Dans l’objectif de redynamiser la culture des protéagineux, il est primordial d’améliorer la gestion du risque lié à Aphanomyces euteiches, agent responsable de la pourriture racinaire du pois. Le manque de connaissances sur les mécanismes d’infection d’A. euteiches constitue un frein à l’élaboration de stratégies de contrôle durable. Dansl’optique d’étudier les premières étapes du processus infectieux d’A. euteiches, laconstruction d’une souche A. euteiche-GFP a été entreprise. Transfecter A. euteiches aura permis d’assurer (i) la production de protoplastes par digestion enzymatique du mycélium puis (ii) d’insérer le gène gfp par la méthode de transfection chimique PEG-CaCl2 et (iii) de constater l’insertion stable du gène gfp dont l’expression s'est avérée transitoire. En parallèle, dans l’objectif d’apporter des éléments de réponses quant aux rôles des exsudats racinaires et du Root Extracellular Trap (RET) dans les réactions de défense du pois, une étude comparée des interactions entre Pisum sativum (plante sensible) et Vicia Faba (plante tolérante) au pathogène A.euteiches a été réalisée durant les premières phases de l’infection. Alors que de nombreuses variations au niveau de la composition polysaccharidique du RET et des exsudats ont été observées chez le pois, la féverole a présenté des modifications marginales. Chez le pois, l’infection est intense et rapide alors qu’elle semble réduite chez la féverole. La féverole repousse les zoospores tandis que le pois infecté les attire davantage. La féverole semble pouvoir protéger le pois au travers de mécanismes de communication qu’il convient de caractériser. L’ensemble de ces résultats semblent prometteurs dans le développement de méthode de lutte contre la pourriture racinaire du pois. Enfin, l’étude des propriétés bio-physico-chimiques des sols susceptibles de conditionner l’apparition de la maladie ont permis de confirmer la corrélation positive entre la densité d’inoculum du pathogène et le potentiel infectieux (PI) dans des sols naturellement infestés : les sols possédant des teneurs élevées en sable ou en calcium s'avèrent défavorables au développement de la maladie. Cette étude a aussi permis de mettre en évidence une influence possible des communautés microbiennes des sols, susceptibles d’influencer le processus infectieux d’A.euteiches / Aphanomyces euteiches is a pathogenic oomycete considered to be the most damaging root disease of pea crops in the world and there is currently no registered pesticide for its control. Crop management is the most efficient tool to control root rot, and avoidance of infested soil seems to be the optimal solution. Mechanisms related to A. euteiches root colonization remain poorly understood. In order to better understand A.euteiches infectious cycle, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) – calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation protocol has been perfected in order to stably express the reporter gene GFP. The data show for the first a transient expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) which can be observed in A.euteiches mycelium, a Saprolegnia oomycete. Vector pGFPN, containing the ham34 promoter and terminator of the Peronospora oomycete Bremia Lactucae, was introduced in A.euteiches protoplasts. Transient expression of GFP could be observed in A. euteiches mycelium by confocal microscopy. qPCR analyses confirmed the actual gfp gene insertion in its genome. Meanwhile, the influence of both pea and faba bean root extracellular trap (RET) and root exudates has been explored for A. euteiches zoospores by chemotaxis assays, microscopic observations and oomycete DNA quantification. Reciprocally pea and faba bean roots responses to A. euteiches infection have been studied at early stage of infection by biochemical analysis of cell wall polymer content in the RET and root exudates. Whereas infected pea root exudates stimulated A.euteiches zoospores attraction, faba bean exudates had a repellent effect on zoospores. In response to infection, arabinogalactan protein content of root pea exudates was altered. Interestingly, A.euteiches colonization was less intense on faba bean root surface and protect pea root at early stage of infection. Finally, the correlation between inoculum quantity in infested and the inoculum potential (IP) in field has been confirmed by qPCR. Analyses of the influence of abiotic soil parameters on the disease showed that a high calcium concentration or sand content negatively impact the IP. Furthermore, microbial communities proved to play a role in the expression of the disease in some soils. Metagenomics could be applied in order to provide new directions in managing this disease.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francine Gomes Basso Los.pdf: 1771141 bytes, checksum: 61bbe93b19590943c245c54c1d1d8e91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Meat products’ consumption in Brazil is still low considering the favorable condition of largest exporter of meat in the world. With the increase of income of the population that scenario tends to change with additional consumption. Studies on the quality of products sold in the domestic market need to be constantly conducted in order to assist the high quality and safety of products providing and, as well, new technology and concepts need to be studied to increase the demand for products. Despite the consensus that the freezing of meat affects its functional properties, several studies have been conducted to evaluate its use in processed meat products, in order to increase the availability of raw materials and flexibility of industries. In this context, the objectives of this work were study the quality of cooked hams sold in the domestic market and to classify them by means of multivariate analysis, and study the influence of freezing of raw material and the use of exudate released upon thawing, on cooked ham’s production. To study the quality of cooked hams eleven commercial samples were evaluated for microbiological quality, physico-chemical and rheological, and studied by means of Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Regarding to legal standards, eight samples were in accordance with all parameters required by the law, two samples were fraud by the addition of starch, and one sample showed sodium content above stated on the label. The samples were classified by HCA in three groups of distinct quality, with a significant difference in moisture content, chromaticity, losses of syneresis, heating and freezing. Analyzing the results of the sensorial analysis applied and instrumental parameters was possible, by applying PCA, demonstrate that samples more accepted by consumers in relation to flavor and overall acceptability were the samples that showed higher levels of moisture, protein, fat and luminosity. To study the influence of freezing of raw material in cooked ham, pork leg was frozen by slow (-18 º C) and fast method (liquid nitrogen) and maintained for 22 weeks in storage at -18 ° C. After this period the meat samples were thawed and the exudate was collected. Cooked hams were produced with the raw material frozen/thawed by both methods, with and without using exudate. A control sample, with fresh raw material was also produced. Samples of hams were analyzed for physico-chemical, structural (rheological and histological), technological and sensory characteristics. The samples showed no significant difference regarding to the physicochemical, color and sensory analyzes. Statistical difference was observed in hardness and chewiness. Histological analysis showed changes in the tissues caused by the freezing and thawing of raw materials. The effect of increasing exudate was significant only for compression force and sodium content, but still, this difference was not perceived by sensory analyzes. This result indicates the possibility of using frozen meat, under the conditions tested, for cooked ham, which may be interesting from an industrial point of view to increase the flexibility of the processing plants due to the great availability of this type of raw material. This study demonstrated that multivariate techniques were effective in assessing the quality of cooked hams and proved the possibility of using raw frozen this type of product, according to the tested conditions, which may be interesting from an industrial point of view to increase the flexibility of processing plants due to the large availability of such raw materials. / O consumo de produtos cárneos no Brasil ainda é baixo considerando a favorável condição de maior exportador de carnes do mundo. Com o aumento de renda da população esse cenário tende a se modificar, com aumento no consumo de itens de alto valor agregado. Estudos sobre a qualidade de produtos comercializados no mercado nacional precisam ser constantemente conduzidos com o intuito de auxiliar no fornecimento de produtos de alta qualidade e segurança para o consumidor, bem como novas tecnologias e conceitos precisam ser estudados para aumentar a demanda de produtos. Apesar do consenso de que o congelamento de carnes afeta suas propriedades funcionais, vários estudos tem sido realizados para avaliar seu uso em produtos cárneos industrializados, com intuito de aumentar a disponibilidade de matéria-prima e flexibilidade das indústrias. Nesse contexto, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: estudar a qualidade de presuntos cozidos comercializados no mercado nacional e classificá-los por meio de análise multivariada; e estudar a influência do congelamento da matéria-prima cárnea e a incorporação do exsudado liberado no descongelamento, na produção de presunto cozido. Para o estudo da qualidade dos presuntos cozidos onze amostras comerciais foram avaliadas quanto à qualidade microbiológica, físico-química e reológica, e estudadas por meio de Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA) e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Em relação ao atendimento dos parâmetros legais, oito amostras apresentaram-se em conformidade com todos os parâmetros exigidos pela legislação, duas foram consideradas fraudadas por adição de amido e uma amostra apresentou teor de sódio acima do declarado no rótulo. As amostras foram classificadas, por HCA, em três grupos de qualidade distinta, com diferença significativa no teor de umidade, cromaticidade, perdas por sinérese, aquecimento e congelamento. Analisando os resultados da análise de aceitabilidade aplicada e os parâmetros instrumentais avaliados foi possível demonstrar, pela aplicação de PCA, que as amostras mais aceitas pelos consumidores em relação à aceitação global e sabor foram aquelas que apresentaram maiores teores de umidade, proteína, gordura e luminosidade. Para estudar a influência do congelamento da matéria-prima em presuntos cozidos, o pernil suíno foi congelado por método lento (-18 ºC) e rápido (nitrogênio líquido) e mantido por 22 semanas em estocagem a -18 ºC. Após esse período as amostras de carne foram descongeladas e o exsudado foi coletado. Foram produzidos presuntos cozidos com a matéria-prima submetida a ambos os métodos de congelamento, com e sem incorporação do exsudado, e uma amostra controle, com matéria-prima resfriada. As amostras de presunto foram analisadas quanto às características físico-químicas, estruturais (reológicas e histológicas), tecnológicas e sensoriais. As amostras não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação às análises físico-químicas, cor e sensorial. Foi observada diferença estatística nos parâmetros dureza e mastigabilidade. A análise histológica mostrou alteração nos tecidos causada pelo congelamento e descongelamento das matérias-primas. O efeito do exsudado foi significativo apenas para os parâmetros força de compressão e teor de sódio, mas ainda assim, essa diferença não foi percebida sensorialmente. Este trabalho demonstrou que técnicas multivariadas foram eficazes na avaliação da qualidade de presuntos cozidos e comprovou a possibilidade de utilização de matéria-prima congelada nesse tipo de produto, nas condições testadas, o que pode ser interessante do ponto de vista industrial por aumentar a flexibilidade das plantas processadoras devido a grande disponibilidade desse tipo de matéria-prima.

Hevea brasiliensis est la seule source commerciale du caoutchouc naturel. La maladie CLF (Corynespora Leaf Fall) provoquée par le champignon Corynespora cassiicola est une pathologie foliaire de l’hévéa importante en Asie et en Afrique. Les épidémies sont liées au développement de nouvelles variétés clonales très sensibles. Une méthode conductimétrique de phénotypage de la réponse de l’hévéa aux exsudats de C. cassiicola (filtrats de culture ou toxine purifiée) a été développée et caractérisée. Ce test toxinique, sans contact direct avec le champignon lui-même, peut être mis en œuvre sans risque sur les plantations. Après application de gouttes d’exsudats sur des folioles détachées d’un génotype d’hévéa, deux mesures de conductivité C1 et C2 sont réalisées avant et après autoclavage, et le pourcentage de fuite d’électrolyte dû au traitement, %FE = 100*C1/C2, est calculé. L’influence de différents facteurs tels que le stade foliaire et la durée d’incubation, a été précisée. Une corrélation positive a été trouvée entre les réponses au test toxinique et à l’inoculation par des conidies du champignon. La pertinence de la correction de C1 par C2 a été analysée.Deux études du test toxinique ont été réalisées pour une série de clones d’hévéa, d’une part en France avec des plantes en pots cultivées en serre, et d’autre part en Côte d’Ivoire, dans les conditions normalement envisagées pour ce test, avec des folioles provenant de jardins à bois de greffe. La répétabilité entre ces deux études est imparfaite mais néanmoins satisfaisante. Le critère %FE est apparu plus sensible et plus précis que la mesure de la surface de nécrose induite (SN). Une variabilité importante de la sensibilité des clones et de l’agressivité des exsudats a été observée, avec l’existence d’interactions. L’analyse du déterminisme génétique de la réponse au test toxinique a été menée par détection de QTL sur deux populations de la famille biparentale d’hévéa PB260 x RRIM600, analysées sur deux sites en Côte d’Ivoire. Une carte génétique a été construite au préalable avec 308 marqueurs SSR. Le phénotypage des deux populations a révélé un déterminisme polygénique, sans effet monolocus majeur, avec, pour l’ensemble des exsudats fongiques étudiés, 13 QTL répartis sur 10 groupes de liaison et présentant des pourcentages d’explication R2 variant de 10 à 20 %. Sur les deux sites, deux QTL ont été identifiés conjointement pour le filtrat CCP et pour la toxine Cas1 purifiée à partir du filtrat CCP, démontrant l’importance de Cas1 pour la toxicité de ce filtrat. Des corrélations positives entre certains filtrats ont été observées, avec des profils de réponse similaires et des QTL communsLe test toxinique pourrait remplacer avantageusement la méthode d’inoculation conidienne. Cependant, la valeur prédictive du test pour la sensibilité des clones d’hévéa à la maladie CLF en plantation reste à caractériser. Une meilleure connaissance de l’épidémiologie du pathosystème H. brasiliensis x C. cassiicola contribuerait à l’objectif de sélection, et plus largement à la conception de méthodes de lutte ou d’évitement. / Hevea brasiliensis is the only commercial source of natural rubber. The CLF (Corynespora Leaf Fall) disease caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola is an important foliar pathology of the rubber tree in Asia and Africa. The disease progression is related with the development of new highly sensitive clonal varieties. A phenotyping method based on the measurement of electrolyte leakage in response to C. cassiicola exudates (culture filtrates or purified toxin) was developed and characterized. This test, without direct contact with the fungus itself, can be implemented without risk for plantations. After application of exudate samples on detached leaflets, conductivity is measured before (C1) and after (C2) autoclaving, and the percentage of electrolyte leakage %FE=100*C1/C2 is calculated. The influence of different factors such as leaf stage or the duration of incubation has been clarified. A positive correlation was found between the responses to the toxin test and to conidial inoculation. The pertinence of C1 correction by C2 was analyzed.Two toxin test studies have been carried out for a set of rubber clones, in France, with potted plants in greenhouse, and also in Ivory Coast, under the conditions normally considered for this test, with leaflets from budwood gardens. Repeatability between these two experiments was not perfect but nevertheless satisfying. The %FE character was found more sensitive and accurate than surface necrosis (SN) measurement. A significant variability in clone susceptibility and treatment virulence was observed, with clone x treatment interactions. The genetic determinism of sensitivity to C. cassiicola exudates was analyzed using the toxin test, by QTL detection on two populations of the biparental rubber family PB260 x RRIM600, in two field trials in Ivory Coast. A genetic map was previously built, using 308 SSR markers. Phenotyping of the two progeny populations revealed a polygenic determinism, without major monolocus effect. Over all the fungal exudates, 13 QTL distributed over 10 different linkage groups were identified, with percentages of explanation R2 varying from 10 to 20 %. On both sites, two QTL have been identified jointly for both the culture filtrate CCP and the toxin Cas1 purified from CCP. Positive correlations have been observed between some of the filtrates, with similar response profiles and common QTL.The toxin test could usefully replace the conidial inoculation method. However, the value of the test for predicting rubber clones susceptibility to the CLF disease in field conditions remains to be better characterized. Better understanding of the epidemiology of the H. brasiliensis x C. cassiicola pathosystem would contribute to the breeding objective, and more broadly to the design of control or avoidance methods.

Les exsudats des plantes sont des substances naturelles complexes. Ils sont utilisés par plusieurs populations d’Afrique et trouvent de nombreuses applications : en thérapeutique, en pharmacie galénique, en parfumerie, etc. Au Congo, une grande majorité de ces substances est encore mal connue. Ce travail de thèse a consisté à inventorier les plantes à exsudats du Congo et à mettre au point une méthodologie d’analyse physico-chimique permettant la caractérisation des exsudats d’arbres d’origine botanique certifiée.La méthodologie d’inventaire adoptée nous a permis de recenser 135 plantes à exsudats appartenant à 87 genres. Il en ressort de cette étude que les exsudats des plantes inventoriées ont multiples usages (glu, insectifuge, allume-feu, antidouleur, etc.).La stratégie mise en place pour leur caractérisation fait appel à plusieurs techniques analytiques (SPIR, SMIR, CPG-SM, GCxGC-MS) et de traitement d’échantillon (Hs-SPME, hydrodistillation, extraction au Soxhlet, silylation, méthylation, pyrolyse). Dans le cadre de ce travail deux exsudats ont été caractérisés. L’exsudat de D. edulis (G. Don) K.J. Lam qui est constitué de monoterpènes hydrocarbonés et de triterpènes, dont les majeurs sont : 3-épi-α et -β-amyrine. L’exsudat de G. demeusei (Harms) J. Léonard dont la fraction volatile est constituée essentiellement de sesquiterpènes et la fraction peu-volatile d’acides diterpéniques de type labdane (acide éperuique, cativique, copalique, ozique, etc.).Pour exploiter l’efficacité de séparation élevée de la GCxGC-MS, nous nous sommes confronté aux problèmes de la non-répétabilité des cartes chromatographiques obtenues en 2D. Nous avons alors mis en place une méthodologie permettant de vérifier l’épaisseur de film et l’homogénéité des dépôts de phases stationnaires afin de sélectionner des colonnes courtes identiques pour la GCxGC. Cependant, les résultats préliminaires ont montré que même avec des colonnes de deuxième dimension identiques, on pouvait avoir des différences au niveau de carte 2D. / Plant exudates are natural complex substances. They are used by several populations in Africa and have many applications: in therapeutics, in galenic pharmacy, in perfumery, etc. In Congo, a great majority of these substances are not yet well known. This thesis work aimed to make an inventory of plant exudates from Congo and to develop a methodology for performing physico-chemical analysis which may enable characterization of exudates from botanical certified trees.Through the methodology that we developed, 135 plant exudates belonging 87 genera were registered. It was observed in this study that these exudates are used for many purposes (glue, insect repellent, making fire, anti-pain, etc).The strategy implemented for characterizing the exudates included several analytical (SNIR, SMIR, GC-MS, GCxGC-MS) and sample processing (Hs-SPME, hydrodistillation, extraction using the Soxhlet, silylation, methylation pyrolyse) techniques. With regard to this work, two exudates were characterized. The exudates from D. edulis (G. Don) K.J. Lam which contained monoterpene hydrocarbons and triterpenes, with the major constituents being: 3-epi-α and -β-amyrine. The exudates from G. Demeusei (Harms) J. Léonard was found to have the sesquiterpenes as major constituents of the volatile fraction and the labdane-type diterpenes (eperuique acide, cativique acid, copalique acid, ozique acid, etc) as major constituents of the poor-volatile fraction.To explore the efficacy of elevated separation of the GCxGC-MS, we faced some problems related to the non-repeatability of chromatographic cards obtained in 2D. Therefore, we put in place a methodology which enables us to verify the film thickness and homogeneity of layers of stationary phases in order to select identical short columns for GCxGC. However, the preliminary results have shown that even using second identical dimension columns, we could observed differences in 2D cards

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Research with the sunflower crop currently emphasize the use for oil extraction for biodiesel production. The sunflower, because it is a culture of broad adaptation and soil nutrient cycling, has been deployed in systems of crop rotation. An important strategy for the success of any crop seed is the use of good quality in order to obtain suitable plant stand. But often lacking appropriate tests to determine the quality of seeds, making the choice of the best lots. In this sense, the objective is to determine the appropriate methodology for analysis of the effect of sunflower seeds, through electrical conductivity mass and individual test and pH exudates, as well as determining the number of samples in the number of seeds for evaluation of Individual electrical conductivity of sunflower seeds. Experiments were conducted, which evaluated the mass electrical conductivity, electrical conductivity and pH of the individual exudate and established the relationship of these tests with the test field emergence. The electrical conductivity mass and individual are promising in the separation of lots of sunflower seeds, and the best conditions for performing the electrical conductivity test mass is 25 seeds, 25 ml of water and reading done after an hour of soaking. For the electrical conductivity test individual periods 1 - 24 hours have high correlation between field emergence and electrical conductivity individual. The sample size seed number, to evaluate the conductivity of sunflower seed, is dependent on the time of seed imbibition. Soaking times an hour using the smallest possible sample sizes. Considering the range of 15 μS cm-1 seed-1 is recommended sample size of 100 seeds. / As pesquisas com a cultura do girassol, atualmente, enfatizam a utilização para fins de extração de óleo para produção de biodiesel. O girassol, por ser uma cultura de ampla adaptação e ciclagem de nutrientes do solo, vem sendo implantado nos sistemas de rotação de culturas. Uma estratégia importante para o sucesso de qualquer cultivo é a utilização de sementes de boa qualidade, de forma a obter adequado estande de plantas. Porém, muitas vezes faltam testes apropriados para determinação da qualidade das sementes, dificultando a escolha dos melhores lotes. Neste sentido, objetiva-se a determinação da metodologia adequada para análise do vigor de sementes de girassol, através de testes de condutividade elétrica massal e individual e teste do pH do exsudato, bem como, determinar o número de amostra em número de sementes para avaliação da condutividade elétrica individual de sementes de girassol. Foram realizados experimentos, em que se avaliou os testes da condutividade elétrica massal, da condutividade elétrica individual e do pH do exsudato e se estabeleceu a relação destes testes com o teste de emergência em campo. Os testes de condutividade elétrica massal e individual são promissores na separação dos lotes de sementes de girassol, sendo que, a condição mais adequada para realização do teste de condutividade elétrica massal é de 25 sementes, 25 ml de água e leitura realizada após uma hora de embebição. Para o teste de condutividade elétrica individual, períodos de 1 a 24 horas apresentam alta correlação entre emergência em campo e condutividade elétrica individual. O tamanho de amostra em número de sementes, para avaliar a condutividade elétrica das sementes de girassol, é dependente do tempo de embebição das sementes. Tempos de embebição de uma hora possibilitam utilizar os menores tamanhos de amostras. Considerando a amplitude de 15 μS cm-1 semente-1 recomenda-se tamanho de amostra de 100 sementes.

INTRODUÇÃO: Lesões vegetantes malignas (LVM) resultam da infiltração cutânea por células cancerígenas e, ao se exteriorizarem, adquirem aspecto vegetante. Odor fétido, exsudato profuso, sangramento, dor e infecção são sintomas comuns, que se somam ao sofrimento físico e psíquico destes pacientes. O cuidado de LVM insere-se na assistência aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar a produção científica sobre LVM e identificar evidências para o tratamento tópico do odor fétido de LVM. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de revisão sistemática. A questão clínica de pesquisa, construída utilizando-se a estratégia PICO, foi “Quais são os tratamentos tópicos/curativos utilizados para o controle dos sintomas odor, exsudato, sangramento, dor e/ou infecção das lesões vegetantes malignas?" A busca bibliográfica ocorreu em 09/2006 e utilizou 14 bases de dados: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs e EBM Reviews. Não houve restrição quanto ao desenho de estudo e idioma. Os dados foram extraídos pelo pesquisador A, checados pelo B e decisões ocorreram em consenso. Pela análise dos resumos, foram incluídos estudos sobre LVM e que abordaram no mínimo 1 dos 5 sintomas investigados. Os estudos sobre odor foram analisados na íntegra e classificados quanto à qualidade do estudo, nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se 11.111 estudos, dos quais 325 (2.93%) referiam-se ao controle de algum dos sintomas das LVM por meio de intervenções tópicas: 12,37% relacionavam-se ao odor, 16,77% ao exsudato, 17,82% ao sangramento, 31,03% à dor e 22,01% à infecção de LVM; outros 202 estudos foram excluídos por não tratarem dos sintomas em análise. Entre os estudos (n=34) que analisaram o controle do odor, 5 foram ensaios clínicos (14,71%), 20 revisões narrativas (58,82%), 5 séries de casos, 3 relatos de caso (8,82%) e 1 estudo de prevalência (2,94%). Foram identificados 16 tratamentos tópicos. Gel de Metronidazol tópico apresentou Evidência Forte para o controle do odor (grau A, nível 1C); Curativo de Carvão Ativado e Curativo de Mesalt, Evidência moderada (grau B, nível 2B); Pomada de Curcumin, Evidência Moderada (grau B, nível 2C). Evidência Fraca (grau C) e Muito Fraca (grau D) foram observadas em 12 tratamentos tópicos, que foram: Intervenções com Antibióticos tópicos, Chá verde, Enzimas tópicas, Hidrogéis, Iogurte, Mel, Óleos essenciais, Óleo essencial tópico (associado à Clorofila VO e Antibiótico sistêmico), Pasta de açúcar, Soluções anti-sépticas, Sulfadiazina de Prata e Trióxido de arsênico. A heterogeneidade das intervenções e a qualidade metodológica dos estudos não permitiram metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Dos 11.111 estudos identificados, 2.93% (n=325) referiam-se aos sintomas em análise por meio de tratamentos tópicos. Dos 59 estudos sobre odor, 34 estudos atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. Encontraram-se poucos estudos de boa qualidade e as principais limitações metodológicas foram os desenhos dos estudos, o tamanho da amostra e a ausência de escalas para mensuração do odor. Encontrou-se evidência Grau A ou B para o tratamento de LVM com Gel de Metronidazol Tópico, Curativo de Carvão Ativado, Curativo de Mesalt e Pomada de Curcumin. / INTRODUCTION: Fungating malignant wounds (FMW) is the result of the cutaneous infiltration by cancerous cells and, when exteriorized, they acquire fungating aspect. Malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain and infection are common symptoms, wich are added to the psychological and physical suffering of these patients. The manage of FMW is inserted in the assistance of patients in palliative care. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the scientific literature on FMW and to identify evidences for the topical therapy of malodour in FMW. METHODS: Systematic review. The clinical question of research, using the strategy PICO, was \"Which are the topical/dressings therapy are used for the control of the malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain or infection of FMW? \" The bibliographical search occurred in 09/2006 and it used 14 databases: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and EBM Reviews. The data were extracted by reviewer A, checked by B and decisions were taken in consensus. By the analysis of the abstracts, studies about FMW that approached 1 of the 5 investigated symptoms were included. The studies about malodour were entirely analyzed and classified as regards the quality of the study, evidence level and recommendation degree. RESULTS: It was obtained 11.111 studies and of those, 325 (2.93%) referred to the control of some symptoms of FMW through of topical interventions: 12,37% related to the malodour, 16,77% to the exudate, 17,82% to the bleeding, 31,03% to the pain and 22,01% to the infection of FMW; other 202 studies were excluded once they treat other symptoms. Among the studies (n=34) that analyzed the control of the malodour, 5 were clinical trials (14,71%), 20 narrative reviews (58,82%), 5 series of cases, 3 case reports (8,82%) and 1 prevalence study (2,94%); they identified 16 topical treatments. Topical Metronidazole gel presented Strong Evidence for the control of the malodour (degree A, level 1C); Activated Charcoal Dressing and Mesalt Dressing, moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2B); Ointment of Curcumin, Moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2C). Weak evidence (degree C) and Very Weak (degree D) were observed in 12 topical therapy, that were: Interventions with topical Antibiotics, green Tea, topical Enzymes, Hidrogels, Honey, Yogurt, essential Oils, topical essential Oil (associate to the Clorofila PO and systemic Antibiotic), Paste of sugar, antiseptic Solutions, Silver Sulfadiazine and Arsenic trioxide lotion. The heterogeneity of the interventions and the methodological quality of the studies didn\'t allow meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among of the 11.111 identified studies, 2.93% (n=325) they referred to the symptoms in analysis through topical therapies. Of the 59 studies about malodour, 34 attended to all of the inclusion criteria. There were few studies of good quality and the main methodological limitations were the designs of the studies, the size of the sample and the absence of scales for mensuration of the malodour. Evidence degree A or B was found for treatment of FMW with Topical Metronidazol Gel, Activated Charcoal Dressing, Mesalt Dressing and Ointment of Curcumin

INTRODUÇÃO: Lesões vegetantes malignas (LVM) resultam da infiltração cutânea por células cancerígenas e, ao se exteriorizarem, adquirem aspecto vegetante. Odor fétido, exsudato profuso, sangramento, dor e infecção são sintomas comuns, que se somam ao sofrimento físico e psíquico destes pacientes. O cuidado de LVM insere-se na assistência aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar a produção científica sobre LVM e identificar evidências para o tratamento tópico do odor fétido de LVM. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de revisão sistemática. A questão clínica de pesquisa, construída utilizando-se a estratégia PICO, foi “Quais são os tratamentos tópicos/curativos utilizados para o controle dos sintomas odor, exsudato, sangramento, dor e/ou infecção das lesões vegetantes malignas?” A busca bibliográfica ocorreu em 09/2006 e utilizou 14 bases de dados: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs e EBM Reviews. Não houve restrição quanto ao desenho de estudo e idioma. Os dados foram extraídos pelo pesquisador A, checados pelo B e decisões ocorreram em consenso. Pela análise dos resumos, foram incluídos estudos sobre LVM e que abordaram no mínimo 1 dos 5 sintomas investigados. Os estudos sobre odor foram analisados na íntegra e classificados quanto à qualidade do estudo, nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se 11.111 estudos, dos quais 325 (2.93%) referiam-se ao controle de algum dos sintomas das LVM por meio de intervenções tópicas: 12,37% relacionavam-se ao odor, 16,77% ao exsudato, 17,82% ao sangramento, 31,03% à dor e 22,01% à infecção de LVM; outros 202 estudos foram excluídos por não tratarem dos sintomas em análise. Entre os estudos (n=34) que analisaram o controle do odor, 5 foram ensaios clínicos (14,71%), 20 revisões narrativas (58,82%), 5 séries de casos, 3 relatos de caso (8,82%) e 1 estudo de prevalência (2,94%). Foram identificados 16 tratamentos tópicos. Gel de Metronidazol tópico apresentou Evidência Forte para o controle do odor (grau A, nível 1C); Curativo de Carvão Ativado e Curativo de Mesalt, Evidência moderada (grau B, nível 2B); Pomada de Curcumin, Evidência Moderada (grau B, nível 2C). Evidência Fraca (grau C) e Muito Fraca (grau D) foram observadas em 12 tratamentos tópicos, que foram: Intervenções com Antibióticos tópicos, Chá verde, Enzimas tópicas, Hidrogéis, Iogurte, Mel, Óleos essenciais, Óleo essencial tópico (associado à Clorofila VO e Antibiótico sistêmico), Pasta de açúcar, Soluções anti-sépticas, Sulfadiazina de Prata e Trióxido de arsênico. A heterogeneidade das intervenções e a qualidade metodológica dos estudos não permitiram metanálise. CONCLUSÕES: Dos 11.111 estudos identificados, 2.93% (n=325) referiam-se aos sintomas em análise por meio de tratamentos tópicos. Dos 59 estudos sobre odor, 34 estudos atenderam a todos os critérios de inclusão. Encontraram-se poucos estudos de boa qualidade e as principais limitações metodológicas foram os desenhos dos estudos, o tamanho da amostra e a ausência de escalas para mensuração do odor. Encontrou-se evidência Grau A ou B para o tratamento de LVM com Gel de Metronidazol Tópico, Curativo de Carvão Ativado, Curativo de Mesalt e Pomada de Curcumin. / INTRODUCTION: Fungating malignant wounds (FMW) is the result of the cutaneous infiltration by cancerous cells and, when exteriorized, they acquire fungating aspect. Malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain and infection are common symptoms, wich are added to the psychological and physical suffering of these patients. The manage of FMW is inserted in the assistance of patients in palliative care. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the scientific literature on FMW and to identify evidences for the topical therapy of malodour in FMW. METHODS: Systematic review. The clinical question of research, using the strategy PICO, was \"Which are the topical/dressings therapy are used for the control of the malodour, exudate, bleeding, pain or infection of FMW? \" The bibliographical search occurred in 09/2006 and it used 14 databases: Banco de Teses – Capes, Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações – USP, Proquest, Current Controlled Trials, BDENF, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Ovid, PsycInfo, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs and EBM Reviews. The data were extracted by reviewer A, checked by B and decisions were taken in consensus. By the analysis of the abstracts, studies about FMW that approached 1 of the 5 investigated symptoms were included. The studies about malodour were entirely analyzed and classified as regards the quality of the study, evidence level and recommendation degree. RESULTS: It was obtained 11.111 studies and of those, 325 (2.93%) referred to the control of some symptoms of FMW through of topical interventions: 12,37% related to the malodour, 16,77% to the exudate, 17,82% to the bleeding, 31,03% to the pain and 22,01% to the infection of FMW; other 202 studies were excluded once they treat other symptoms. Among the studies (n=34) that analyzed the control of the malodour, 5 were clinical trials (14,71%), 20 narrative reviews (58,82%), 5 series of cases, 3 case reports (8,82%) and 1 prevalence study (2,94%); they identified 16 topical treatments. Topical Metronidazole gel presented Strong Evidence for the control of the malodour (degree A, level 1C); Activated Charcoal Dressing and Mesalt Dressing, moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2B); Ointment of Curcumin, Moderate Evidence (degree B, level 2C). Weak evidence (degree C) and Very Weak (degree D) were observed in 12 topical therapy, that were: Interventions with topical Antibiotics, green Tea, topical Enzymes, Hidrogels, Honey, Yogurt, essential Oils, topical essential Oil (associate to the Clorofila PO and systemic Antibiotic), Paste of sugar, antiseptic Solutions, Silver Sulfadiazine and Arsenic trioxide lotion. The heterogeneity of the interventions and the methodological quality of the studies didn\'t allow meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among of the 11.111 identified studies, 2.93% (n=325) they referred to the symptoms in analysis through topical therapies. Of the 59 studies about malodour, 34 attended to all of the inclusion criteria. There were few studies of good quality and the main methodological limitations were the designs of the studies, the size of the sample and the absence of scales for mensuration of the malodour. Evidence degree A or B was found for treatment of FMW with Topical Metronidazol Gel, Activated Charcoal Dressing, Mesalt Dressing and Ointment of Curcumin

Phytoplankton blooms compromise the quality of freshwater ecosystems and the efficient processing of water by treatment works worldwide. This research aims to determine whether in-situ filamentous biofiltration processes mediated by living roots and synthetic filters as media can reduce or remove the phytoplankton loading (micro-algae and cyanobacteria) prior to a potable water treatment works intake. The underlying biofiltration mechanisms were investigated using field and laboratory studies. A novel macroscale biofilter with three plant species, named the "Living-Filter", installed in Farmoor II reservoir, UK, was surveyed weekly for physicochemical and biological variables under continuous flow conditions during 17 weeks. The efficiency of a mesoscale biofilter using the aquatic plant Phalaris arundinacea and synthetic filters, was tested with Microcystis aeruginosa under continuous flow conditions and in batch experiments. The 'simultaneous allelochemical method' was developed for quantifying allelochemicals from Phalaris in aqueous samples. Microscale studies were used to investigate biofilter allelochemical release in response to environmental stressors and Microcystis growth inhibition in filtered and unfiltered aqueous root exudate. Results demonstrate that the removal of phytoplankton biomass by physical mechanisms has a removal efficiency of ≤45% in the "Living-Filter" (filamentous biofilter plus synthetic fabric) and that the removal of Microcystis biomass using only biofilters was 25%. Chemical mechanisms that reduce Microcystis cell numbers are mediated by allelochemicals released from biofilter roots. Root exudate treatments on Microcystis revealed that Microcystis growth is inhibited by allelochemicals, not by nutrient competition, and that protists and invertebrates play a role in removing Microcystis. Filamentous biofilters can remove phytoplankton biomass by physical, chemical and biological mechanisms. Biofilters and synthetic filters in combination improve removal efficiency. Application of macroscale biofilters prior to potable water treatment works benefits the ecosystem. Plant properties, biofilter size to surface water ratio, and retention time must be considered to maximise the benefits of biofiltration processes.