No description available.

No / Wound pain, odour and exudate have a major impact on patient quality of life. Understanding the management of these core components of wound healing is essential if patient outcomes are to be optimised. This paper discusses the role and types of exudate, the impact of high viscosity exudate on management and what to consider when selecting an appropriate dressing with the aim of restoring a satisfactory moist wound environment for healing.

No description available.

Två huvudsakliga metodprinciper används inom cytologi för diagnostisering av cellförändringar, nämligen konventionell och vätskebaserad metod. De kan båda appliceras på såväl gynekologiska som icke-gynekologiska prover, där den senare bland annat omfattar olika sorters exsudat. Syftet med den här studien var att utveckla metoden för den vätskebaserade metoden så att etanolfixerade exsudat kunde prepareras och även påvisa bättre resultat än då de preparerats med konventionell metod. För att göra detta har 61 unika prover kategoriserade som exsudat preparerats totalt, varav 61 med konventionell metod, 54 med vätskebaserad metod och 22 med vätskebaserad metod med tillsats av ättiksyra. De färdiga glasen bedömdes sedan i mikroskop och gavs scorevärden utifrån fyra parametrar: mängden celler exklusive inflammatoriska celler; bedömbarheten av cellmorfologin; mängden inflammatorisk komponent samt mängden bakgrundsmaterial. Resultaten visade ingen förbättring mellan de glas som preparerats med konventionell eller vätskebaserad metod. Däremot visade resultaten för de ättiksyrabehandlade proverna på förbättrade scorevärden jämfört med de andra metoderna. Som slutsats drogs att vätskebaserad metod med tillsats av ättiksyra uppnår syftet eftersom det reducerar mängden bakgrundsmaterial, förekomst av ring på objektglasen samt vidhåller en god cellmorfologi, vilket gör proverna lättare att diagnostisera för cytodiagnostikerna. / Two main principles is used within cytology in order to diagnose cytological abnormalities; conventional and liquid-based cytology. Both methods can be applied on both gynaecological and non-gynaecological samples of which the later includes samples categorized as exudate. The aim of this study was to develop the method for liquid-based cytology so that exudate fixated with ethanol could be prepared and also achieve better results compared to conventional method. In order to do so, 61 unique samples were prepared of which 61 with conventional method, 54 with liquid-based method and 22 with liquid-based method with added acetic acid. The slides was then examined in microscope and was given score values within four parameters: amount of cells; cell morphology; amount of inflammatory component and amount of background. The results indicated no difference between the slides prepared with conventional or liquid-based method. However, the slides prepared with addition of acetic acid indicated more opportunistic score values when compared. The conclusion was that liquid-based method with the addition of acetic acid did satisfy the aim of this study as it reduces the amount of background, reduces “ring formation” on the slides and preserve the cells morphology well, which makes the samples easier to diagnose.

O eucalipto é um gênero amplamente cultivado no Brasil desde o início do século XX. É utilizado principalmente na produção de carvão e polpa, apesar da aptidão para produção de toras para serraria. Para as espécies cultivadas no Brasil, as técnicas de manejo para serraria foram pouco desenvolvidas e delas depende a introdução efetiva da madeira serrada de eucalipto no mercado. O presente estudo objetivou identificar as variáveis do manejo florestal do Eucalyptus urophylla que determinam, física e temporalmente, a formação de madeira limpa (clear) em árvores manejadas para serraria. O experimento foi implantado em julho de 2013 na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga (E.E.C.F.I/ESALQ/USP) e consistiu de 4 espaçamentos, sendo eles (3 x 1), (3 x 2), (3 x 3) e (6 x 1,5) m. Realizou-se o primeiro inventário em janeiro de 2015, aos 18 meses de idade, com medições de atributos das árvores e dos galhos. As parcelas foram subdivididas pela metade e, também em janeiro de 2015, aplicou-se a desrama artificial (poda) até os 2,5 m do tronco em uma de cada par de subparcelas. Daí em diante foram realizadas medições de cicatrizes e incremento secundário (dendrômetros) tomadas periodicamente até fevereiro de 2016, aos 31 meses de idade. Em junho de 2015 foi feita a primeira amostragem destrutiva de toras para medição de espessura da casca e em fevereiro de 2016 uma segunda leva de toras foi amostrada e submetida a análise em laboratório. Esta amostragem não incluiu o tratamento sem poda devido à ausência de desrama natural. Toretes foram gradualmente processados em torno mecânico para observação em plano tangencial da madeira formada após a desrama artificial. Nesta etapa também mediu-se a espessura da zona de oclusão e de madeira clear. A zona de oclusão é essencialmente composta pelo exsudado secretado para proteção periférica da cicatriz na casca. A área calculada do anel de oclusão está altamente correlacionada à área do anel da casca. Portanto, a espessura da casca determina a espessura do anel de oclusão e a formação de clear se inicia quando o xilema secundário sobrepõe o ponto mais externo no plano tangencial marcado pelo exsudado. / Eucalyptus is a genus widely grown in Brazil since the beginning of the 20th century, traditionally used to produce fuel and pulp despite its potential for sawlog production. The silvicultural techniques developed for eucalyptus short rotation woody crops in Brazil have neglected essential traits for high quality sawlog production, without which eucalyptus solid wood is not marketable. The aim of the present study was to identify the variables in silvicultural management of Eucalyptus urophylla limiting, physical and temporally, clear wood formation. The experiment was established in July 2013 at the Itatinga Experimental Station, College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil, consisting of spacing trials of (3 x 1), (3 x 2), (3 x 3) e (6 x 1,5) m. Measurements o trees and branches attributes were first taken in January 2015, when trees were 18 months old. The plots were split in half (subdivided) and one of the subplots was addressed for a pruning trial in which all live and dead branches were removed to 2,5 m, also in January 2015From then on, wound occlusion and secondary growth (band dendrometers) were periodically measured until February 2016, when the trees were 31 months old. Destructive samplings were firstly carried out in June 2015, for bark thickness determination, and secondly in February 2016. The latter did not include unpruned subplots, once the trees had not yet shed the branches. Logs were debarked and processed in mechanical lathe while measurements of clear wood and occlusion zone were taken in the tangential plane. High correlation between occlusion zone ring area and bark ring area has been found. The occlusion zone of Eucalyptus urophylla is mainly composed by the exudate released by trees during the bark wound closure process. Therefore, the bark thickness establishes the occlusion ring thickness and clear wood formation starts after the secondary xylem overlaps the most external point in the tangential plane marked by the exudate.

Wheat bulb fly (WBF) (Delia coarctata, Fallén, Diptera: Anthomyiidae) is a pest of commercial importance in cereal crops. Control is dependent on organophosphates some of which are restricted in the UK, while current oviposition monitoring techniques are labour intensive and subjective. Eggs are not laid in association with a host-plant, therefore, prompt location of a suitable host is critical to the survival of the newly hatched larvae. Wheat bulb fly larvae have been shown to exhibit a positive chemotactic response to wheat and other host-plant seedlings and their root exudates. The objective of this study was to improve the control and population monitoring methodology associated with WBF, by investigating the ecology and specifically the chemical ecology of the WBF. Bioassays were used to investigate the behavioural response of WBF to known chemical constituents of host-plant exudates. Four secondary metabolites were found to be attractive while CO2 was found to alter the behaviour of larvae. Wheat bulb fly oviposition was assessed in field situations to describe egg laying spatially and through time. Geostatistical and ecological techniques were used to observe the spatial dependence and dispersion of oviposition and construct contour maps or scale-sized dot graphs of oviposition density. The traditional single line transect sampling pattern was compared against a more intensive sampling regime. Oviposition monitoring was conducted over a three year period to ascertain the time of peak egg density of this fly. A molecular based diagnostic test to assess WBF egg populations for damage forecasting was developed. A real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was produced to estimate field populations of WBF eggs through the quantification of eggs from field samples. In addition endpoint PCR was used to identify the presence or absence of eggs from samples. This study gives the potential to advance current control methodology by providing the basis for the development of a lure and kill or confusion/disruption strategy, while offering a more accurate sampling system and a molecular diagnostic test, for improvement of the management of WBF.

The influence of hyperaccumulator and phytostabilizing plants on soil solution chemistry and subsequent metal dynamics in the rhizosphere was investigated to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms governing metal availability and plant uptake at the soil:root interface during phytoremediation of metal contaminated soils.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The cashew gum is a heteropolysaccharide, exudate of cashew tree, which presents with an innovative alternative to the better utilization of cashew crop. This study is pioneering and innovative because it uses the combined ethanol precipitation and application of ultrasound to increase yields and improve technological characteristics of cashew gum.The exudate cashew has attracted attention due to its characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. The objective of this work was to study the influence of grain size, temperature, time, alcohol ration and application of ultrasound parameters in the purification of cashew gum. The reduction in color of the cashew gum by adsorption on amberlite resins, thermogravimetric characteristics of this polysaccharide and the environmental impact caused by the purification of cashew gum in laboratory scale were evaluated also. For purification of cashew gum, nodules were first crushed and dried at 60  C. For the selection of purification parameters exudates smaller size of particles than 2 mm, 1 mm , 500 and 250 microns in increments temperature 20-70  C and time 15 to 120 minutes were studied . After selecting the parameters, the particles were milled, sieved, solubilized, filtered, decanted and dried, producing a purified gum. It was observed that the temperature does not significantly influence the solubility of the cashew gum. It has been found that the use of ultrasound in the purification process of the cashew gum accelerates the nucleation, resulting in better yields, in shorter rest time for the precipitation. The best conditions for the purification of gum were as follows: size of particle of 500 microns, time of agitation of 30 minutes, temperature at 30  C, the proportion of the solution cashew gum/ ethanol (v / v) of 1:4.5, application of ultrasound for 2 minutes and precipitation time of 90 minutes. Amberlite resins which showed better performance in discoloration of cashew gum were the FPA- 54, SP - 850 and XAD - 4. It was observed that the glass transition temperature of cashew gum was similar to that of arabic gum, being around 50  C, and the temperature of onset of thermal decomposition of this polysaccharide ( 241.5  C) is higher than the arabic gum ( 210.3  C ) , thus the cashew gum is being promising as the encapsulating agent for food and pharmaceutical industry. It was found that the steps that generated the highest percentage of environmental impacts for obtaining the gum in laboratory scale were grinding/sieving and sedimentation. / A goma de caju à um heteropolissacarÃdeo, exsudado da Ãrvore do cajueiro, que se apresenta com uma alternativa inovadora para o melhor aproveitamento da cultura do caju. Este estudo à pioneiro e inovador, pois utiliza a precipitaÃÃo em etanol combinada à aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom para aumentar o rendimento e melhorar caracterÃsticas tecnolÃgicas da goma de cajueiro. O exsudado de cajueiro tem atraÃdo atenÃÃo devido Ãs suas caracterÃsticas de sustentabilidade, biodegradabilidade e bioseguranÃa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influÃncia dos parÃmetros granulometria, temperatura, tempo, proporÃÃo de Ãlcool e aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom na purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro. TambÃm avaliou-se a reduÃÃo da coloraÃÃo da goma de cajueiro, atravÃs da adsorÃÃo em resinas de amberlite, caracterÃsticas termogravimÃtricas deste polissacarÃdeo e o impacto ambiental ocasionado pela purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro em escala laboratorial. Para a purificaÃÃo da goma, os nÃdulos foram inicialmente triturados e secos em estufa a 60 ÂC. Para a seleÃÃo dos parÃmetros de purificaÃÃo foram estudadas partÃculas de exsudados com granulometria menor que 2 mm, 1 mm, 500 Âm e 250 Âm em intervalos de temperatura de 20-70 ÂC e de tempo de 15 a 120 minutos. ApÃs a seleÃÃo dos parÃmetros, as partÃculas passaram por um processo de moagem, peneiramento, solubilizaÃÃo, filtraÃÃo, decantaÃÃo e secagem, dando origem à goma purificada. Observou-se que a temperatura nÃo exerceu influÃncia significativa na solubilidade da goma de cajueiro. Verificou-se que a utilizaÃÃo do ultrassom no processo de purificaÃÃo da goma de cajueiro acelera a nucleaÃÃo, resultando em melhores rendimentos, em menor tempo de descanso para a precipitaÃÃo. As melhores condiÃÃes para a purificaÃÃo da goma foram as seguintes: tamanho da partÃcula de 500 Âm, tempo de agitaÃÃo de 30 minutos, temperatura de 30 ÂC, proporÃÃo de soluÃÃo de goma/ Ãlcool (v/v) de 1:4,5, aplicaÃÃo de ultrassom por 2 minutos e tempo de precipitaÃÃo de 90 minutos. As resinas de amberlite que apresentaram melhor desempenho na descoloraÃÃo da goma de cajueiro foram a FPA-54, SP-850 e XAD-4. Observou-se que a temperatura de transiÃÃo vÃtrea da goma de cajueiro foi semelhante à da goma arÃbica, ficando em torno de 50ÂC, e que a temperatura do inÃcio da decomposiÃÃo tÃrmica desse polissacarÃdeo (241,5 ÂC) à superior à da goma arÃbica (210,3 ÂC), dessa forma, a goma de cajueiro mostra-se promissora como agente encapsulante para a indÃstria de alimentos e farmacÃutica. Verificou-se que as etapas que geraram os maiores percentuais dos impactos ambientais, durante a obtenÃÃo da goma, foram a moagem/peneiramento e a decantaÃÃo.

O eucalipto é um gênero amplamente cultivado no Brasil desde o início do século XX. É utilizado principalmente na produção de carvão e polpa, apesar da aptidão para produção de toras para serraria. Para as espécies cultivadas no Brasil, as técnicas de manejo para serraria foram pouco desenvolvidas e delas depende a introdução efetiva da madeira serrada de eucalipto no mercado. O presente estudo objetivou identificar as variáveis do manejo florestal do Eucalyptus urophylla que determinam, física e temporalmente, a formação de madeira limpa (clear) em árvores manejadas para serraria. O experimento foi implantado em julho de 2013 na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga (E.E.C.F.I/ESALQ/USP) e consistiu de 4 espaçamentos, sendo eles (3 x 1), (3 x 2), (3 x 3) e (6 x 1,5) m. Realizou-se o primeiro inventário em janeiro de 2015, aos 18 meses de idade, com medições de atributos das árvores e dos galhos. As parcelas foram subdivididas pela metade e, também em janeiro de 2015, aplicou-se a desrama artificial (poda) até os 2,5 m do tronco em uma de cada par de subparcelas. Daí em diante foram realizadas medições de cicatrizes e incremento secundário (dendrômetros) tomadas periodicamente até fevereiro de 2016, aos 31 meses de idade. Em junho de 2015 foi feita a primeira amostragem destrutiva de toras para medição de espessura da casca e em fevereiro de 2016 uma segunda leva de toras foi amostrada e submetida a análise em laboratório. Esta amostragem não incluiu o tratamento sem poda devido à ausência de desrama natural. Toretes foram gradualmente processados em torno mecânico para observação em plano tangencial da madeira formada após a desrama artificial. Nesta etapa também mediu-se a espessura da zona de oclusão e de madeira clear. A zona de oclusão é essencialmente composta pelo exsudado secretado para proteção periférica da cicatriz na casca. A área calculada do anel de oclusão está altamente correlacionada à área do anel da casca. Portanto, a espessura da casca determina a espessura do anel de oclusão e a formação de clear se inicia quando o xilema secundário sobrepõe o ponto mais externo no plano tangencial marcado pelo exsudado. / Eucalyptus is a genus widely grown in Brazil since the beginning of the 20th century, traditionally used to produce fuel and pulp despite its potential for sawlog production. The silvicultural techniques developed for eucalyptus short rotation woody crops in Brazil have neglected essential traits for high quality sawlog production, without which eucalyptus solid wood is not marketable. The aim of the present study was to identify the variables in silvicultural management of Eucalyptus urophylla limiting, physical and temporally, clear wood formation. The experiment was established in July 2013 at the Itatinga Experimental Station, College of Agriculture \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil, consisting of spacing trials of (3 x 1), (3 x 2), (3 x 3) e (6 x 1,5) m. Measurements o trees and branches attributes were first taken in January 2015, when trees were 18 months old. The plots were split in half (subdivided) and one of the subplots was addressed for a pruning trial in which all live and dead branches were removed to 2,5 m, also in January 2015From then on, wound occlusion and secondary growth (band dendrometers) were periodically measured until February 2016, when the trees were 31 months old. Destructive samplings were firstly carried out in June 2015, for bark thickness determination, and secondly in February 2016. The latter did not include unpruned subplots, once the trees had not yet shed the branches. Logs were debarked and processed in mechanical lathe while measurements of clear wood and occlusion zone were taken in the tangential plane. High correlation between occlusion zone ring area and bark ring area has been found. The occlusion zone of Eucalyptus urophylla is mainly composed by the exudate released by trees during the bark wound closure process. Therefore, the bark thickness establishes the occlusion ring thickness and clear wood formation starts after the secondary xylem overlaps the most external point in the tangential plane marked by the exudate.

Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal are important agroforestry cash crops indigenous to several countries of sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. The gum exudate produced by these species is termed gum Arabic which is an approved food additive (E414), primarily used as an emulsifier. In the current study, the molecular structure, composition and biophysical properties of gum samples harvested from mature trees of Acacia senegal at two specific ecolocations in Nigeria (NG1 and NG2), have been investigated together with two previously characterised gum samples harvested from A. senegal and A. seyal originating from Sudan. The monosaccharide sugar composition analyses have shown that the A. seyal gum had a lower rhamnose and glucuronic acid content than the A. senegal gum, but had higher arabinose content. No significant difference was observed between the sugar composition of the A. senegal gums from Sudan and Nigeria. The total protein content of the Nigerian gum samples were significantly higher than recorded for the Sudanese samples. The principal amino acids present in all the gum samples are hydroxyproline, serine, aspartame, threonine and proline which is in agreement with literature values. The hydrodynamic size of the molecules present in the gums was studied using dynamic light scattering and it was found that molecular association occurred in solution over time which was inhibited in the presence of an electrolyte. The comparison of droplet size distribution for emulsions prepared with A. senegal (NG1) and A. seyal gum samples showed that A. senegal sample was a better emulsifier than the A. seyal. Multilayer adsorption of the samples onto polystyrene latex particles was observed, which resulted in an increase in thickness of the adsorbed layer as a consequence of the interaction between the protein and carbohydrate within the molecules adsorbed on the emulsion surface. Preliminary analyses of the gums using transmission electron microscopy showed the presence of varied macromolecules, ranging in size from ~12 - ~60 nm. Immuno-gold negative staining (using JIM8 monoclonal antibody) indicated clear labelling of arabinogalactan-proteins present in the gums harvested from A. senegal, the labelling of the A. seyal sample was inconclusive. In summary, the data presented represents the first detailed comparison of the structure, composition and physicochemical characteristics of Nigerian Acacia gum exudates versus Sudanese samples (main global supplier) which have shown that gum obtained from Nigerian sources is a viable alternative to ensure future supply of this valuable natural resource.