La Maladie d’Alzheimer est une maladie multifactorielle dont l’apparition peut être influencée par divers facteurs génétiques ou environnementaux, tels l’allèle ApoEɛ4, différents polymorphismes ainsi que le vieillissement ou la ménopause, par exemple. Depuis une dizaine d’années des études épidémiologiques ont mis en évidence l’existence d’une relation entre le statut métabolique des individus durant leur vie adulte et l’augmentation du risque de développer la MA à un âge plus avancé. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse visent à étudier l’impact d’un régime riche en graisse, permettant le développement d’une obésité, sur le développement physiopathologique d’un modèle transgénique mimant le versant Tau de la MA, la souris THY-Tau22. Cette souris surexprime dans les neurones du cerveau la protéine Tau humaine mutée en 2 sites favorisant sa phosphorylation et son agrégation et présente une pathologie Tau hippocampique évolutive qui s'exprime en parallèle d'altérations mnésiques. Ainsi, ce modèle murin constitue un modèle particulièrement adapté à l'étude des conséquences comportementales, anatomo-pathologiques, biochimiques et transcriptomiques de la tauopathie de la MA. L'induction d'une obésité et de ses conséquences métaboliques chez la souris THY-Tau22 de 7 mois a engendré une diminution des performances d'apprentissage accompagnée d'une aggravation de la pathologie Tau hippocampique. De façon intéressante, ces modifications pathologiques ont eu lieu en parallèle du maintien d'une bonne sensibilité à l'insuline périphérique et en présence d'une activation de la voie de signalisation du récepteur à l'insuline dans l'hippocampe. Ces données remettent en cause le dogme établit dans la littérature, et suggèrent que les conséquences délétères d'une obésité sur Tau dans la MA peuvent être dissociées d'une résistance à l'insuline périphérique et centrale. Sur le plan métabolique, lorsque nourries par un régime obésifiant, les souris THY-Tau22 de 7 mois présentent au contraire de leurs contrôles de portées wild-type une homéostasie glucidique peu détériorée. Afin de contrôler la véracité de ce phénotype nous avons entrepris la caractérisation métabolique de la lignée de souris THY-Tau22 via une étude longitudinale de 2 à 9 mois. Cette caractérisation a permis de mettre en évidence le caractère plus maigre de la souris THY-Tau22 comparé aux WT avec des différences de paramètres métaboliques qui s'accentuent au cours de la vie de la souris THY-Tau22. Afin de décrypter si cette particularité métabolique est le fruit du gain de fonction lié à la surexpression de la protéine Tau dans le cerveau de cette souris, un suivi longitudinal identique a été réalisé chez la souris Knock-out pour le gène Tau (KO-Tau). Les résultats indiquent que la souris KO-Tau présente un phénotype métabolique inverse à celui de la souris THY-Tau22, avec poids corporel augmenté et homéostasie glucidique altérée, suggérant que Tau puisse posséder un rôle dans l'homéostasie métabolique. En conclusion l’ensemble des résultats de cette thèse suggère par conséquent qu'une obésité provoque l'aggravation de la pathologie Tau de la MA, et ce, en l'absence d'une résistance à l'insuline. De plus, nous révélons l'existence d'une potentielle fonction inédite de la protéine Tau dont l'action au niveau central aurait des conséquences métaboliques périphériques. / Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disease that can be influenced by several genetic or environnemental factors, such as ApoEɛ4 allele, genetic polymorphisms and ageing and menopause, for instance. Since a decade epidemiological studies have pointed out the existence of a relationship between the metabolic status of individuals during their adult's life and an increased risk of developing AD at an advanced age. Indeed, type 2 diabetes doubles the risk to have AD. Mid-life overweight and obesity are also important risk factors for the development of AD. The work presented in this thesis aim at studying the impact of an obesity induced by a high-fat diet on physiopathological development of a transgenic mouse model reproducing AD-like Tau pathology, the THY-Tau22 mouse. This mouse overexpresses in the neurons a human Tau protein, mutated on two sites favoring its phosphorylation and aggregation and exhibits a progressive hippocampal Tau pathology in parallel with learning and memory impairment. This mouse model therefore constitutes an appropriate model to study the behavioral, anatomo-pathologic, biochemical and transcriptomic consequences of AD-like Tauopathy. Diet induced obesity and its metabolic disturbances in 7 months THY-Tau22 mice impaired learning and induced an aggravation of hippocampal Tau pathology. Interestingly, this pathological worsening occurred in parallel with healthy peripheral insulin sensitivity and activation of central insulin signaling. These data question the current dogma of the literature and suggest that deleterious consequences of obesity on Tau pathology could happen dissociated from peripheral and central insulin signaling. On the metabolic point of view, when fed high-fat, 7 months THY-Tau22 mice present, on the contrary of their littermate controls, a relative healthy glucose homeostasis. To control this phenotype we undertook the characterization of THY-Tau22 mice with a longitudinal study from 2 to 9 months. This characterization led us to underscore the leaner phenotype of THY-Tau22 compared to their WT counterparts, with increasing differences in metabolic parameters over age. In order to decipher if this metabolic feature is due to a gain of function induced by the neuronal overexpression of Tau we realized the same phenotyping on a Tau knock-out mouse (KO-Tau). The results indicate that, in contrary to THY-Tau22 mice, KO-Tau mice present a mirrored metabolic phenotype with higher body weight and impaired glucose homeostasis, suggesting a possible role for Tau in metabolic homeostasis. In conclusion, all the data presented in this thesis therefore suggest that obesity induces a worsening of AD-like Tau pathology that occurs dissociated from insulin resistance. Moreover, our study reveals the existence of a potential unpublished function of Tau protein whose action at central level could have peripheral metabolic consequences.

Title of thesis: Contribution of consulting service to a change of lifestyle Summary: The question of healthy life style has been recently in the centre of frequently discussed topics. The population's lifestyle has changed noticeably in comparison with the past and high-quality nutrition and regular motion activity is frequently neglected. People suffer from stress, lack of sleep and all these factors bring an increased level of heath risk. Among others, the society reacts to this fact by founding an amount of consulting clinics which try to help people to change and achieve a healthier and better quality life style. This thesis is concerned with an effect of a programme individually formed by a consultant on a change of life style and consequently on a change of female physical constitution at the age of 18 - 65. The research is supposed to reveal whether the program itself, regular controls and feed - backs will bring positive changes of life style and if there consequently follows a reduction of body weight as well as improvement of other physical parameters. Objective of thesis: Our aim was to determine what kind of women seek for help and consultations in the area of healthy life style. We were also interested which effect individually formed programme has and whether this change also...

Le système endocannabinoïde est un acteur majeur de la régulation de la balance énergétique. Cependant, son rôle au niveau de l’hypothalamus, une région critique dans la régulation de la balance énergétique, reste méconnu. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse a été de disséquer le rôle du récepteur aux cannabinoïdes de type 1 (CB1) exprimé par des populations neuronales hypothalamiques spécifiques dans la régulation de la balance énergétique et l’homéostasie du glucose en caractérisant trois nouvelles lignées de souris possédant une mutation conditionnelle de CB1. En régime standard, la délétion de CB1 dans l’hypothalamus induit une augmentation de la dépense énergétique et une baisse de prise de poids corporel sans modifier la prise alimentaire alors que la délétion de CB1 dans le noyau ventromédian de l’hypothalamus (VMN-CB1-KO) entraîne une baisse significative de masse grasse, une augmentation de l’oxydation des acides gras in vivo, une augmentation de l’activité du système nerveux sympathique (SNS) et un métabolisme du glucose périphérique amélioré. Enfin, la délétion de CB1 dans le noyau paraventriculaire de l’hypothalamus (PVN-CB1-KO) induit une baisse de poids sans modifier la prise alimentaire ni la composition corporelle. Lors de l’exposition à un régime riche en graisses, les souris VMN-CB1-KO prennent plus de poids et de masse grasse que les WT, tandis que les souris PVN-CB1-KO sont partiellement protégées de l’obésité alimentaire grâce à une dépense énergétique accrue.Ces résultats suggèrent que CB1 exprimé par différentes populations hypothalamiques joue un rôle différent dans la régulation de la balance énergétique, qui dépend aussi du régime alimentaire. / The endocannabinoid system is a major player in energy balance regulation. However, a complete understanding of its role within the hypothalamus, a region critically involved in energy balance regulation, is still missing. The general aim of this PhD work was to dissect the specific role of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations in energy balance regulation and glucose homeostasis by characterizing three new mouse mutant lines with a conditional deletion of CB1. On standard diet, CB1 deletion within the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and a decrease in body weight gain without modifying food intake, while CB1 deletion within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN-CB1-KO) decreased fat mass, increased fatty acid oxidation in vivo and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, and improved peripheral glucose metabolism. CB1 deletion within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN-CB1-KO) decreased body weight gain without affecting food intake or body composition. When exposed to a high-fat diet, VMN-CB1-KO mice gained significantly more weight and fat mass than their WT, while PVN-CB1-KO mice were partly protected from diet-induced obesity thanks to increased energy expenditure. These results overall suggest that CB1 expressed on different hypothalamic neuronal populations have distinct roles in energy balance regulation, which in turn also depend on the diet consumed.

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire se situent dans le cadre général de la recherche de nouveaux médicaments par le biais de techniques informatiques. La première partie de ce document est centrée autour du développement de la plateforme logicielle VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids). Le but poursuivi par ce projet est de fournir un outil convivial et simple d'utilisation afin de conduire des études de criblage virtuel à haut-débit. Le coeur de VSM-G repose sur une stratégie multi-étapes de filtres successifs permettant le traitement efficace de chimiothèques de grande taille. Deux filtres ont été utilisés pour ce travail et implémentés dans VSM-G : un programme innovant d’estimation rapide de complémentarité géométrique entre molécules-candidates et site actif (SHEF) précéde un algorithme de docking flexible plus conventionnel (GOLD). Les avantages de cette méthodologie, associée à la prise en charge de multiples conformations de la cible étudiée (le récepteur nucléaire LXRß), sont présentés tout d’abord par une étude de preuve de concept, puis à travers une campagne de criblage virtuel à grande échelle. L'autre partie de ces travaux, exclusivement applicative, concerne l'étude du domaine FAT de la kinase d'adhérence focale FAK. FAK est une cible d’intérêt pharmaceutique particulièrement intéressante, car clairement impliquée dans divers processus de développement cancéreux. Le but de cette étude est double : il s’agit tout d’abord de mieux comprendre le mode de fonctionnement du domaine FAT de FAK à travers une étude biophysique pour en évaluer la flexibilité ; et ensuite concevoir in silico des petites molécules peptidomimétiques permettant de moduler son activité, ce qui pourrait limiter une progression tumorale. / The work presented here deals with drug discovery by means of computational techniques. The first part is focused around the development of the VSM-G (Virtual Screening Manager for Grids) software platform. This project aims to provide a user-friendly and easy-to-use tool for performing high throughput virtual screening experiments. The core of VSM-G is a multiple-step screening strategy in which several filters are organized sequentially as to tackle large chemical libraries efficiently. Two filters were used for this study and implemented into VSM-G: a new and fast ligand-active site geometrical complementarity estimation program (SHEF) precedes a conventional flexible docking tool (GOLD). We describe the advantages of such an approach, associated with the use of multiple target conformations for the LXRß nuclear receptor, by presenting a proof-of-concept study. A high-throughput virtual screening campaign is then performed. The second part of this work, exclusively applicative, deals with the study of the FAT domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK is an important pharmaceutical target due to its involvement in the development of various forms of cancer. The first goal is to gain knowledge regarding FAT flexibility and active state structural properties. The second objective is to design in silico peptidomimetic compounds targeting FAT and therefore potentially modulate FAK activity during tumour progression.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Terry Houser / Crossbred yearling steers (n = 144 initial BW 367 ± 18.46 kg) were randomly allotted by BW to a randomized complete block design with a 2x3 factorial treatment arrangement to 1) assess the impact of supplementing dried distiller grain with solubles (DDGS) while grazing late season forage for 90 d and 2) the impact of a short feeding period on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits. Treatments consisted of DDGS supplementation during grazing (0 or 1% of BW as DDGS; DM basis) and finishing days on feed (DOF;75, 100, 125). During grazing supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than un-supplemented cattle but un-supplemented cattle had greater ADG than supplemented cattle during the finishing period. There were no differences between grazing treatments for DMI (P = 0.91) during the finishing period. Supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.02) G:F during the finishing period compared to un-supplemented cattle. Supplemented cattle had heavier (P < 0.01) HCW and larger (P = 0.02) LM area than un-supplemented cattle. Increasing DOF linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, LM area and USDA marbling score. No differences were observed for USDA yield grade. Increasing DOF decreased (Linear; P < 0.01) carcass protein %, moisture %, and increased (Linear; P < 0.05) carcass fat %. Increasing DOF increased (Quadratic; P = 0.01) L* values, while decreasing (Quadratic; P < 0.01) a* and b* values for external fat color. No differences were observed with respect to the percentages of any fatty acids for any treatment. Increased (P = 0.01) sensory off-flavors were present at 100 DOF when compared to 125 DOF. No other differences among treatments were observed for any sensory traits, instrumental tenderness, lean color or fatty acid profile for any treatment. In conclusion, supplementing cattle with 1 % DDGS during grazing altered grazing and feedlot performance as well as impacted carcass characteristics. In addition, utilizing a shortened feeding period had minimal effects on meat quality traits, but increasing DOF resulted in a greater amount of whiter external fat.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries / Department: Foods and Nutrition.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 N47 / Master of Science / Human Nutrition

Identifying the relationship between fat oxidation and insulin resistance (IR) may provide vital clues to the mechanisms behind the development of metabolic disease in prepubertal children. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of fat oxidation with insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (SI) in prepubertal children. A total of 34 prepubertal 7-9 year olds (18 females, 16 males, 13 non-Caucasian, 21 Caucasian, 8.0±0.8 years, 36.5±12.1 kg) were observed. Subjects participated in indirect calorimetry to obtain respiratory quotient (RQ) and a blood test to obtain fasting insulin and glucose to calculate IR by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). A subset (n=16) participated in Frequently Sampled Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Testing (FSIGTT) to obtain insulin sensitivity. Pearson correlations between RQ and IR and RQ and SI were performed. Partial correlations with respect to physical activity, breastfeeding, and birth weight were also performed. A general linear model was used to examine RQ with IR, and separately SI with respect to physical activity, breastfeeding, birth weight, race and sex. Respiratory quotient and IR were significantly associated when adjusted for physical activity, sex and race and breastfeeding, sex and race. In regards to birth weight, RQ and IR were significantly associated when adjusted for breastfeeding, birth weight, and race, but not when breastfeeding was removed from the model. The results of this study suggest lack of physical activity and breastfeeding may be the most influential risk for factors in the development of IR via a mechanism of impaired fat oxidation. Further research is needed to examine the role of physical activity, breastfeeding, and birth weight on fat oxidation and the development of insulin resistance in prepubertal children, however, the results of this study support the promotion of physical activity, breastfeeding, and good maternal nutrition.

<p>Post-traumatic arthritis (PTA) is arthritis that develops following joint injury, including meniscus and ligament tears. Current treatments for PTA range from over-the-counter medication to knee replacement; however, in the presence of obesity, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α,) are more elevated than in non-obese individuals. The role of fatty acids, obesity, and PTA has been examined, with omega-3 fatty acids showing promise as an anti-inflammatory after injury due to its ability to suppress IL-1 and TNF-α. Due to the difficulty in switching patients’ diets, an alternative solution to increasing omega-3 levels needs to be developed. The Fat-1 enzyme, an omega-3 desaturase that has the ability to convert omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, may be a good target for increasing the omega-3 levels in the body. </p><p>In the first study, we examined whether Fat-1 transgenic mice on a high-fat diet would exhibit lower levels of PTA degeneration following the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Both male and female Fat-1 and wild-type (WT) littermates were put on either a control diet (10% fat) or an omega-6 rich high-fat diet (60% fat) and underwent DMM surgery. Arthritic changes were examined 12 weeks post-surgery. Fat-1 mice on both the control and high-fat diet showed protection from PTA-related degeneration, while WT mice showed severe arthritic changes. These findings suggest that the omega-6/omega-3 ratio plays an important role in reducing PTA following injury, and demonstrates the potential therapeutic benefit of the Fat-1 enzyme in preventing PTA in both normal and obese patients following acute injury.</p><p>Following this, we needed to establish a translatable delivery mechanism for getting the Fat-1 enzyme, which is not present in mammalian cells, into patients. In the second study, we examined whether anti-inflammatory gene delivery of the Fat-1 enzyme would prevent PTA following DMM surgery. In vitro testing of both lentivirus (LV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) was completed to confirm functionality and conformation of the Fat-1 enzyme after transduction. Male WT mice were placed on an omega-6 rich high-fat diet (60% fat) and underwent DMM surgery; either local or systemic AAV injections of the Fat-1 enzyme or Luciferase, a vector control, were given immediately following surgery. 12 weeks post-surgery, arthritic changes were assessed. The systemic administration of the Fat-1 enzyme showed protection from synovial inflammation and osteophyte formation, while administration of Luciferase did not confer protection. These findings suggest the utility of gene therapy to deliver the Fat-1 enzyme, which has potential as a therapeutic for injured obese patients for the prevention of PTA.</p> / Dissertation

Orientador: Denide Fecchio / Coorientador: Camila Renata Côrrea / Banca: Daniela Souza Ferreira / Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: Mariana Gobbo Braz / Banca: Willian Fernando zambuzzi / Resumo: Os compostos bioativos do arroz variam de acordo com a variedade e condições de cultivo. Componentes lipossolúvies como γ-orizanol, tocoferóis, tocotrienóis, carotenóides e ácidos graxos foram analisados em variedades de arroz integral, integral açucarado, vermelho e negro, utilizando métodos estabelecidos de cromatografia líquida de alta pressão e cromatografia gasosa. Todas as amostras também foram submetidas a análise por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa (LTQ-Orbitrap XL), para identificar a abundância iônica [M-H]- de γ-orizanol, variando de m/z 573.3949 a 617.4211. O maior conteúdo de tocoferóis (α-, 1.5; γ-, 0.5 mg/100 g) e carotenóides (luteína 244; trans-β caroteno 25 μg/100 g) foram observados no arroz negro; tocotrienóis (α-, 0.07; γ-, 0.14 mg/100 g) em arroz vermelho e γ-orizanol (115 mg/100 g) no arroz integral açucarado. Em todas as amostras de arroz integral coloridas, os principais ácidos graxos encontrados foram palmítico (16:0), oleico (18:1n-9) e linoleico (18:2n-6). A análise dos componentes de γ-orizanol por espectrometria de massa permitiu identificar 3, 10, 8, e 8 álcoois triterpenóides ou esteril ferulatos nas amostras integral, integral açucarado, vermelho e negro, respectivamente. Estas identificações dos componentes de γ-orizanol, assim como, a concentração dos compostos bioativos, pode levar a elucidação das funções biológicas de cada componente à nível molecular. O consumo de amostras de arroz integral colorido, ricas em compostos bioativos benéficos, pode representar uma interessante estratégia dietética para melhoria da saúde / Abstract: Bioactive components in rice vary depending on the variety and growing condition. Fat-soluble components such as γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, tocotrienols, carotenoids and fatty acids were analyzed in brown, sugary brown, red and black rice varieties using established high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and GC methodologies. In addition, these colored rice varieties were further analyzed using a high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (LTQ-Orbitrap XL) to identify the [M-H]- ions of γ-oryzanol, ranging from m/z 573.3949 to 617.4211. The highest content of tocopherols (α-, 1.5; γ-, 0.5 mg/100 g) and carotenoids (lutein 244; trans-β carotene 25 μg/100 g) were observed in black rice; tocotrienols (α-, 0.07; γ-, 0.14 mg/100 g) in red rice, and γ-oryzanol (115 mg/100 g) in sugary brown rice. In all colored rice varieties, the major fatty acids were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1n-9), and linoleic (18:2n-6) acids. When the γ-oryzanol components were further analyzed by LC-MS/MS, 3, 10, 8, and 8 triterpene alcohols or sterol ferulates were identified in brown, sugary brown, red, and black rice varieties, respectively. Such structural identification can lead to the elucidation of biological function of each component at the molecular level. Consumption of colored rice rich in beneficial bioactive compounds may be a useful dietary strategy for achieving optimal health / Doutor