The mechanics of a woven wire mesh material are investigated to characterize the elasto--plastic behavior of this class of materials under tensile conditions. The study focuses on a representative 316L stainless steel (3161 SS) 325x2300 twill-dutch woven wire mesh typically used as a fine filtration media in applications such as water reclamation, air filtration, and as a key component in swab wands used in conjunction with explosive trace detection (Em) equipment. Mechanical experiments and a 3-D finite element model (FEM) are employed to study the macro-scale and meso-scale mechanical behavior of the woven wire mesh under uniaxial tensile conditions. A parametric study of the orientation dependence of the mechanical response of this material ~ been carried out, relating material properties such as elastic modulus, yield strength, etc. to material orientation. Ratcheting type tensile tests are also performed in a similar orientation study, and an elementary damage model is presented for the woven wire mesh based on continuum damage mechanics (CDM). The meso-scale behavior of the wire mesh is studied via the finite element method, and observations are made relating wire scale conditions to macro-scale material behavior.

Η βιομηχανία της ένδυσης εξακολουθεί να στηρίζεται σε πολύ μεγάλο βαθμό στην χειρωνακτική εργασία. Αυτό οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι τα υφάσματα είναι σώματα που παρουσιάζουν πολύ μικρή δυσκαμψία με αποτέλεσμα να παραμορφώνονται εύκολα, ενώ παράλληλα έχουν ένα μεγάλο εύρος δομών και ιδιοτήτων που καθιστά δύσκολη την ανάπτυξη αξιόπιστων και ευέλικτων συστημάτων χειρισμού. Στη διατριβή αυτή παρουσιάζεται μία μέθοδος για τον διαχωρισμό και σύλληψη ενός τεμαχίου υφάσματος από στοίβα, βασισμένη στη ροή αέρα υπό πίεση πάνω από τη στοίβα. Η ροή ανασηκώνει το άνω τεμάχιο, ενώ η τυρβώδης φύση της ροής διαχωρίζει το τεμάχιο από τα υποκείμενά του. Αναπτύσσονται δύο συστήματα για τον αυτόνομο προσδιορισμό της τροχιάς άκρου εργασίας ρομπότ, για την πραγματοποίηση του χειρισμού της απλής απόθεσης τεμαχίου υφάσματος σε τράπεζα εργασίας. Αυτά τα συστήματα βασίζονται σε μεθόδους υπολογιστικής νοημοσύνης, και πιο συγκεκριμένα στην ασαφή λογική, χωρίς να απαιτούν τη χρήση επιπρόσθετων συσκευών ή τη γνώση πολλών μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των υφασμάτων. Μελετάται ο χειρισμός του διπλώματος υφάσματος σε τράπεζα εργασίας και εισάγονται τρία στάδια στα οποία μπορεί να χωριστεί αυτός ο χειρισμός ώστε να μειωθεί η πολυπλοκότητα του συνολικού χειρισμού. Αναλύεται το κάθε στάδιο και παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά μορφής του υφάσματος που επιλέγονται για να περιγράψουν την κατάστασή του για κάθε στάδιο του χειρισμού. Εισάγεται μια μέθοδος για την εξαγωγή αυτών των χαρακτηριστικών με τη χρήση δύο αισθητήρων όρασης, η οποία βασίζεται στην αναζήτηση των χαρακτηριστικών αυτών σε συγκεκριμένες περιοχές του χώρου της εικόνας. Αυτό καθίσταται δυνατό χάρη στην βαθμονόμηση των αισθητήρων. Αναπτύσσεται μία στρατηγική για το δίπλωμα υφασμάτων βασισμένη σε ασαφή λογική με ανάδραση όρασης. Ο ασαφής ελεγκτής, πολλών εισόδων-εξόδων, εκπαιδεύεται με τη μέθοδο δοκιμής-και-σφάλματος και παρέχει τα κέρδη ενός Ρ-ελεγκτή. Το σύστημα παρουσιάζει ευελιξία και αξιοπιστία για υφάσματα που ικανοποιούν τους περιορισμούς που έχουν τεθεί. Παρουσιάζεται μία στρατηγική για τον έλεγχο του ενεργού διπλώματος όπου δύο ανεξάρτητα υποσυστήματα αναλαμβάνουν τον προσδιορισμό της κατάστασης στόχου του υφάσματος και την επίτευξη αυτού του στόχου αυξάνοντας με αυτόν τον τρόπο την ευελιξία του συστήματος. Οι μέθοδοι που αναπτύχθηκαν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως αφετηρία για την εισαγωγή αξιόπιστων και ευέλικτων αυτοματισμών με σκοπό την εκτέλεση των χειρισμών της βιομηχανίας ένδυσης από ρομπότ. / The apparel industry is still mainly based on manual labor. The main reason for the automation delay is the fact that fabrics are bodies that present very low bending rigidity, and as a result they are easily deformed. Fabrics also present a great variety of structures and properties. These facts deter the development of reliable and flexible robotic handling systems. In this thesis a method for the separation and capture of a piece of fabric from a stack is presented, based on air flow over the stack. The difference in static pressure, caused by the flow, lifts the upper piece of the fabric, while the turbulent nature of the flow separates it from its underlying pieces. Two systems are developed for the determination of the trajectory of the end-effector of a robot, for the realization of the simple laying task of a piece of fabric on a work table. These systems are based on soft computing, and particularly on fuzzy logic, and any additional apparatuses or the knowledge of many mechanical properties of the fabrics are not required. The task of folding a piece of fabric on a work table is investigated and three stages are introduced, in which the folding task can be decomposed in order to reduce the complexity of the robot controller development. Each stage is explained and the shape characteristics that are selected in order to describe the shape of the fabric for each stage are presented. A method for the extraction of the selected characteristics from two vision sensors is introduced, which is based on variable image segmentation. The calibration of the vision sensors is also presented. A strategy is developed for the folding of rectangular pieces of fabric based on fuzzy logic with vision feedback. The indirect fuzzy controller is trained via trial-and-error and provides the variable gains of a P-controller. The system presents flexibility and reliability for the fabrics that satisfy the restrictions that have been set. Finally, a strategy for the control of the true folding stage is presented, according to which two separate subsystems determine the target state of the fabric and lead the fabric towards that state, increasing thus the flexibility of the system. The methods that are developed in this thesis can be the stepping stone for the introduction of reliable and flexible automation schemes for the realization of some of the apparel industry tasks that are still labor intensive.

Zu Beginn des Forschungsvorhabens wurden im Rahmen der Teilprojekte B1 und B2 des SFB 532 alkalibeständige Glas- und Carbonrovings eingesetzt, die zu offenmaschigen 2D-Textilien verarbeitet wurden. Untersuchungen des Verbund- und des Tragverhaltens der Verstärkungsstrukturen in Pull-Out- und Dehnkörperversuchen haben gezeigt, dass das Potential der Verstärkungsfasern aufgrund einer unvollständiger Durchtränkung der Bewehrung nicht vollständig ausgeschöpft werden kann. Auch Defizite bei der Produktionstechnik wurden erkannt und für zukünftige Entwicklungen analysiert. Um das Potential der verwendeten Verstärkungsfaser vollständiger auszuschöpfen, wurden innovative Garnkonstruktionen, die sich positiv auf den inneren und/oder den äußeren Verbund auswirken, entwickelt und erprobt. Anhand von Versuchsreihen auf der Textilebene wurden unterschiedliche Textilparameter, wie Art der Bindung, Gittergröße und Wirkfadenspannung, identifiziert, die unmittelbar die Tragfähigkeit der Verbundbauteile beeinflussen. Für die gängigen Produktionstechniken Laminieren, Gießen, Spritzen, Schleudern und Extrudieren wurden entsprechende Bewehrungskonstruktionen abgeleitet, die den Anforderungen des jeweiligen Prozess angepasst wurden. Ein weiterer Punkt der Forschungsaktivitäten stellte die Entwicklung der Maschinentechnik zur Herstellung von Verstärkungstextilien dar. Am Institut für Textiltechnik (ITA) der RWTH Aachen University wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit Industriepartnern ein Maschinenkonzept entwickelt und umgesetzt, das die Herstellung von 3D-Abstandsgewirken mit einer freien Gestaltung der Deckflächen mit marktrelevanten Produktionsgeschwindigkeiten ermöglicht. Zur gezielten Einstellung der Wirkfadenspannung wurde ein Regelungssystem konzipiert und technisch umgesetzt, mit dem eine reproduzierbare Fertigung von textilen Verstärkungsstrukturen möglich wird.

[ES] En este trabajo de Tesis se han llevado a cabo cuatro líneas de investigación a fin de analizar el comportamiento acústico de nuevas soluciones basadas en tejidos textiles procedentes de la industria textil, a partir de modificaciones o combinaciones estructurales de los mismos. En esta Tesis se ha estudiado la estructura de la fibra textil a partir del análisis de los parámetros macroestructurales de la fibra, como la finura, la longitud, y la sección transversal. Además, se ha investigado el grado de influencia de estos parámetros sobre la absorción acústica. Se pudo evidenciar que la finura de la fibra tiene una influencia significativa en la absorción acústica en comparación con la longitud de fibra. Además, las fibras huecas tienen un mejor comportamiento acústico, comparado con las fibras sólidas. Una vez analizada la estructura y la composición de la fibra, se adhirieron microcápsulas en la superficie de los tejidos textiles a fin de aumentar la absorción acústica de éstos. Para ello, se han considerado distintas posibilidades de diseño según el tipo de tejido base usado, la homogeneidad de los tejidos de base dopada y la concentración de microcápsulas. Además, se ha utilizado un modelo de membrana con la finalidad de predecir el comportamiento acústico de tejidos textiles dopados con microcápsulas. En este estudio se pudo comprobar que la absorción acústica está influenciada por el dopaje de los tejidos con MCCs. Seguidamente, se combinaron tejidos textiles con con otros materiales con el objetivo de disponer de absorción selectiva o de aumentar la absorción acústica en el rango de frecuencias de trabajo. Asimismo, se ha pretendido observar el efecto acústico de espumas tradicionales perforadas mediante diferentes tecnologías. Además, se han utilizado modelos de doble porosidad y métodos numéricos con la finalidad de validar los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente. Se pudo comprobar que la absorción acústica del sistema tejido-espuma perforada depende ligeramente del textil usado. Además, se obtuvo gran concordancia entre los valores predichos y experimentales. Finalmente, se ha analizado la influencia de la estructura del tejido. Se ha investigado el efecto acústico producido por los parámetros geométricos, utilizados en el diseño de tejidos plegados, como la longitud del pliegue, el número de pliegues, la distancia entre pliegues consecutivos o la altura del pliegue. Se ha pretendido, mediante cambios en la estructura del tejido textil, obtener valores de absorción típicos de un material acústico. Además, se ha utilizado un modelo de membrana permeable plegada con el fin de predecir el coeficiente de absorción acústica en campo difuso. En este estudio se pudo comprobar que los tejidos plegados presentan un mayor coeficiente de absorción acústica en medias y altas frecuencias, tanto en incidencia normal como en incidencia aleatoria. Además, a menor número de pliegues, se consiguen valores más elevados de absorción acústica en todo el margen frecuencial. / [CA] En aquest treball de Tesi s'han dut a terme quatre línies de recerca per tal d'analitzar el comportament acústic de noves solucions basades en teixits tèxtils procedents de la indústria tèxtil, a partir de modificacions o combinacions estructurals dels mateixos. En aquesta Tesi s'ha estudiat l'estructura de la fibra tèxtil a partir de l'anàlisi dels paràmetres macroestructurals de la fibra, com la finor, la longitud, i la secció transversal. A més a més, s'ha investigat el grau d'influència d'aquests paràmetres sobre l'absorció acústica. Es va poder evidenciar que la finor de la fibra té una influència significativa en l'absorció acústica en comparació amb la longitud de fibra. A més, les fibres buides tenen un millor comportament acústic, comparat amb les fibres sòlides. Una volta analitzada l'estructura i la composició de la fibra, es van adherir microcàpsules en la superfície dels teixits tèxtils a fi d'augmentar l'absorció acústica d'aquests. Per a això, s'han considerat diferents possibilitats de disseny segons el tipus de teixit bàsic emprat, l'homogeneïtat dels teixits de base dopada i la concentració de microcàpsules. A més a més, s'ha utilitzat un model de membrana amb la finalitat de predir el comportament acústic de teixits tèxtils dopats amb microcàpsules. En aquest estudi es va comprovar que l'absorció acústica està influenciada pel dopatge dels teixits amb MCCs. Seguidament, es van combinar teixits tèxtils amb amb altres materials amb l'objectiu de disposar d'absorció selectiva o d'augmentar l'absorció acústica en el rang de freqüències de treball. Així mateix, s'ha pretès observar l'efecte acústic d'espumes tradicionals perforades mitjançant diferents tecnologies. A més a més, s'han utilitzat models de doble porositat i mètodes numèrics amb la finalitat de validar els resultats obtinguts experimentalment. Es va comprovar que l'absorció acústica de sistema teixit-espuma perforada depèn lleugerament del tèxtil usat. A més, es va obtenir gran concordança entre els valors predits i experimentals. Finalment, s'ha analitzat la influència de l'estructura del teixit. S'ha investigat l'efecte acústic produït pels paràmetres geomètrics, utilitzats en el disseny de teixits plegats, com la longitud del plec, el nombre de plecs, la distància entre plecs consecutius o l'alçada del plec. S'ha pretès, mitjançant canvis en l'estructura del teixit tèxtil, obtenir valors d'absorció típics d'un material acústic. A més a més, s'ha utilitzat un model de membrana permeable plegada per tal de predir el coeficient d'absorció acústica en camp difús. En aquest estudi es va poder comprovar que els teixits plegats presenten un major coeficient d'absorció acústica en mitges i altes freqüències, tant en incidència normal com en incidència aleatòria. A més, a menor nombre de plecs, s'aconsegueixen valors més elevats d'absorció acústica en tot el marge freqüencial. / [EN] In this thesis work, four lines of research have been carried out in order to analyse the acoustic behaviour of new solutions based on textile fabrics from the textile industry. In this Thesis, the structure of the textile fibre has been studied from the analysis of the macrostructural parameters of the fibre, such as fineness, length, and cross section. Furthermore, the degree of influence of these parameters on acoustic absorption has been investigated. It could be shown that the fineness of the fibre has a significant influence on the acoustic absorption compared to the length of the fibre. In addition, hollow fibres have a better acoustic behaviour, compared to solid fibres. Once the structure and composition of the fibre had been analysed, microcapsules were adhered to the surface of the textile fabrics to increase their acoustic absorption. For this, different design possibilities have been considered according to the type of base fabric used, the homogeneity of the doped base fabrics and the concentration of microcapsules. In addition, a membrane model has been used to predict the acoustic behaviour of textile fabrics doped with microcapsules. In this study it was found that acoustic absorption is influenced by fabric doping with MCCs. Then, textile fabrics were combined with other materials in order to have selective absorption or to increase acoustic absorption in the range of working frequencies. In the same way, it has been tried to observe the acoustic effect of traditional foams perforated with different technologies. In addition, double porosity models and numerical methods have been used to validate the results obtained experimentally. It was found that the acoustic absorption of the perforated fabric-foam system depends slightly on the textile used. In addition, great agreement was obtained between the predicted and experimental values. Finally, the influence of the fabric structure has been analysed. The acoustic effect produced by the geometric parameters used in the design of folded fabrics, such as the length of the fold, the number of folds, the distance between consecutive folds or the height of the fold has been investigated. It has been tried to obtain typical absorption values of an acoustic material through changes in the structure of the textile fabric. Furthermore, a folded permeable membrane model has been used to predict the acoustic absorption coefficient in diffuse field. In this study, it was found that folded fabrics have a higher acoustic absorption coefficient in medium and high frequencies, both in normal incidence and in random incidence. Furthermore, the fewer the folds, the higher the acoustic absorption values are achieved throughout the frequency range. / Atiénzar Navarro, R. (2021). Estudio, modelado y caracterización acústica de nuevas soluciones en base a tejidos textiles [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/166795 / TESIS

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Today’s large-scale signal processing systems impose massive bandwidth requirements on both internal and external communication systems. Most often, these bandwidth requirements are met by scalable input/output architectures built around high-performance, standards-based technology. Several such technologies are available and are in common use as internal and/or external communication mechanisms. This paper provides an overview of some of the more common scalable technologies used for internal and external communications in real-time data acquisition systems. With respect to internal communications mechanisms this paper focuses on three ANSI-standard switched fabric technologies: RACEway (ANSI/VITA 5-1994), SKYchannel (ANSI/VITA 10-1995) and Myrinet (ANSI/VITA 26-1998). The discussion then turns to how Fibre Channel, HiPPI, and ATM are used to provide scalable external communications in real-time systems. Finally, glimpse of how these technologies are evolving to meet tomorrow’s requirements is provided.

Netradiciniai audinių panaudojimo būdai dailės pamokose padeda spręsti įvairias problemas: komponavimo principų suvokimo, technikų pažinimo, plastinės raiškos elementų įvairovės, jų panaudojimo tikslingumo. Problema. Bendrojo lavinimo mokyklose didelis dėmesys skiriamas vaizduojamąjai dailei ir dažnai pamirštama taikomosios dailės galimybės, kurios dažnai neišnaudojamos, apsiribojant vien tradiciniu raiškos priemonių panaudojimu. Tikslas- išanalizuoti netradicinį audinių taikymą mokinių vizualinėje raiškoje. Pagal iškeltą tikslą, suformuluoti atitinkami uždaviniai. Tyrimo objektas- audinių taikymas vizualineje raiškoje. Nagrinėdama problemą, analizavau įvairią dalykinę literatūrą, susipažinau su audinių savybėmis, galimybe audinį panaudoti meninėje raiškoje, įvairiais technologiniais būdais. Atlikau tyrimą Vilniaus miesto pagrindinėse mokyklose. Tyrimai parodė, kad mokiniai domisi netradiciniu audinio pritaikymu ir noriai jį taiko kūrybinėje raiškoje. Didelę įtaką turi mokinių motyvacija, mokytojų paskatinimas užsiimti šia veikla, technikos naujumas, praktiškumas, utilitarumas, palankios mados tendencijos. Ištirta ir mokytojų nuomonė, atskleidžianti audinių taikymo privalumus ir pasitaikančias problemas. Bendra išvada tokia, kad audinių panaudojimas galėtų būti platesnis ir sistemingesnis, skatinantis mokinių kūrybiškumą, individualumą bei technologinių igūdžių formavimą. Darbas paremtas konkrečiomis mokinių darbų iliustracijomis, tyrimo duomenimis, darbo gale pateikiami... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The unusual ways of the use of fabric help to solve different problems during the art lessons, such as the principles of composition, the knowledge of techniques, the variety and the purpose of the expression of the elements of the plastic art. Issue. The schools of general education pay attention mostly to the fine arts keeping to traditional measures of expression and ignore the possibilities of the applied arts. Aim. To analyse the unusual application of fabric in the visual expression of pupils. The objections are closely related to the principal aim of the work. The object of research is the application of cloth in the visual expression. Analysing the raised issues, I have covered various literature on the substantive issues, got acquainted with the possibilities and features of the fabric, different ways of technology. I have made a research at the basic schools of Vilnius. The tests showed that pupils are interested in different and unusual ways of application of the fabric and are eager to try them. Various factors, such as favorable fashion trends, pragmatism, utilitarian attitude, the originality of techniques, and the motivation of pupils and teachers make a huge impact on choosing unusual ways of expression. The opinion of teachers revealing the advantages and disadvantages of the fabric application has also been taken into consideration. In conclusion, the application of fabric should be more frequent, more systematic and evoke the creativity... [to full text]

The purpose of this thesis is, in collaboration with the Swedish company Innventia, to explore the possibilities of using paper machines to create fabric-like nonwoven materials. As part of a relatively new research-area, it serves as some of the ground knowledge that is needed to drive this field forward. The research of this thesis is born from the increasing need for more environmental friendly textiles, and to find new uses for the paper production facilities and companies that are currently experiencing a decline in paper production. The materials used in the research were produced with the Finnish handsheet former and the StratEx sheet-maker made by Innventia. The research consists of the following tests: Tissue Softness Analysis, (TSA), tensile strength and bending stiffness. The tests are done with different combinations of lyocell, PLA, softwood and dissolving pulp in the tested sheets. It is also tested if the lyocell can be a meaningful substitution for PLA in combination with softwood pulp and dissolving pulp when creating the fabric-like materials. In conclusion of this research it can be said that, compared to benchmarking samples like bedding sheets, table cloths and cotton shirts, the sheets created and tested are competitive alternatives to existing materials when it comes to softness. It also became clear that the tensile strength has to be increased to make fabric-like nonwoven materials applicable on the same level as existing textiles. Even so, it is still evident that there is a potentiality in the use of paper machines in the development and creation of new fabric-like materials.

Derramamentos de petróleo geraram o aumento da atenção de órgãos governamentais e civis quanto a estudos e técnicas para minimizar os danos aos recursos ambientais e socioeconômicos causados por este tipo de acidente. O desenvolvimento de técnicas e os estudos relacionados à prevenção e resposta aos acidentes busca maior eficiência na resposta à contingência e à diminuição dos danos ambientais e socioeconômicos causados na área atingida. A Carta de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (Carta SAO) é uma importante ferramenta para a diminuição de danos causados ao ambiente, para o planejamento ambiental na prevenção e na reposta a acidentes em locais de armazenamento e transporte de hidrocarbonetos, tais como dutos, ferrovias, rodovias, etc. Na Carta SAO, para áreas de exposição de sedimentos e rochas sedimentares, procura-se quantificar e qualificar uma determinada área que apresente vulnerabilidade e sensibilidade ao óleo, ou seja, estipular a área e as características intrínsecas do terreno que apresenta alguma probabilidade de ser atingido por óleo, considerando também atividades de resposta. As características dos sedimentos existentes em áreas vulneráveis permitem a determinação de sua sensibilidade, assim buscou-se estudar os parâmetros sedimentares mais influentes na determinação da sensibilidade ambiental do terreno, como a granulometria e seleção, os quais influenciam a porosidade e permeabilidade do terreno, e o cruzamento dessas informações com a declividade do terreno. A fim de testar a eficiência desses parâmetros, o estudo foi aplicado na Bacia do Ribeirão Tamanduá, na região de Cravinhos (SP), por ser interceptada pelo Duto OSBRA e a área de exposição dos arenitos da Formação Botucatu. / Oil spills have resulted in increased awareness among government and private agencies regarding studies and techniques to minimize damages caused by this type of accident to environmental and socio-economic resources. The development of techniques and the studies for prevention and response to accidents is intended to achieve greater effectiveness in dealing with this type of contingency and to decrease the environmental and socio-economic damage to the areas affected by oil spills. The Environmental Sensitivity Index Map for Oil Spills (ESI Map) is an important tool that helps to decrease the damage caused to the environment. It is also useful in planning prevention and responding to accidents in storage areas and in transporting hydrocarbons, in ducts, by rail, road, etc. The purpose of the ESI Map is to quantify and qualify certain areas of exposed sediments and sedimentary rocks that are vulnerable or present sensitivity to oil. In other words, stipulate the area and the intrinsic characteristics of the ground that may receive an oil spill, and considering the response actions. The characteristics of existing sediments in vulnerable areas allow the determination of the area\'s sensitivity. As a result, the study focused on the sedimentary parameters with greatest influence in determining the area\'s environmental sensitivity, such as granulometry and grain selection, which have an influence in the ground\'s porosity and permeability, and cross-referencing this information with the declivity of the ground. In order to test the efficiency of these parameters, the study was implemented in the Bacia do Ribeirão do Tamanduá, in the Cravinhos (SP) region, because it intercepts the OSBRA oil pipeline and an area with exposed sandstone from the Botucatu Formation.

Em função de uma forte e crescente demanda do mercado consumidor de vestuário de proteção por maior conforto, considerando entre outros aspectos o fato que o conforto interfere no uso e proteção, aliado ao fato do Brasil ter clima predominantemente quente e úmido, e a inexistência de trabalhos e estudos referentes ao tema na área, este trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo das características relacionadas ao conforto, dos têxteis, (tecidos), utilizados nas vestimentas destinadas à proteção frente a riscos de origem térmica (calor e fogo) no mercado brasileiro. Após a seleção de onze produtos como objeto de estudo da pesquisa, realizou-se ensaios de transporte de umidade em tecidos, resistência ao vapor de água, ensaios de conforto físico e ergonômico (ensaio de massa laminar e Kawabata Evalution System (KES), e o Termo Labo II para avaliação da condutividade térmica e propriedades de retenção de calor / Consumers, while seeking for more comfort, have a strong and growing demand for protective clothing. Considering that comfort interferes on the use and protection, and also taking into account that Brazilian weather is predominantly hot and humid and there are no papers or studies about this subject, this work aimed to study the features related to the comfort of fabrics that are used to make clothes designed to protect from thermal hazards (heat and fire) in Brazilian market. After selecting eleven products as objects of the research, we performed tests of humidity transportation on fabrics, water vapor resistance, physical and ergonomic comfort (laminar mass test and Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) and Labo II Term for evaluation of thermal conductivity and heat retention properties

Painéis sanduíche são largamente utilizadas em diversas aplicações de engenharia e o estudo de suas propriedades é fundamental para a ampliação de sua utilização. Neste trabalho, foram estudados painéis sanduíche com núcleo de poliuretano e faces de fibra de vidro fabricados pelo processo de laminação contínua. Na primeira configuração, as faces do painel foram fabricadas com manta de fibra de vidro e resina poliéster, com 39% de teor de vidro em massa e espessura de 1,9 mm. Na segunda configuração, as faces do painel foram fabricadas com tecido de fibra de vidro e resina poliéster, com 54% de teor de vidro em massa e espessura de 1,2 mm. Realizou-se o cálculo das propriedades mecânicas de cada compósito no programa MECH-Gcomp. As propriedades do núcleo foram retiradas, inicialmente, da literatura. Então, foi possível realizar a avaliação dos painéis pelo método dos elementos finitos utilizando elementos sólidos, comparando o comportamento dos dois tipos de painéis em relação aos carregamentos de compressão de núcleo, de compressão longitudinal e de flexão. Foram realizados ensaios nas faces isoladas e também nos painéis sanduíche completos. Para as faces, os ensaios foram de teor mássico de fibra de vidro, tração, compressão e cisalhamento Iosipescu, conforme as normas ASTM D5630, D3039/D3039M, D6641/D6641M e D7078/D7078M, respectivamente. Já para os painéis sanduíche, foram realizados os ensaios de compressão de núcleo, compressão longitudinal (edgewise) e cisalhamento do núcleo utilizando flexão, conforme as normas ASTM C365/C365M, C364/C364M e C393/C393M, respectivamente. Após os ensaios, foram calibrados os modelos do MEF, permitindo que os mesmos possam calcular outras configurações similares de painel sanduíche. Foi utilizado o programa Autodesk Simulation Composite Design para realizar a validação do ensaio de cisalhamento do núcleo. Concluiu-se que a análise de elementos finitos foi confiável em representar de forma realista o comportamento dos painéis sanduíche e a redução na espessura das faces do painel pode ser compensada com o aumento da sua resistência mecânica e rigidez por meio do aumento no teor mássico de reforço e trabalhando com a orientação do mesmo. / Sandwich panels are widely used in a variety of engineering applications and the study of their properties is fundamental for the expansion of their use. In this work, we studied sandwich panels with polyurethane core and fiberglass faces manufactured by the continuous lamination process. In the first configuration, the panel faces were made of fiberglass and polyester resin, with 39% glass content by mass and 1.9 mm thickness. In the second configuration, the panel faces were fabricated from fiberglass fabric and polyester resin, with 54% glass content by mass and 1.2 mm thickness. The mechanical properties of each composite were calculated in the MECH-Gcomp software. The properties of the core were initially taken from the literature. Then, it was possible to evaluate the panels by the finite element method using solid elements, comparing the behavior of the two types of panels in relation to the core compression loads, edgewise compression and bending. Tests were performed on the faces and also on the complete sandwich panels. For the faces, the tests were fiberglass mass content, tensile, compression and Iosipescu shear, according to ASTM D5630, D3039/D3039M, D6641/D6641M and D7078/D7078M, respectively. For sandwich panels, core compression, edgewise compression and core shear using bending tests were performed according to ASTM C365/C365M, C364/C364M and C393/C393M, respectively. After the tests, the FEM models were calibrated, allowing them to calculate other similar sandwich panel configurations. It was used Autodesk Simulation Composite Design software to validate the core shear test. It was concluded that the analysis of finite elements was reliable in realistically representing the behavior of the sandwich panels and the reduction in the thickness of the panel faces can be compensated with the increase of its mechanical resistance and stiffness by increasing the mass content of reinforcement and working with the orientation of the same.