Dans ce travail nous avons cherché à mieux appréhender les effets des circulations sur le tissu urbain parisien entre le 15e et le premier tiers du 19e siècle, et en particulier à comprendre dans quelle mesure celui-ci évolue en fonction des interactions qui s'établissent à plusieurs échelles entre la matérialité urbaine et les potentialités d'échanges. La cartographie de plusieurs corpus de données planimétriques et écrites nous a permis de construire nos propres données géohistoriques, tandis que leur intégration dans un SIG en a rendu possible la comparaison. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence des processus différents selon l'échelle à laquelle nous étudions les formes et, à chaque fois, souligner le caractère particulier de l'évolution de la matérialité urbaine à proximité des zones de flux: forte densité du parcellaire et du bâti, reconfigurations fréquentes des circulations intra-îlot, fonction commerciale prépondérante et rythme d'évolution plus rapide. Ces particularités sont la conséquence des interactions systémiques qui s'établissent entre le bâti, la voie et le flux qu'elle supporte, et qui aboutissent à la densification du tissu urbain et à la résilience de la voie. L'attractivité du flux de circulation pour les activités commerciales est selon nous un des facteurs principaux de cette systémique, et, parce que le mode de fonctionnement des échanges commerciaux n'évolue que très peu entre le 15e et le 19e siècle à Paris, elle est aussi un des facteurs importants de la stabilité morphologique du tissu urbain parisien durant cette période. / In this work, we sought to understand effects of circulations on the Parisian urban fabric between the 15th and the first third of the 19th century, and, in particular, we sought to understand how it is evolving according to the interactions that develop at different scales between the materiality of the city and potentialities of exchange. The mapping of several corpus of planimetric and written data allow us to build our own geohistoric data, while theirs integration in a GIS bas made comparisons of results possible. This way, we were able to highlight different process according to scale choice for forms study, and, every time, to emphasize the particular character of the evolution of materiality of the city nearby traffic flow areas : high density of plots and buildings, frequent resetting of circulations inside blocks, preponderance of commercial activities and faster rhythm of change. These features are the consequence of systemic interactions that develop between buildings, streets and the traffic flow they bear, and lead to a densification of the urban fabric and street resilience. The attractiveness of the traffic flow for commercial activities is, according to us, one of the main factors of this systemic, and because there is little evolution in the operating mode of commercial activities between the 15th and the 19th century in Paris, it is also one of the main factors of morphology stability of urban fabric during this period.

Seam quality is affected by various fabric mechanical properties with a combination of their sewing parameters. Previously, a lot of research has been done on identifying the parameters that influencing seam quality by looking into correlation between fabric properties and sewing parameters. The purpose of this current study was to investigate the performance of seam quality in terms of seam appearance and strength constructed with different sewing parameters. Another aim was to identify parameters that influence the seam quality using the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) by AMOS and leads to the development of multivariable predictive equations using SPSS. Finally, the validation between experimental and predicted results using newly developed equations was examined using a new set of fabrics. The investigation was done for five different fabric categories, namely light, light to medium, medium, medium to heavy and heavy weight. A total of 45 fabrics with different weave densities, fibre types and structures were used. Seams were produced using various sewing parameters such as threads with different fibre types and structures, needle sizes and stitch densities. All fabrics were tested for their mechanical properties using two established items of equipment known as Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F) and Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing (FAST). Seam evaluations together with thread and fabric mechanical properties obtained from KES-F and FAST were used as input for modelling. From the experimental work, it was concluded that the usage of thicker threads did not always give better strength and the seam appearance was also poor. A combination of finer thread with moderate strength and a medium level of stitch density according to fabric weight category provided an effective result for both seam appearance and strength. From the modelling work, it was found that the extensibility, bending and shearing properties, together with thread properties including extensibility, tensile strength and size, were among the properties selected by SEM to be included in the predictive equations. The validation results showed that the standard deviation between fabric properties used to develop the equations and new fabric properties used for validation plays an important role. The principal conclusion was that the prediction equations developed using SEM and SPSS possible to be used and gave a strong validation between experimental and predicted results when the new fabric properties were within one standard deviation.

L’étude menée ici prétend clarifier certains problèmes-clés pour la compréhension des processus actuels qui affectent l'aménagement spatial de la ville de Gaza, et qui ont remodelé la ville depuis l’époque du Mandat britannique jusqu'à la fin de 2011, aujourd’hui conditionné par la situation politique et géographique des Territoires Palestiniens Occupés.La ville de Gaza est le centre économique et administratif de la Bande de Gaza. Son développement urbain relève de cinq différentes administrations qui gèrent la ville selon des stratégies différentes. L’Empire ottoman n’a pas été inclus dans larecherche parce qu’il aurait nécessité une étude à lui tout seule. Une approche diachronique n’aurait pas permis une analyse du développement urbain de la ville. Le tissu urbain, surtout dans le centre historique est, pourrait-on dire, de nature organique, sans grille de distribution et où rues et cul-de-sac résultent d’une parcellisation progressive. Dans de nombreux blocks la trame ancienne et la réimplantation moderne se superposent avec une densité exceptionnelled’occupation des sols. Le mot block relève du cadastre et n’a pas de signification morphologique : pour cette raison, il sera toujours en italiques.La thèse analyse la transformation de la ville à travers les permis de construire, et présente le contexte historique de la ville, de la fin de période ottomane à la transition avec le Mandat Britannique. La création de la Bande de Gaza aconditionné le développement urbain de la ville jusqu’à nos jours. L’étude a été arrêtée à la fin de 2011. L’étude aboutie est le fruit d’un va-et-vient entre les données qualitatives, issues d’entretiens plus ou moins fiables, les données empiriques des permis de construire, les plans et la documentation photographique / The research project attempts to elucidate certain key issues in the understanding of process affecting urban planning of the city of Gaza and that have shaped its image since the days of the British Mandate rule until today, 2011, in the light ofthe particular political and geographic situation that condition life in the occupied Palestinian territories.Gaza city is the economic and administrative centre of the Gaza Strip. Its present urban situation has as its basis the five different administrations that have influenced the city through different strategies. We have not been so ambitious asto deal with the Ottoman Empire, as it would have needed a full research on its own. A diachronic approach would not have been useful for the analysis of the city. Its urban fabric, in particular in the old core is « organic » with no regular gridpattern and many dead-end streets that are the result of progressive haphazard parcelling. In many of its blocks the old fabric and the modern are superimposed with intense land-use density. The word block is used in the cadastral sense andnot in its morphological meaning: for this reasons it is always written in italics.The text analyses the transformation of the city through its building permits, presenting as contextual support the historical growth of the city from the end of the Ottoman rule to the transition to the British Mandate, to the creation of the Gaza Strip that has conditioned the next 60 years of planning in the city. The data utilised for the research stops at the end of 2011 although there are echoes of 2012 events, since the researcher is often in Gaza and is permeated by the reality of the city. The study is the product of a movement between qualitative data from the interviews, the empirical data of the building permits, maps and photographic documentation

Manufacturing more reliable and lighter body armour using the fabrics with high-performance fibres is the development trend of ballistic protection device. However,increasing the reliability of the body armour normally needs to increase weight. Thisinvestigation aims to develop better ballistic performance of body armour withoutaffecting weight. Inter-yarn friction in quasi-static state in fabrics constructed for bodyarmour is one of the important factors affecting ballistic performance. This researchfocuses on increasing inter-yarn friction by surface modification methods for superiorballistic protection of woven fabrics. Finite element (FE) simulation is employed toanalyse the effects of inter-yarn friction on ballistic performance theoretically. BothAPPCVD and sol-gel methods are used to achieve the purpose of practically increasinginter-yarn friction. Ballistic experiments are conducted to evaluate ballistic performanceof the fabrics with different levels of inter-yarn friction after treatments. Through both numerical and experimental investigation, it is confirmed that increasinginter-yarn friction in quasi-static state can improve ballistic performance of fabrics. Theoverall energy absorption will be increased with the increase of inter-yarn frictionbecause higher inter-yarn friction generates higher resistance to the projectile, makesfabric structure more stable, leads to more involvement of the secondary yarns andincreases both KE and FDE percentages. Moreover, higher levels of inter-yarn frictionwill flatten the trauma and make the fabric response more globalised owing to the lesstransverse deflection ability. However, over high inter-yarn friction is counterproductivebecause of stress concentration on the primary yarns. For the surface modification, one of the aramid yarns, Twaron® yarn and one of theUHMWPE yarns, Dyneema® yarn, and their fabric products are used as the substrates. SEM analyses are used to characterise the morphology changes. Both FTIR and EDXanalyses are conducted to identify the coated substance. Based on coefficients of friction test and yarn pull-out test, the APPCVD treatment and sol-gel treatment have been proved as two effective ways to increase inter-yarn friction and at the same time the tensile properties of the yarns and the weight are almost unaffected. Moreover, sol-gel treatment has been established as an effective method for improvingballistic performance without significant weight increase, where the energy absorption ofthe Dyneema® fabric can be increased by 6.74%, and the trauma depth can be decreased by16.99% for Twaron® fabric panel and by10.73% for Dyneema® fabric panel.

The task of the thesis is a theoretical analysis and description of the use of company data. Emphasis is placed on the system analysis of the problem. The specific production process and the data available from it are evaluated, which help to find a technical and economic evaluation.

Nubo is a broker-less and decentralized edge cloud marketplace that provides APIexposure for integration between entities of the marketplace, i.e., service providers and customers of edge cloud. The core functionalities of this marketplace are implemented by using Hyperledger Fabric blockchain. Some of the marketplace features are Subscription to a service, Service registration, Service onboarding, and Application onboarding. Although it has many features, the Nubo marketplace does not provide performance assurance to the customers, which is one of the main reasons for the lack of trust between the service providers and customers. The SLA management can resolve this issue, and it builds a trusted environment in the marketplace. SLA management facilitates the generation of a formal contract between the service provider and the customer, in which the parties agree on the service’s anticipated performance level (measured in terms of QoS indicators). It also involves consequences in the form of a penalty when the expectations are not achieved during the contract period. One of the challenges in SLA management in the marketplace is to describe the SLA considering different edge cloud characteristics such as multi-parties, network services, etc. In this thesis, we studied the specific requirements for describing the edge cloud SLA and SLA intent, and then we proposed TOSCA models that can be used to describe SLA and SLA intent in the marketplace. In the end, we evaluated the proposed models with the help of an edge cloud use case. / <p>Due to the covid pandemic, I made my presentation online.</p>

The purpose of the thesis is to create preliminary design calculations to determine dimensions, weights and pressure losses of individual contaminated biomass combustion gas treatment nodes. The first part of the thesis deals with the definition of biomass as a fuel, legislative determination of allowed emissions and their description. Then the systems for combustion gas treatments are discussed given their brief description. The practical part focuses on shape designs, determining base dimensions of each type. Weights and pressure losses of individual versions are computed too. In the last part the individual versions are solved with real values and compared to each other.

<p>By using flexible and stretchable materials in place of fixed components, soft robots can materially adapt or change to their environment, providing built-in safeties for robotic operation around humans or fragile, delicate objects. And yet, building a robot out of only soft and flexible materials can be a significant challenge depending on the tasks that the robot needs to perform, for example if the robot were to need to exert higher forces (even temporarily) or self-report its current state (as it deforms unexpectedly around external objects). Thus, the appeal of multifunctional materials for soft robots, wherein the materials used to build the body of the robot also provide actuation, sensing, or even simply electrical connections, all while maintaining the original vision of environmental adaptability or safe interactions. Multifunctional material systems are explored throughout the body of this dissertation in three ways: (1) Sensor integration into high strain actuators for state estimation and closed-loop control. (2) Simplified control of multifunctional material systems by enabling multiple functions through a single input stimulus (<i>i.e.</i>, only requiring one source of input power). (3) Presenting a solution for the open challenge of controlling both well established and newly developed thermally-responsive soft robotic materials through an on-body, high strain, uniform, Joule-heating energy source. Notably, these explorations are not isolated from each other as, for example, work towards creating a new material for thermal control also facilitated embedded sensory feedback. The work presented in this dissertation paves a way forward for multifunctional material integration, towards the end-goal of full-functioning soft robots, as well as (more broadly) design methodologies for other safety-forward or adaptability-forward technologies.</p>

Hybrid systems with two or more fiber materials were used to combine the benefits of each fiber into a single composite product. Strength and toughness optimization of hybrid thin sheet composites has been studied extensively using combination of different fiber types with low and high modulus of elasticity. Hybrid reinforcement is more significant when the reinforcing structure is in fabric geometry. Fabric structure provides full control on the exact location of each yarn and its orientation in the composite during production, thus maximizes the reinforcing efficiency. A high-strength, high-modulus fiber primarily tends to increase the composite strength with nominal improvements in toughness. A low-modulus fiber expected to mainly improve toughness and ductility. Combination of two or more types of fiber can produce a composite that is both strong and tough as compared to a mono fiber composite. The purpose of the current work was to study hybrid warp knitted fabrics as reinforcement for cementbased composite, having AR (Alkali Resistance) glass and Polypropylene (PP) as the reinforcing yarns. The examined ratios between the two different yarns were 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, 100:0 (glass: PP, by percentage). It was found that in the hybrid system, the fracture mechanism is a superposition of the mono systems, and the tensile behavior is a combination between the two materials.

[pt] A busca por novos materiais que possibilitem a construção de estruturas mais esbeltas, leves e de menor custo vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Concretos têxteis reforçados com tecido de carbono aparecem como uma solução interessante capaz de atingir resultados mecânicos elevados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o comportamento mecânico de concretos têxteis reforçados com tecidos de carbono no âmbito estrutural e material. O comportamento do material compósito foi avaliado por meio de ensaios de tração direta, flexão e arrancamento. As variáveis utilizadas foram: tipo do tecido de carbono (flexível e rígido), número de camadas (1 ou 2), e adição ou não de coating de resina epóxi e areia. Os compósitos reforçados com tecido rígido apresentaram desempenho mecânico superior. A utilização do coating gerou melhores resultados para ambos os tecidos, ainda que sua influência tenha sido mais significativa na impregnação de tecidos flexíveis. Estas superioridades foram comprovadas por meio dos resultados de arrancamento. O aumento da fração volumétrica também gerou uma melhora no desempenho final do compósito. Além disso, foi realizada uma analise do comportamento do concreto têxtil estrutural por meio de vigas curtas submetidas a flexão. Utilizou-se uma matriz autoadensável, com e sem a incorporação de fibras curtas de aço. Novamente, foram utilizados os dois tipos de tecidos de carbono na direção longitudinal. A influência da utilização de reforço têxtil na direção transversal também foi analisada. As vigas reforçadas com tecido rígido apresentaram maior rigidez para pequenas deflexões. A incorporação de fibras curtas de aço aumentou as cargas de primeira fissura e ultima, ainda que não tenham impedido totalmente a ruptura por cisalhamento. A adição do reforço têxtil transversal alterou o modo de ruptura para flexão, e elevou a carga ultima. / [en] The search for new materials that allow the construction of thinner, lighter and less expensive structures has grown considerably in the last years. Carbon textile reinforced concretes appear as interesting solutions capable of reaching higher mechanical results. The aim of this research was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of carbon textile reinforced concretes regarding their material and structural aspects. The behavior of the composite was evaluated through direct tensile, bending and pullout tests. The variables used were: the type of fabric (flexible and rigid), number of reinforcement layers (1 or 2), and the impregnation or not with a coating made with epoxy resin and sand. The composites reinforced with the rigid fabric showed superior mechanical performance. The use of the coating provided better results for both textiles, even though its influence appeared to be most significant in the impregnation of flexible fabrics. These superiorities were confirmed by pullout results. The increment of reinforcement layers also resulted in an improvement in the composite final behavior. Furthermore, an analysis of structural textile reinforced concrete was performed with short beams subjected to bending tests. A self-consolidating concrete with and without the incorporation of short steel fibers was used as matrix. Once again, the carbon fabrics were used as reinforcement in the longitudinal direction. The influence of the textile reinforcement in the transversal direction was also analyzed. The beams reinforced with rigid fabrics showed higher stiffness in small deflections. The incorporation of short steel fibers enhanced the first crack and ultimate loads, even though they were not able to prevent the shear failure of the beams. The addition of the transversal textile reinforcement modified the failure mode to a flexural one, and increased the ultimate load.