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Movimentos dos olhos e topografias de controle de estímulos em treino de discriminação condicional e testes de equivalência / Eye movements and stimulus control topographies in conditional discrimination training and equivalence testsPerez, William Ferreira 08 December 2008 (has links)
A análise operante dos movimentos dos olhos tem-se mostrado uma medida auxiliar no estudo de controle de estímulos, posto que diferentes topografias de controle de estímulo (TCE) correlacionam-se a diferentes padrões de movimento dos olhos, segundo dados recentes da literatura. O presente estudo buscou analisar experimentalmente os efeitos de diferentes TCE (seleção/rejeição) sobre o padrão dos movimentos dos olhos de quatro participantes submetidos a treinos de discriminação condicional e testes de equivalência. Figuras sem sentido, letras do alfabeto ocidental, números e letras do alfabeto grego foram utilizadas como estímulos visuais. Inicialmente, durante a fase de Linha de Base (LB), todos os participantes foram submetidos a um treino AB/BC e aos testes de transitividade (AC), simetria (CB e BA), equivalência (CA) e reflexividade (AA, BB e CC), nessa ordem. Em seguida, em seqüências distintas para cada participante, foram conduzidas diferentes fases de treino em que o controle por rejeição ou por seleção passaram a ser favorecidos por meio da manipulação das proporções de S+ e de S-. Na fase de Controle por Rejeição (RJ), os participantes foram submetidos a um treino DE/EF no qual o estabelecimento da TCE por rejeição fora favorecido; em seguida, foram realizados os testes (DF, FE, ED, FD, DD, EE e FF). Na fase de Controle por Seleção (SL), os participantes foram submetidos a um treino GH/HI no qual a TCE por seleção fora favorecida; em seguida, foram realizados os testes (GH, IH, GH, IG, GG, HH e II). Dois dos participantes foram submetidos às fases experimentais na ordem LB RJ SL; para os outros dois, a ordem das duas últimas fases foi invertida (LB SL RJ). Todos os participantes apresentaram alta porcentagem de acerto nos testes seguintes às fases LB e SL. Na fase RJ, somente um participante apresentou desempenho indicativo de controle por rejeição, ou seja, falhas sistemáticas nos testes de transitividade, equivalência e reflexividade. Para esse participante, na fase RJ, a topografia de olhar somente o S- antes de escolher um dos comparações foi ocorreu em alta freqüência comparada a olhar somente o S+. Nessa mesma fase, a freqüência e a duração do olhar para o S- também foram maiores quando comparadas ao S+. O inverso se deu na fase SL, ou seja, houve uma alta freqüência da topografia de olhar somente o S+, bem como houve maiores freqüências e durações de olhar ao S+ comparadas ao S-. De modo geral, para os demais participantes, os quais foram bem-sucedidos nos testes seguintes à fase RJ, a topografia de olhar antes de escolher um dos comparações, bem como a freqüência e a duração da fixação do olhar foram maiores para o S+ do que ao S- ao longo de todas as fases. O presente estudo mostra que diferenças nas TCE estabelecidas foram acompanhadas de diferenças na topografia, na freqüência e na duração do olhar para o S+ e o S-. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que é necessário investigar procedimentos capazes de garantir o estabelecimento do controle exclusivo por seleção ou rejeição. / The operant analysis of eye movements has been taken as an auxiliary measure in the study of stimulus control. Other researches have already shown that different stimulus control topographies (SCT) are correlated with different patterns of eye movements. The present study used an equipment to track the eye movements of four participants during conditional discrimination training and equivalence tests. It aimed to verify, for different sets of stimuli, the effect of different SCT (selection/rejection) over the eye movements patterns. Nonsense figures, letters, numbers and greek letters were used as visual stimuli. Initially, during the Base Line (BL) phase, all participants were submitted to AB/BC relations training and to the tests of transitivity (AC), symmetry (BA and CB), equivalence (CA) and reflexivity (AA, BB and CC), in this sequence, without biasing the establishment of any SCT. In the Rejection Control (RJ) phase, participants were submitted to DE/EF relations training in which the SCT reject was biased. After that, they went through the tests (DF, FE, ED, FD, DD, EE e FF). In the Selection Control (SL) phase, participants were submitted to GH/HI relations training in which the SCT select was biased. After that, they were submitted to the testes (GH, IH, GH, IG, GG, HH e II). Two participants were exposed to experimental phases in the sequence BL RJ SL. For the other ones the order of the last two phases were inverted (BL SL RJ). Following the suggestions of previews studies, in order to bias reject and select control, depending on the experimental phase, the proportions of S+ and S- during the training were manipulated. All participants showed high scores during the tests of BL and SL phases. In RJ phase, only one participant showed systematic failures in transitivity, equivalence and reflexivity tests a typical rejection performance. For this participant, in RJ phase, it was verified a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S- before choosing one of the comparisons. In this phase, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S- were also higher then looking at the S+. The opposite was observed in the SL phase - a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S+ before choosing and also a high frequency and duration of looking at the S+. In general, for those participants who did not failed in the testes of RJ phase, the topography, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S+ were higher when compared to the S- along all the experimental phases. The present study shows that for different SCT it was also observed differences in the topography, frequency and duration of looking at the S+ or S-. The results also suggest that it is necessary to investigate what kind of procedures are able to increase the chances of select and reject control to be exclusively establish during the training.
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Movimento dos olhos como medida auxiliar de investigação de controle de estímulos em Procedimento Respondent-type / Eye movements analysis as auxiliary measure in Stimulus Control Investigation in the Respondent-type ProcedurePedro Piovezan Barbosa 31 October 2018 (has links)
A agenda de pesquisa da discriminacao condicional e composta por diversos procedimentos que investigaram a formacao de classes de equivalencia. Dentre eles: o procedimento Go/Nogo com estimulos compostos; o procedimento Yes/No; o procedimento Respondent-type; o procedimento de pareamento de estimulos envolvendo uma resposta (Stimulus Pairing Response); e o procedimento de pareamento de estimulos envolvendo uma resposta de orientacao (Stimulus pairing Orientation Response). No Respondent-type a condicionalidade entre os estimulos nao foi demonstrada em treino, mas sim por meio do desempenho dos participantes em condicoes de testes das relacoes emergentes. A condicionalidade nao poderia ser demonstrada por respostas diferenciais aos pares de estimulos relacionados em condicoes de treino, uma vez que nenhuma relacao R-S r foi programada. Apesar de nenhuma resposta ser requerida nessas condicoes, existem respostas que naturalmente ocorrem frente ao ambiente programado (e.g respostas sensoriais) e que sao relevantes para o desempenho nas tarefas, no caso, os testes. Em contingencias de controle de estimulos, respostas sensoriais ou de orientacao sao necessarias, primeiramente, por colocarem os participantes em contato com as propriedades relevantes dos estimulos que compoe o ambiente programado. Alem da relevancia por colocar o organismo em contato com as propriedades relevantes dos estimulos, a agenda experimental demonstrou que as respostas de orientacao tambem influenciam na emergencia de relacoes transitivas. Tendo em vista a relevancia das respostas de orientacao, o presente estudo tem como objetivo rastrear medidas da resposta de orientacao por meio do rastreamento dos movimentos oculares de participantes expostos ao procedimento Respondent-type. Explorar medidas da resposta de orientacao em treino sem reforcamento diferencial e testes das relacoes emergentes pode ser uma maneira de contribuir com a investigacao das variaveis de controle dessas respostas e, com isso, permitir a manipulacao de propriedades espaco-temporais eficientes. Apesar das classes serem formadas a partir de treino Respondent-type (sem programacao de R S r), sua demonstracao, em condicao de teste, seria acompanhada pela demonstracao de observacao seletiva? De acordo com os resultados, nove de dez participantes demonstraram a emergencia de classes equivalentes. Assim, a replicacao foi bem-sucedida. Dados obtidos atraves do equipamento de rastreamento dos movimentos oculares permitiram a identificacao de observacao seletiva nos testes em MTS, mesmo nao havendo programacao de relacao R S r em treino. Por fim, a demonstracao de observacao seletiva permitiu a elaboracao de hipoteses baseadas em aspectos do procedimento que permitiram o estabelecimento de funcoes de estimulos corretos e incorretos na tarefa experimental (uma vez que o treino das relacoes condicionais nao era um treino discriminativo) / Conditional discrimination literature studies the formation of equivalent classes through several different procedures, such as: the Go/No-go procedure with compound stimuli; the Yes/No procedure; the Respondent-type procedure; the Stimulus Pairing Response procedure; and the Stimulus Pairing Orientation Response procedure. Regarding the Respondent-type procedure, the conditionality between stimuli was not demonstrated in training, but it was instead observed in the performance of participants in emergent relations test conditions. Conditionality could not be demonstrated by differential responding in training, since R-S relation was not programmed in this study. Even though no responses are required in these conditions, some responses that naturally occur in the programmed environment (i.e. sensorial responses) are relevant for the performance of tasks, which in this case are the tests. In stimuli control conditions, sensorial or orientation responses are needed, first, to put the participants in contact with the relevant properties of the stimulus that form the programmed environment; and second, to demonstrate that such responses also influence the creation of transitive relations. Considering how relevant orientation responses are, this study aims to track measurements for such responses through tracking the eye movements of participants exposed to Respondent-type procedure. Through the exploration of orientation responses in trainings that lack differential reinforcement, and of tests for emerging relationships, this study can contribute to research investigating the variables of orientation responses, and allow for a manipulation of their spatial-temporal properties. Although classes are formed through Respondent-type training (without an R-S response being programmed into it), would their establishment, in testing conditions, be accompanied by the establishment of selective observing? According to the results, nine in ten participants observed the establishment of equivalent classes, which indicate that our replication was successful. Data obtained through eye-movement tracking allowed us to identify selective observation in MTS training even through no R-S relationship was programmed. Lastly, the establishment of selective observation allowed us to formulate hypothesis based on certain aspects of the procedure, which allowed for the establishment of functions of correct and incorrect stimuli in the experimental task (because the training for conditional relationships was not a discriminative training)
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Video based monitoring of torsional eye movementsEdelman, Elazer Reuven January 1979 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Bibliography: leaves 177-181. / by Elazer Reuven Edelman. / M.S.
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Controles por seleção e rejeição em discriminações condicionais em humanos e pombos / Select control and reject control in conditional discriminations in humans and pigeonsEdson Massayuki Huziwara 07 May 2010 (has links)
O estudo do responder controlado por relações de seleção ou rejeição insere-se no âmbito de investigações sobre as condições necessárias e suficientes para a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes. O presente projeto pretendeu investigar aspectos relacionados ao tema em experimentos conduzidos com humanos e pombos. O primeiro experimento teve por objetivo avaliar se o registro do comportamento de olhar, em termos do tempo de observação dos estímulos e padrões de rastreamento exibidos ao longo do treino de discriminações condicionais, poderia fornecer medidas auxiliares sobre o processo de aquisição dos controles por seleção e rejeição durante o treino de discriminações condicionais em participantes humanos. Para esta finalidade era importante preparar uma situação experimental que, previsivelmente, gerasse diferenças nos resultados da aprendizagem discriminativa. Desse modo, seria possível verificar se o olhar poderia fornecer dicas adicionais sobre o estabelecimento do responder controlado por relações de seleção ou rejeição. Estudos anteriores mostraram que, em procedimentos de MTS, utilizar o teclado ou o mouse produz diferentes resultados nos testes de formação de classes. Objetivou-se assim verificar se diferentes topografias de resposta gerariam resultados diferentes na aquisição das discriminações condicionais e nos testes de formação de classes e, adicionalmente, se gerariam padrões de rastreamento diferentes em termos do tempo de observação dos estímulos. Estudantes universitários foram submetidos aos treinos de discriminações condicionais envolvendo seis conjuntos de estímulos (treinos EF, DE, CD, BC e AB) enquanto utilizam um equipamento que registrava o comportamento de olhar. Os resultados sugerem que diferentes topografias de respostas dão origem a diferentes padrões de rastreamento dos estímulos, entretanto não foram encontradas evidências de que tais padrões estariam relacionados ao estabelecimento de relações controladas por seleção ou rejeição. O segundo experimento teve por objetivo verificar a existência de relações de transitividade a partir de um treino condicional envolvendo estímulos temporais. Foram utilizados 12 pombos (Columba lívia) experimentalmente ingênuos e mantidos a 80% do seu peso ad lib. O equipamento utilizado consistia em uma caixa experimental padrão contendo três discos de respostas dispostos horizontalmente. Uma tentativa de treino ocorria da seguinte forma: a luz ambiente e o disco central de respostas eram acesos ao mesmo tempo. Se, por exemplo, o estímulo temporal programado fosse de 4 s, uma luz branca no disco central permanecia ligada por esse período. Após 4 s, a luz do disco central era apagada e cores eram apresentadas nos discos laterais. Uma bicada em qualquer um dos discos laterais encerrava a tentativa. Respostas corretas eram seguidas por um curto período de acesso ao comedouro e um IET de 20 s. Respostas incorretas eram seguidas pelo IET e pela reapresentação da mesma tentativa (procedimento de correção). O procedimento era composto por três fases de treino: nas tentativas do Treino A, os sujeitos aprenderam a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor vermelha diante do modelo 1 s e a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor verde diante de 4 s. Nas tentativas do Treino B, eles aprenderam a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor azul diante de 4 s e a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor amarela diante de 16 s. Durante o Treino C, os sujeitos aprenderam a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor azul diante do modelo verde e a bicar o disco iluminado pela cor amarela diante do modelo vermelho. Considerando os treinos A e B, as cores azul e verde foram relacionadas ao mesmo estímulo temporal 4 s, enquanto que as cores vermelho e amarelo não partilharam qualquer estímulo comum durante o treino anterior. Os resultados sugerem que as relações entre azul e verde foram adquiridas mais rapidamente, fato de parece comprovar a formação de relações de transitividade em fases ix anteriores do treino / The study of responding controlled by selection or rejection relations is within the scope of research on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the formation of equivalent stimuli classes. This project sought to investigate aspects related to this subject by performing experiments with humans and pigeons. The first experiment evaluated whether the record of eye movement - in terms of stimuli observation time and tracking patterns exhibited throughout conditional discrimination training - could provide ancillary measures on the acquisition process of control by selection rejection during the conditional discrimination training on human participants. For this purpose it was important to prepare an experimental situation that predictably generate differences in the discriminative learning outcomes. Thus, it would be possible to verify if the eye movement could provide additional clues about the establishment of responding controlled by relations of selection or rejection. Previous studies have shown that using the keyboard or mouse, in MTS tasks, produces different results in class formation testing. The objective was, therefore, to check if different response topographies would generate different results in conditional discrimination acquisition and class formation tests and, furthermore, if it would generate different tracking patterns, in terms of stimuli observation time. College students were subjected to conditional discriminations training involving six sets of stimuli (training EF, DE, CD, BC and AB) while using a device that recorded eye movement. Results suggest that different response topographies originate different patterns of stimulus tracking, however there was no evidence that such patterns referred to the establishment of relations controlled by selection or rejection. The second experiment sought verifying the existence of transitivity relations from conditional training involving temporal stimuli. Subjects were 12 pigeons (Columba livia) experimentally naive and kept at 80% of their ad lib weight. The equipment used consisted of a box containing three standard experimental response keys horizontally arranged. A training attempt occurred as follows: house light and the central key were lit at the same time. If, for example, the programmed interval was 4 s, a white light in the central key remained on for that period. After 4 s, the light from the central key was turned off and colors were presented on the side keys. A peck on either of the side keys ended the attempt. Correct answers were followed by a short period of access to the feeder and an ITI of 20 s. Incorrect answers were followed by the ITI and the repetition of the same trial (correction procedure). The procedure consisted of three phases of training: in Training A attempts, the subjects learned to choose the red colored key when the 1 s model was presented, and to choose the green colored key when the 4 s model was presented. In Training B attempts, they learned to choose the blue colored key when the 4 s model was presented and to choose the yellow colored key when the 16 s model was presented. During Training C, subjects learned to choose the blue colored key when green color was presented and to choose yellow colored key when red color model was presented. Regarding A and B trainings, blue and green stimuli were related to the same temporal stimulus 4 s, while red and yellow ones did not share any common temporal stimulus during earlier training. Results suggest that relations between blue and green were acquired more quickly, a fact that seems to demonstrate formation of transitivity relations in earlier stages of training
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Movimentos dos olhos e topografias de controle de estímulos em treino de discriminação condicional e testes de equivalência / Eye movements and stimulus control topographies in conditional discrimination training and equivalence testsWilliam Ferreira Perez 08 December 2008 (has links)
A análise operante dos movimentos dos olhos tem-se mostrado uma medida auxiliar no estudo de controle de estímulos, posto que diferentes topografias de controle de estímulo (TCE) correlacionam-se a diferentes padrões de movimento dos olhos, segundo dados recentes da literatura. O presente estudo buscou analisar experimentalmente os efeitos de diferentes TCE (seleção/rejeição) sobre o padrão dos movimentos dos olhos de quatro participantes submetidos a treinos de discriminação condicional e testes de equivalência. Figuras sem sentido, letras do alfabeto ocidental, números e letras do alfabeto grego foram utilizadas como estímulos visuais. Inicialmente, durante a fase de Linha de Base (LB), todos os participantes foram submetidos a um treino AB/BC e aos testes de transitividade (AC), simetria (CB e BA), equivalência (CA) e reflexividade (AA, BB e CC), nessa ordem. Em seguida, em seqüências distintas para cada participante, foram conduzidas diferentes fases de treino em que o controle por rejeição ou por seleção passaram a ser favorecidos por meio da manipulação das proporções de S+ e de S-. Na fase de Controle por Rejeição (RJ), os participantes foram submetidos a um treino DE/EF no qual o estabelecimento da TCE por rejeição fora favorecido; em seguida, foram realizados os testes (DF, FE, ED, FD, DD, EE e FF). Na fase de Controle por Seleção (SL), os participantes foram submetidos a um treino GH/HI no qual a TCE por seleção fora favorecida; em seguida, foram realizados os testes (GH, IH, GH, IG, GG, HH e II). Dois dos participantes foram submetidos às fases experimentais na ordem LB RJ SL; para os outros dois, a ordem das duas últimas fases foi invertida (LB SL RJ). Todos os participantes apresentaram alta porcentagem de acerto nos testes seguintes às fases LB e SL. Na fase RJ, somente um participante apresentou desempenho indicativo de controle por rejeição, ou seja, falhas sistemáticas nos testes de transitividade, equivalência e reflexividade. Para esse participante, na fase RJ, a topografia de olhar somente o S- antes de escolher um dos comparações foi ocorreu em alta freqüência comparada a olhar somente o S+. Nessa mesma fase, a freqüência e a duração do olhar para o S- também foram maiores quando comparadas ao S+. O inverso se deu na fase SL, ou seja, houve uma alta freqüência da topografia de olhar somente o S+, bem como houve maiores freqüências e durações de olhar ao S+ comparadas ao S-. De modo geral, para os demais participantes, os quais foram bem-sucedidos nos testes seguintes à fase RJ, a topografia de olhar antes de escolher um dos comparações, bem como a freqüência e a duração da fixação do olhar foram maiores para o S+ do que ao S- ao longo de todas as fases. O presente estudo mostra que diferenças nas TCE estabelecidas foram acompanhadas de diferenças na topografia, na freqüência e na duração do olhar para o S+ e o S-. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que é necessário investigar procedimentos capazes de garantir o estabelecimento do controle exclusivo por seleção ou rejeição. / The operant analysis of eye movements has been taken as an auxiliary measure in the study of stimulus control. Other researches have already shown that different stimulus control topographies (SCT) are correlated with different patterns of eye movements. The present study used an equipment to track the eye movements of four participants during conditional discrimination training and equivalence tests. It aimed to verify, for different sets of stimuli, the effect of different SCT (selection/rejection) over the eye movements patterns. Nonsense figures, letters, numbers and greek letters were used as visual stimuli. Initially, during the Base Line (BL) phase, all participants were submitted to AB/BC relations training and to the tests of transitivity (AC), symmetry (BA and CB), equivalence (CA) and reflexivity (AA, BB and CC), in this sequence, without biasing the establishment of any SCT. In the Rejection Control (RJ) phase, participants were submitted to DE/EF relations training in which the SCT reject was biased. After that, they went through the tests (DF, FE, ED, FD, DD, EE e FF). In the Selection Control (SL) phase, participants were submitted to GH/HI relations training in which the SCT select was biased. After that, they were submitted to the testes (GH, IH, GH, IG, GG, HH e II). Two participants were exposed to experimental phases in the sequence BL RJ SL. For the other ones the order of the last two phases were inverted (BL SL RJ). Following the suggestions of previews studies, in order to bias reject and select control, depending on the experimental phase, the proportions of S+ and S- during the training were manipulated. All participants showed high scores during the tests of BL and SL phases. In RJ phase, only one participant showed systematic failures in transitivity, equivalence and reflexivity tests a typical rejection performance. For this participant, in RJ phase, it was verified a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S- before choosing one of the comparisons. In this phase, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S- were also higher then looking at the S+. The opposite was observed in the SL phase - a high frequency of the topography of looking only at the S+ before choosing and also a high frequency and duration of looking at the S+. In general, for those participants who did not failed in the testes of RJ phase, the topography, the frequency and the duration of looking at the S+ were higher when compared to the S- along all the experimental phases. The present study shows that for different SCT it was also observed differences in the topography, frequency and duration of looking at the S+ or S-. The results also suggest that it is necessary to investigate what kind of procedures are able to increase the chances of select and reject control to be exclusively establish during the training.
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Efeito de diferentes treinos de discriminação sobre as fixações dos olhos de humanos / The effect of different discrimination trainings on human fixations of the human eyeCandido Vinicius Bocaiuva Barnsley Pessoa 18 October 2010 (has links)
O estudo das fixações e dos movimentos dos olhos pode trazer contribuições para o entendimento do estabelecimento do controle de estímulos discriminativos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar se análises mais moleculares das durações e frequências das fixações dos olhos de humanos em direção a estímulos antecedentes em diferentes treinos de discriminação fornecem resultados mais sistemáticos sobre estas fixações do que os resultados obtidos até o presente momento. Foram realizados 3 experimentos com 4 fases cada um. Os participantes foram jovens com idades entre 16 e 27 anos. Cada participante foi submetido a uma sessão experimental individual. Nos treinos de discriminação, 2 conjuntos de 80 imagens que não se repetiram ao longo do treino foram utilizados como estímulos antecedentes. As respostas a serem controladas discriminativamente foram pressões na barra de espaço de um teclado de computador e as consequências diferenciais programadas para estas respostas foram apresentação de um som (plim) e apresentação de pontos. O Experimento 1 contou com 4 participantes. Na 1ª fase, pressionar a barra de espaço diante de estímulos dos 2 conjuntos não teve consequências programadas. Na segunda fase, os sons foram apresentados contingentes a pressões na barra em esquema de intervalo variável de 3 s (VI-3 s) apenas diante dos estímulos de um dos conjuntos (componentes de reforço). Não houve consequências programadas para pressões na barra diante dos estímulos do segundo conjunto nessa fase (componentes de extinção). Na 3ª fase, as contingências de reforço e extinção foram revertidas em relação aos conjuntos de estímulos antecedentes. Na 4ª fase, pressões à barra diante de estímulos de ambos os conjuntos podiam produzir o som e os pontos em VI-3 s. Ao final da sessão, o participante foi informado de quantos pontos recebeu. No Experimento 2, com 4 participantes, o componente de extinção foi substituído por um componente em que pressões na barra tinham como consequência, em VI-3 s, um som diferente, indicativo de perda de pontos. O Experimento 3, com 3 participantes, foi análogo ao primeiro, com a exceção de que, durante a 2ª e 3ª fases, pressões na barra durante os últimos 2 segundos dos componentes de extinção postergaram a mudança para o próximo componente. Durante todo o experimento foram registrados os movimentos dos olhos dos participantes, as pressões na barra de espaço e recebimento de pontos. RESULTADOS: No Experimento 1, para os 4 participantes, nas 2ª e 3ª fases, as durações das primeiras fixações nos estímulos relacionados ao reforço foram mais longas do que as fixações nos estímulos relacionados à extinção. Este resultado não foram replicados nos Experimentos 2 e 3. Esta análise mais molecular apresentou sistematicidade maior de resultados que análises anteriores / Eye movements and fixation may contribute for understanding the establishment of discrimination learning. The present research investigated whether more molecular analysis than the ones made so far of frequency and duration of eye fixation to antecedent stimuli during discrimination training may result in systematic data. Three experiments were conducted, each one with 4 different phases. Participants were humans from 16 to 27 years old. Each participant was submitted to only one individual experimental session of about 12 minutes. On discrimination trainings, a set of 80, non-repeating, abstract images and a set of 80, non-repeating, figurative images were used as antecedent stimuli. Responses to be controlled were computer keyboard space-bar pressings and differential consequences were a sound (plin) presentation and delivery of points. Experiment 1 counted with 4 participants. On Phase 1 space-bar pressing had no differential consequences. On Phase 2 sound was presented contingent upon space-bar pressing on a variable interval of 3 s schedule (VI 3-s) during display of only one set of images (reinforcing components). No consequences were programmed for space-bar pressings during display of the alternative set (extinction components). On Phase 3 reinforcement and extinction contingencies were reversed in relation to antecedent stimuli sets. On Phase 4 space-bar pressing during display of both sets of stimuli were reinforced with sound and points on VI 3-s. The amount of points received was only informed for the participant at the end of the session. Experiment 2 counted with 4 participants and the same 4 phases. The extinction components were exchanged for components in which points indicated by a second kind of sound (bee) were withdraw contingent to space-bar pressing on a VI 3-s schedule. Experiment 3 counted with 3 participants and the same 4 phases. On this experiment termination of extinction components was contingent on 2 s without space-bar pressings. Eye fixation, space-bar pressing, and sound delivery were registered during the entire sessions for the 3 experiments. Duration of the first fixation on antecedent stimulus was longer for reinforcement components than for extinction components during Phases 2 and 3 for the 4 participants of Experiment 1. These results were not replicated for Experiments 2 and 3. The more molecular analysis resulted in a more systematic data of human eye fixation
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Evaluating driver distraction countermeasuresKarlsson, Rikard January 2004 (has links)
<p>Statistics showing that in-vehicle driver distraction is a major contributing cause in road accidents is presented. Driver distraction is defined building on the driving theory by Gibson and Crooks. The idea to use driver distraction countermeasures as a way of mitigating the effects of the driver distraction problem is then introduced. A requirement list is formulated with ten requirements that distraction countermeasures should meet. A simplification of regarding distraction as a gaze direction problem makes way for designing an experiment to evaluate two driver distraction countermeasures in which new eye- tracking technology plays a key role. The experiment also makes use of a simulator, a surrogate in-vehicle information system as a distractor, and thirty subjects. The most important dependent measures were in-vehicle glance time and a steering wheel reaction time measure. The evaluated countermeasures – a blue flash at middle of the road position and a kinesthetic brake pulse – could, however, not be shown to meet the most important of the requirements formulated. The lack of effect of the countermeasures in the experiment may either depend on their actual inefficiency or on methodological shortcomings of the experiment. These alternatives are discussed. It is speculated that the biggest problems with the possible lack of actual efficiency have to do with that the theoretical basis for using a flash did not transfer to the driving setting, and that the brake pulse used was too weak. The methodological problems have to do with the non-validated dependent measures used, missing data, nuisance warnings, insufficient distractors, non-precise hypotheses, and difficulties with separating the effect of the countermeasures from the psychological force to look on the road.</p>
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Keeping Eye and Mind on the RoadVictor, Trent January 2005 (has links)
<p>This thesis is devoted to understanding and counteracting the primary contributing factor in traffic crashes: inattention. Foremost, it demonstrates the fundamental importance of proactive gaze in the road centre area for action guidance in driving. Inattention is explained with regard to two visual functions (vision-for-action and vision-for-identification), three forms of attentional selection (action-driven-, stimulus-driven-, and goal-directed attention), and two forms of prediction influences (extrapolation-based- and decision-based prediction influences). In Study I an automated eye-movement analysis method was developed for a purpose-built eye-tracking sensor, and was successfully validated. This analysis method was further developed, and several new measures of gaze concentration to the road centre area were created. Study II demonstrated that a sharp decrease in the amount of road centre viewing time is accompanied by a dramatic spatial concentration towards the road centre area in returning gaze during visual tasks. During cognitive tasks, a spatial gaze concentration to road centre is also evident; however contrary to visual tasks, road centre viewing time is increased because the eyes are not directed towards an object within the vehicle. Study III found that gaze concentration measures are highly sensitive to driving task demands as well as to visual and auditory in-vehicle tasks. Gaze concentration to the road centre area was found as driving task complexity increased, as shown in differences between rural curved- and straight sections, between rural and motorway road types, and between simulator and field motorways. Further, when task duration was held constant and the in-vehicle visual task became more difficult, drivers looked less at the road centre area ahead, and looked at the display more often, for longer periods, and for more varied durations. In closing, it is shown how this knowledge can be applied to create in-vehicle attention support functions that counteract the effects of inattention.</p>
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Eye movements in reading strategies : how reading strategies modulate effects of distributed processing and oculomotor controlWotschack, Christiane January 2009 (has links)
Throughout its empirical research history eye movement research has always been aware of the differences in reading behavior induced by individual differences and task demands. This work introduces a novel comprehensive concept of reading strategy, comprising individual differences in reading style and reading skill as well as reader goals. In a series of sentence reading experiments recording eye movements, the influence of reading strategies on reader- and word-level effects assuming distributed processing has been investigated. Results provide evidence for strategic, top-down influences on eye movement control that extend our understanding of eye guidance in reading. / Seit Beginn der Blickbewegungsforschung beim Lesen ist man sich über Unterschiede im Blickverhalten bewusst, die im Zusammenhang mit individuellen Unterschieden oder Aufgabenanforderungen stehen. Unter dem Begriff ‚Lesestrategie’ wurden diese Unterschiede hauptsächlich für diagnostische Zwecke verwendet. Diese Studie verwendet eine neue, umfassende Definition von Lesestrategie und berücksichtigt sowohl individuelle Unterschiede in Lesestil und Lesevermögen als auch Ziel und Intention des Lesers. In einer Reihe von Satzleseexperimenten, bei denen die Blickbewegungen aufgezeichnet wurden, wurde der Einfluss von Lesestrategien auf Effekte der Leser-und Wortebene untersucht, wobei eine verteilte Verarbeitung beim Lesen angenommen wird. Die Ergebnisse liefern Evidenzen für strategische, top-down Einflüsse auf die Blickbewegungen und leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag für das bessere Verständnis der Blickbewegungskontrolle beim Lesen.
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Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence readingDambacher, Michael, Kliegl, Reinhold January 2007 (has links)
We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400’s) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words.
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