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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

China - The new Corporate Income Tax Law and its effect on Transfer Pricing : and in particular the issue of documentation requirements

Hansen, Ida, Lin, Viktoria January 2008 (has links)
<p>China has had a remarkable development since the late 1970s, when the Chinese government started opening up its internal market for the outside world. The Chinese legislation and the legal system itself have been developing rapidly to adapt to the new economic environment, however not without complications. Many uncertainties still remain.</p><p>Under the old income tax regime, corporations on the Chinese market were taxed under two different systems, one for domestic enterprises and one for foreign invested enterprises and foreign enterprises. With the new Corporate Income Tax Law, these two systems were merged and new concepts introduced. The new income tax law includes important articles that affect the transfer pricing regime in China. The OECD’s transfer pricing regulations have served as a model when China first started to regulate their transfer pricing, there are consequently similarities between the two.</p><p>Multinational corporations consider the issue of transfer pricing as the most important issue in their international taxation. It is important both from the aspect of being the most effective way to maximize the world profit of the corporation and also in the aspect that an adjustment due to inaccuracies in the corporation’s transfer prices can be expensive. The Chinese transfer pricing system is considered to be young in comparison with other jurisdictions, for example the United States. The Chinese government and its tax authorities have in recent years put a lot of effort in improving the transfer pricing system and its execution. Due to the amount of loss in tax revenue that is believed to be due to transfer pricing measures, the issue is considered to be of outmost importance.</p><p>The requirement on transfer pricing documentation has been an important issue for MNCs on the Chinese market, especially now when there is an interest levy on adjustments made through an audit. Since the current regulation on documentation is still quite vague, it constitutes an uncertainty for both taxpayers and tax authorities. However, an issuing of a clearer regulation on documentation requirements have long been anticipated but not yet released, although clarifying measures have been taken through the Corporate Income Tax Law and newly issued circulars during 2007.</p>
22

Handelsbolagslösningen : Ett skatteupplägg där näringsfastigheter avyttras paketerade i svenska handelsbolag ägda av nederländska juridiska personer / The general partnership solution : A tax arrangement where industrial real estates are packaged and disposed of in Swedish general partnerships that are owned by Dutch legal entities

Malek, Elham, Dias Halldén, Monica January 2006 (has links)
<p>Det har på senare tid uppmärksammats att svenska fastighetsbolag paketerar näringsfastigheter i svenska handelsbolag med utländska juridiska personer som delägare. Detta fenomen är ett skatteupplägg som kallas för handelsbolagslösningen. I uppsatsen utgår vi från ett typfall där delägarna i det svenska handelsbolaget är nederländska juridiska personer. Skatteupplägget inbegriper tre transaktionsled, där det första ledet innebär att ett säljande svenskt aktiebolag underprisöverlåter en näringsfastighet till det svenska handelsbolaget. Det andra ledet är att de nederländska delägarna avyttrar sina andelar i det svenska handelsbolaget samt fastigheten, det vill säga fastighetspaketet, till ett utomstående köpande aktiebolag i Sverige. Slutligen, efter köpet, likviderar det köpande aktiebolaget handelsbolaget och skiftar ut fastigheten till sig. Problematiken kring skatteupplägget handelsbolagslösningen är att det svenska aktiebolaget har tillgodoräknat sig fastighetens dolda värde, utan skattekonsekvenser, genom en förvärvad skattefri utdelning från de nederländska delägarbolagen. Det köpande aktiebolaget har samtidigt erhållit kapitalförlustavdrag i Sverige, som innebär att förlusten kan kvittas mot motsvarande kapitalvinster inom bolaget, och därmed minskas det skattemässiga underlaget. I samband med fastigheters långa avskrivningsperiod får dessa paketeringar stor ekonomisk betydelse. Frågan som uppstår är huruvida handelsbolagslösningen är lagenlig. Utifrån en rättsdogmatiskmetod behandlar vi problematiken genom en stegvis bedömning av transaktionerna.</p><p>I samband med första steget i handelsbolagslösningen behandlar vi huruvida överlåtelsen av fastigheten från det säljande svenska aktiebolaget till det svenska handelsbolaget uppfyller villkoren för en kvalificerad underprisöverlåtelse. Vi finner att underprisöverlåtelsen är kvalificerad och att uttagsbeskattning således inte inträder. I det andra steget uppkommer frågan om de nederländska delägarbolagen blir skatteskyldiga i Sverige för den kapitalvinst som uppkommer på de avyttrade andelarna i det svenska handelsbolaget. Utifrån förutsättningar och resonemang i rättsfall, kommer vi fram till att det inte föreligger någon skatteskyldighet i Sverige för de nederländska delägarna. I det tredje steget och sista steget ställs vi inför frågan om det köpande svenska aktiebolaget i samband med upplösningen av det svenska handelsbolaget har rätt att dra av den kapitalförlust som uppstår på andelarna. Bedömningen sker utifrån om förlusten kan anses vara verklig eller inte. Med stöd av praxis anser vi att kapitalförlusten är verklig och därmed avdragsgill.</p><p>I vår rättsutredning av de tre olika transaktionsleden, finner vi att dessa följer gällande rätt. Med beaktande av detta anser vi det vara av vikt att undersöka huruvida skatteflyktslagen kan tillämpas på typfallet. Med stöd av gällande rätt bör skatteflyktslagen inte bli tillämplig på det köpande svenska aktiebolagets taxering. Vi klargör istället om skatteflyktslagen kan angripa det säljande svenska aktiebolaget. I vår utredning finner vi att skatteflyktslagen inte är tillämplig på handelsbolagslösningen så som den artar sig i typfallet. Detta med stöd av vår gjorda rättsutredning samt de spekulationer som finns på området.</p><p>Vår slutsats är att det blir svårt att angripa de fastighetsbolag som har utnyttjat handelsbolagslösningen, åtminstone utifrån den konstruktion som föreligger i typfallet. Utifall det är lagstiftarens intention att förhindra denna typ av skatteupplägg, är det upp till denne att komma med ny lagstiftning som tar fasta på problematiken.</p> / <p>Swedish real estate companies have attracted a lot of attention by packaging industrial real estate in general partnership companies that are owned by foreign legal entities. This tax arrangement is a phenomenon that is referred to as the general partnership solution. In this thesis, we use a case example in which the partners in the Swedish general partnership are legal entities with Dutch nationality. The tax arrangement includes three transaction phases, where the first involves an under priced transfer of a commercial real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company to the Swedish general partnership. In the second phase, the Dutch partners trade their shares in the Swedish general partnership including the real estate to an external buying private limited company in Sweden. After the trade the buying Swedish private limited company liquidates the general partnership and transfer the real estate from the general partnership to itself. As a result of this tax arrangement a complex problematic arises when the Swedish private limited company obtain the hidden value in the real estate by receiving tax-free dividends from the Dutch partner companies. The buying Swedish private limited company simultaneously receive capital deficit tax deductions in Sweden, which means that losses can be settled by corresponding capital profits within the company, consequently reducing their tax base. The long depreciation period of real estates means that packaging represents great economical significance. The question that arises is whether the general partnership solution is consistent with Swedish law. Based on a juridical dogmatic method, we consider this complex of problems by means of a systematic assessment of the discussed transactions.</p><p>In the first step of the general partnership solution, we consider whether the transfer of real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company fulfils the conditions for a qualified under priced transfer. We find that the under priced transfer is qualified, and therefore withdrawal taxation does not occur.</p><p>In the second step, the arising question is whether the Dutch partner companies become liable for taxation in Sweden for capital profit generated from the disposed shares in the Swedish general partnership. According to the prerequisites and reasoning in legal cases, we find that tax liability in Sweden does not arise for the Dutch partners. In the third and final step, we are faced with the question whether the buying Swedish private limited company has the legal right to deduct the capital loss that results from the Swedish general partnership resolution. The assessment is based on whether the loss can be considered genuine. In accordance with case law we regard the capital loss genuine and therefore tax-deductible.</p><p>In our legal inquiry we conclude that the three different transaction phases comply with Swedish law. Considering this, we find it imperative to examine whether the Swedish tax evasion law can apply in the case example. By virtue of domestic law, it is not probable that the tax evasion law can apply on the buying Swedish private limited company’s taxation. In regards to the seller’s taxation, we clarify whether the tax evasion law can be applicable concerning the selling Swedish private limited company. We find that the tax evasion law is not applicable in the general partnership solution, in the form that it has in the case example. We support this statement with reference to our legal inquiry and referring to some speculations on the subject.</p><p>Our conclusion is that it would be difficult to deal with the real estate companies that have made use of the general partnership solution, at least in the construction that exists in the case example. It is up to the legislator to decide on whether to prevent this type of tax arrangement or not.</p>
23

Taxation of foreign business income within the European internal market : an analysis of the conflict between the objective of achievement of the European internal market and...

Monsenego, Jérôme January 2011 (has links)
Member States' rules on the taxation of the foreign business income of companies, whether they are based on the fiscal principle of territoriality or on the principle of worldwide taxation, raise complex issues of compatibility with the law of the European Union. Areas of conflict include particularly the taxation of foreign profits, the deduction of foreign losses, the elimination of international double taxation, and the attribution of profits to permanent establishments. The dissertation analyses these conflicts on the basis of a study of the case law of the European Court of Justice. Although this analysis provides some guidance for the taxation of companies when they carry out business activities throughout the European Union, it is concluded that the Court cannot, by itself: solve the conflict between the taxation of business income in a cross-border context and the objective of achievement of the internal market. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011
24

Den nya intäktsredovisningen : En jämförande studie mellan IFRS 15 och IAS 18 / The new revenue recognition : A comparative study between IFRS 15 and IAS 18

Djavadzadeh, Albin, Hultgren, Tobias January 2017 (has links)
År 2002 startades ett gemensamt harmoniseringsprojekt, Norwalk-agreement, mellan IASB och FASB. Projektet bottnade i ett behov av att lättare kunna jämföra internationella företag samt att bemöta komplexiteten kring intäktsredovisning. Av Norwalk-agreement framställdes IFRS 15 vilken är den nya internationella redovisningsstandarden för intäkter. IFRS 15 kommer träda i kraft 1:e januari 2018 och ersätter alla tidigare standarder vad gäller intäkter från försäljning av varor och tjänster.Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga eventuella skillnader som kan uppstå i och med att en ny standard för intäkter implementeras. Studien kommer fokusera på intäkter som härrör från försäljning av varor och tjänster och undersöka vilka konsekvenser detta kan få på företagsbeskattning, intressenter och särskilda nyckeltal. Studien kommer även undersöka om den goda redovisningsseden i Sverige påverkas. För att uppnå studiens syfte har fyra typfall konstruerats vilka blivit inspirerade av svenska rättskällor. Dessa typfall har i sin tur analyserats genom att tillämpa standarderna IFRS 15 och IAS 18. Metoden för studien är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med abduktiv ansats och studien är av förutsägande karaktär.Studiens typfall och resultat visar på att implementeringen av IFRS 15 kommer ge förändringar vid vilken tidpunkt redovisning ska ske av varor och tjänster vilket föranleds av en förändring av kriterierna för recognition. Detta ger upphov till att företagsbeskattning, nyckeltal samt utdelningsmöjligheter förändras vilka i sin tur påverkar intressenternas relation till företag. Vidare visar resultatet att en möjlig förändring av god redovisningssed föreligger.Slutligen visar studien på att IFRS 15 är en mindre principbaserad standard där den så kallade femstegsmodellen erbjuder en mer omfattande vägledning än nuvarande intäktsstandard IAS 18. / In 2002, a joint harmonization project, the Norwalk Agreement, was initiated by the IASB and FASB. The project was based on the need to more easily compare international companies and to address the complexity of revenue recognition. The Norwalk Agreement resulted in IFRS 15, which is the new international accounting standard for revenue. The new standard, IFRS 15, will come into effect on January 1 2018 and supersedes all previous standards regarding revenue from sales of goods and services.The purpose of this study is to identify possible differences that may arise as a new standard of revenue is implemented. The study will focus on revenue derived from sales of goods and services and investigate the impact this may have on corporate taxation, stakeholders and selected key performance indicators. The study will also investigate whether generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden is affected. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, four theoretical example cases have been constructed that have been inspired by Swedish sources of law. These example cases have been analysed by applying IFRS 15 and IAS 18. The methodology of the study is a qualitative content analysis with abductive character and is a predictive study.The empirical findings of the study indicate that the implementation of IFRS 15 will give rise to changes in the reporting of goods and services resulting from a change of recognition. This impacts corporate taxation, key ratios and dividend opportunities, which in turn affects stakeholder relationships with companies. Furthermore, the findings show that a possiblechange in generally accepted accounting principles in Sweden is at hand.Finally, the study shows that IFRS 15 is a less principle-based standard where the so-called five-step model offers more comprehensive guidance than the current revenue standard IAS 18.This paper is written in Swedish.

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