivation of obtaining a naturally light and localized Higgs.

In this bachelor's thesis the concept of microscopical black hole production at colliders is investigated. By using extra dimensional models where the value of the Planck mass can be reduced to the TeV scale, gravity can be made stronger at small distances and the Hierarchy problem can be solved. Since gravity is much stronger already at the TeV-scale, there is a possibility that microscopical black holes are produced at the LHC. In this thesis the possibility to produce Quantum Black Holes, black holes with masses around the Planck mass, is implemented in the event generator PYTHIA. Events where the Quantum Black Holes decay into two particles are simulated and studied. A main contribution is successful colour connections between the final states. Something to solve in future simulations is how to give the black holes a spectrum of masses.

<p>In this thesis, two applications of dimensional deconstruction are studied. The first application is a model for neutrino oscillations in the presence of a large decon- structed extra dimension. In the second application, Kaluza{Klein dark matter from a latticized universal extra dimension is studied. The goal of these projects have been twofold. First, to see whether it is possible to reproduce the relevant features of the higher-dimensional continuum theory, and second, to examine the effect of the latticization in experiments. In addition, an introduction to the the- ory of dimensional deconstruction as well as to the theory of continuous extra dimensions is given. Furthermore, the various higher-dimensional models, such as Arkani-Hamed{Dvali{Dimopolous (ADD) models and models with universal extra dimensions, that have been intensively studied in recent years, are discussed.</p>

Dans cette thèse, je présente mes travaux de recherche réalisés avec les données de collision proton-proton enregistrées par le détecteur ATLAS. Les événements étudiés possèdent un état final avec au moins deux photons et une grande masse invariante du système diphoton. Le lot de données enregistré pendant l'année 2011 dans des collisions avec une énergie de 7 TeV dans le centre de masse proton-proton correspond à une luminosité intégrée d'environ 5 fb-1. Ces données ont été comparées aux prédictions du Modèle Standard de la Physique des Particules. En l'absence de différences significatives, des contraintes ont été imposées sur les paramètres de modèles prévoyant l'existence de dimensions supplémentaires. A titre d'exemple, le premier graviton de Kaluza-Klein du modèle de Randall-Sundrum a été contraint d'être plus massif que 2.23 TeV, améliorant d'environ 1 TeV la contrainte du Tevatron. Les résultats obtenus ont fait l'objet d'une publication de la part de la collaboration ATLAS. En 2012, le LHC a réalisé des collisions proton-proton avec une énergie dans le centre de masse de 8 TeV. En outre, la luminosité intégrée a été environ quatre fois supérieure qu'en 2011. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus avec ce lot de données sont présentés dans ce document. La revue interne de ces résultats au sein de la collaboration ATLAS est en cours en vue d'une publication en 2013. La détection et la caractérisation des électrons et des photons reposent essentiellement sur le calorimètre à argon liquide du détecteur ATLAS. La procédure qui permet d'évaluer la qualité des mesures de ces particules a été mise en place au début de la prise de données. Ma contribution à son élaboration est décrite dans ce document. / In this thesis, I describe my research based on proton-proton collision data collected by the ATLAS detector. The study uses events with at least two photons in the final state and a large invariant mass of the diphoton system. A dataset of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of approximately 5 fb-1 has been recorded in 2011. This sample has been compared to the predictions of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. Given the good agreement of the data with these predictions, limits have been set on the parameters of models that postulate extra spatial dimensions. As an example, the lightest Kaluza-Klein graviton in the Randall-Sundrum model has been constrained to be more massive than 2.23 TeV, superseding the Tevatron limits by approximately 1 TeV. These results have been published by the ATLAS collaboration. In 2012, the LHC has delivered proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The corresponding integrated luminosity is four times larger than that of the 2011 dataset. Preliminary results based on this dataset are presented in this document. The ATLAS-internal review of these results is ongoing, and a publication is targeted for 2013. The detection and the characterization of electrons and photons are mainly based on the liquid argon calorimeter of the ATLAS detector. A procedure to assess the quality of the measurements of these particles has been established at the beginning of the data taking. My contributions to its development are described in this document.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2241811 bytes, checksum: d494ba9e01bd7d249facca38063cf6ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Theories of extra dimensions have been extensively studied in recent years with the original intention of solving the hierarchy problem. Among the models of extra dimensions we can mention the braneworld models, more precisely, the Randall-Sundrum model, which considers our universe as a brane embedded in an ambient space with an extra dimension of infinite size. The fundamental aspect of the brane models is that matter and fields are confined in a hypersurface and only gravity has access to all dimensions. Thus, observational tests involving gravity may provide a way of verifying the existence of extra dimensions. With this idea in mind, in this work, we find black hole solutions in a regularized version of a RSII type brane and then we consider two classical tests of general relativity to these solutions. We studied the in uence of transversal movement in the four-dimensional path of the particles. We note that the de ection of light and the time delay, in this scenario, depend on the energy ( frequency ) of the light signal and can, therefore, give rise to the phenomenon of gravitational rainbow. We also discuss a model of thick branes known as the split fermion model. In this model electrons and protons are located on di¤erent hypersurfaces of the brane. We found that, in the presence of a gravitational eld generated by a massive body, these particles will experience di¤erent four-dimensional geometries. This violation of the equivalence principle, from the viewpoint of four-dimensional observers, produces interesting phenomena as, for instance, the gravitational induction of an electric dipole in a hydrogen atom. We veri ed that the Hamiltonian that describes this e¤ect has the same form of the Stark Hamiltonian, i.e., H = ~A ~r, where the tidal acceleration ~A(due to the separation of electron and proton in the extra dimension) substitutes the electric eld and the reduced mass atom replaces the electric charge. / Teorias de dimensões extras têm sido amplamente estudadas nos últimos anos, com o intuito original de resolver o problema da hierarquia. Entre os modelos de dimensões extras podemos citar o modelo de branas Randal-Sundrum, que trata o nosso universo como uma brana imersa em um espaço ambiente com uma dimensão extra de comprimento infinito. O aspecto fundamental do cenário de branas é que a matéria e os campos estão confinados em uma hipersuperfície e, apenas, a gravidade tem acesso a todas as dimensões. Sendo assim, testes observacionais envolvendo a gravitação podem oferecer meios de se verificar a existência das dimensões extras. Com esta ideia em mente, neste trabalho, encontramos soluções de buracos negros em uma versão regularizada de uma brana (ou seja, com espessura) do tipo RSII e aplicamos, então, dois testes clássicos da relatividade geral para estas soluções de buracos negros, estudando a influência do movimento transversal nas trajetórias quadrimensionais das partículas. Constatamos que o desvio da luz e o atraso temporal, neste cenário, passam a depender da energia (frequência) do sinal luminoso, podendo, portanto, dar origem ao fenômeno de arco-íris gravitacional. Discutimos também um modelo de branas com espessura, conhecido como modelo de separação de férmions, formulado com o propósito de explicar a estabilidade do próton sem recorrer a algum tipo de simetria. Neste modelo, elétrons e prótons estão localizados em diferentes hipersuperfícies da brana. Verificamos que na presença de um campo gravitacional gerado por um corpo massivo, estas partículas irão sentir diferentes geometrias quadrimensionais. Esta aparente violação do princípio da equivalência, do ponto de vista de observadores quadrimensionais, produz interessantes fenômenos como, por exemplo, a indução, pela gravidade, de um dipolo elétrico em um átomo de Hidrogênio. Verificamos que a Hamiltoniana que descreve este efeito tem a mesma forma da Hamiltoniana de Stark, ou seja, H = ~A ~r, onde a aceleração de maré ~A (devido à separação de elétron e próton na dimensão extra) está no lugar do campo elétrico e a massa reduzida do átomo substitui a carga elétrica.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work is analysed how is the behavior of the complex scalar field in the Randall- Sundrum RS scenery. The RS model is a model of extra dimension, that solves satisfactorily the problem of the Higgs hierarchy. The problem is related to the big discrepancy between the gravitational and eletroweak scales of mass. The obtained results are based in a not factorable geometry of the Anti-de-Sitter type. We will do a review about general relativity and spacetime anti-de-sitter. We will see the construction of the models RS-I and RS-II, as well how the calculus of conections, through the Christoffel symbol, Ricci tensor, Ricci scalar and Einsteins tensor. Finally, we study the localization of the charge and current of the complex field in a brane. / Nesse trabalho à analisado como se comporta o campo escalar complexo em um cenÃrio de Randall-Sundrum (RS). O modelo RS à um modelo de dimensÃes extras, que resolve de maneira satisfatÃria o problema da hierarquia de Higgs. Esse problema diz respeito à grande discrepÃncia entre Ãs escalas de massa gravitacional e eletrofraca. Os resultados obtidos sÃo fundamentados em uma geometria nÃo-fatorizÃvel do tipo Anti-de-Sitter. Serà feita uma revisÃo sobre Relatividade Geral e EspaÃo-tempo Anti-de-Sitter. Serà visto a construÃÃo dos Modelos de RS-I e RS-II, bem como o cÃlculo das conexÃes, atravÃs do sÃmbolo de Christoffel, tensor de Ricci, escalar de Ricci e tensor de Einstein. Por fim, estudamos a localizaÃÃo da carga e da corrente do campo complexo na brana.

Orientador: Patricio Anibal Letelier Sotomayor / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T18:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coimbra-Araujo_CarlosHenrique_D.pdf: 1401888 bytes, checksum: ea7cff271a9dd2f1aba347507e316ac1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentada uma nova abordagem teórica e semifenomenológica acerca do que dimensões extras poderiam representar na explicação do que é a matéria escura. Aqui mostra-se que a gravitação baseada numa ação de Einstein-Hilbert para espaços-tempo com dimensão acima de quatro, produz um termo de força extra nas equações de movimento de um sistema de partículas teste, o que pode ser aplicado ao problema do campo gerado por alguma estrutura autogravitante, como clusters esféricos ou discos, por exemplo. Tal resultado é explorado no cálculo de configurações que possam mimetizar uma galáxia real. As configurações calculadas são o disco fino - a partir do método de imagens - e também a distribuição isotrópica de Miyamoto-Nagai - que reproduz o comportamento idealizado de uma galáxia espiral graças à estratificação de matéria num bojo central mais um disco galático. Para tais configurações são calculadas as curvas de rotação bem como a sua estabilidade, perfis de densidade e pressão, e mostra-se que no domínio onde as curvas são estáveis há a possibilidade de se reproduzir os resultados observacionais usualmente relacionados à incidência de um halo escuro. Nos modelos apresentados, no entanto, não há inclusão de matéria escura. O cálculo de lentes gravitacionais para clusters esféricos também é desenvolvido, indicando que as dimensões extras promovem desvios capazes de explicar as anomalias nas observações astronômicas de aglomerados de galáxias. Os resultados são amplamente discutidos e algumas comparações fenomenológicas são feitas. Dos resultados em estruturas autogravitantes, conclui-se que a presença de dimensões extras (sem matéria escura) é equivalente ao procedimento usual de se adicionar matéria escura às configurações calculadas, o que poderia levar à interpretação de que a matéria escura é apenas o produto de um desconhecimento acerca da natureza do espaço-tempo / Abstract: In the present work it is showed a new theoretical and semiphenomenological approach concerning what extra dimensions could represent to explain the nature of dark matter. Here the gravitation based on an multidimensional Einstein-Hilbert action reveals that an extra force term appears in the equations of motion for a system of test particles, that can be applied for the problem of the field produced by a self gravitating structure, as for instaure spherical clusters or disks. Such results are explored in the calculation of configurations that mimic real galaxies. The computed configurations are the thin disk - from the inverse method - and also the isotropic distribution of Miyamoto-Nagai - that reproduces the idealized behavior of a disk galaxy thanks to the stratification of matter in a central bulge plus a disk. The rotation curves, the stability, density and pressure profiles are calculated. In the domain where the curves are stable it is possible to reproduce observational results usually related to a dark halo. In present models, however, there is no inclusion of dark matter. It is also presented the calculation for gravitationallensing of spherical clusters, indicating that extra dimensions promote deviations capable to explain anomalies in the astronomical observation of many galaxy clusters. The results are widely discussed and some phenomenological comparisons are made. From results for self gravitating objects, one concludes that the presence of extra dimensions (without dark matter) is equivalent to the effect due to addition of dark matter in the calculated configurations. This could lead to the interpretation where dark matter concerns to an unfamiliarity related to the real structure of spacetime / Doutorado / Relatividade e Gravitação / Doutor em Física

Grâce à l’exploitation du Large Hadron Collider, débutée en 2010, le monde de la physique des particules espère enfin avoir une compréhension plus précise du mécanisme de brisure de la symétrie électrofaible et résoudre certaines questions expérimentales et théoriques que soulèvent encore le modèle standard. S’inscrivant dans cette effervescence scientifique, nous allons présenter dans ce manuscrit une paramétrisation largement indépendante des modèles afin de caractériser les effets d’une éventuelle nouvelle physique sur les mécanismes de production et de désintégration du bosons de Higgs. Ce nouvel outil pourra aisément être utilisé dans les analyses des grandes expériences généralistes comme CMS et ATLAS afin de valider ou d’exclure de manière significative certaines théories au delà du modèle standard. Ensuite, dans une approche différente, fondée sur la construction de modèles, nous avons considéré un scenario où les champs du modèle standard peuvent se propager dans un espace plat possédant six dimensions. Les nouvelles directions spatiales supplémentaires sont compactifiées sur un Plan Projectif Réel. Cet orbifold original est l’unique géométrie à six dimensions qui présente des fermions chiraux et un candidat de matière noire dit naturel. Le photon scalaire, particule la plus légère du premier mode de Kaluza-Klein, est en effet stabilisé par une symétrie résiduelle de l’invariance de Lorentz à six dimensions. En utilisant les contraintes actuelles fournies par les observations cosmologiques, nous avons déterminé l’ordre de grandeur de la masse de cette particule aux alentours d’une centaine de GeV. De ce fait les nouveaux états présents dans cette théorie sont suffisamment légers pour produire des signatures claires et observables au Large Hadron Collider. Avec une étude plus poussée du spectre de masses et des couplages du modèle, incluant les corrections radiatives à une boucle, nous avons pu ainsi donner les premières prédictions et contraintes sur la phénoménologie attendue au Large Hadron Collider. / With the start of the Large Hadron Collider runs, in 2010, particle physicists will be soon able to have a better understanding of the electroweak symmetry breaking. They might also answer to many experimental and theoretical open questions raised by the Standard Model. Surfing on this really favorable situation, we will first present in this thesis a highly modelindependent parametrization in order to characterize the new physics effects on mechanisms of production and decay of the Higgs boson. This original tool will be easily and directly usable in data analysis of CMS and ATLAS, the huge generalist experiments of LHC. It will help indeed to exclude or validate significantly some new theories beyond the Standard Model. In another approach, based on model-building, we considered a scenario of new physics, where the Standard Model fields can propagate in a flat six-dimensional space. The new spatial extra-dimensions will be compactified on a Real Projective Plane. This orbifold is the unique six-dimensional geometry which possesses chiral fermions and a natural Dark Matter candidate. The scalar photon, which is the lightest particle of the first Kaluza-Klein tier, is stabilized by a symmetry relic of the six dimension Lorentz invariance. Using the current constraints from cosmological observations and our first analytical calculation, we derived a characteristic massrange around few hundred GeV for the Kaluza-Klein scalar photon. Therefore the new states of our Universal Extra-Dimension model are light enough to be produced through clear signatures at the Large Hadron Collider. So we used a more sophisticated analysis of particle mass spectrum and couplings, including radiative corrections at one-loop, in order to establish our first predictions and constraints on the expected LHC phenomenology