This report is an exploration of theoretical and applied aspects of form-based coding. First, it presents an in-depth look at conventional zoning, conditions surrounding its origins around the turn of the twentieth century, the system of legal precedents that supports zoning, the evolution of the zoning “toolkit”, and the scope of zoning policies which are prevalent today. Second, form-based codes are defined and differentiated from conventional codes as well as design guidelines. The organizing principles on which FBCs are based are explained and the components of FBCs are described. Issues and controversy surrounding FBCs are discussed. Third, diverse case studies from around the country are carried out in order to examine how form-based codes are developed and applied in various real-world contexts. Case studies are presented in two different tiers, primary and secondary. Primary case studies involve in-depth research, whereas secondary case studies receive a brief, overview-style treatment. Primary case studies are: St. Lucie County, Florida and Sarasota County, Florida. Secondary case studies are: Leander, Texas; Peoria, Illinois; Montgomery, Alabama; Arlington County, Virginia; Hercules, California; and Miami, Florida. Fourth, conclusions are drawn from the research and point towards best practices in form-based coding. The report concludes that form-based codes are not a cure-all, should be developed in the context of a visioning process, and should strike a balance in terms of regulation. Additionally, market factors play a major role. The high cost of coding is a major concern. Furthermore, code writers should be prepared to educate the public as part of their profession. / text

The thesis is focused on the study of the use of fluidized bed fly ash as part of the raw mealfor firing Portland clinker in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is aimed atoptimizing the cutting mode belit cement to increase its reactivity.

FBC-ashes, as a waste product of a relatively new technology of combustion, so-called fluidized bed combustion, cannot be used for building materials production in contrast to fly-ashes. Problem rests in their chemical as well as their mineralogical composition. Thought it can be admitted that FBC-ash may be used for preparation of the hydraulic binder with a similar chemical and mineralogical composition, but only in a certain limit of concentration. The first part of this thesis was focused on the potentialities of fluid fly ashes utilization as hydraulic bonding material in preparation of dry mortar mixtures and the second part of works was engaged in research development of burned hydraulic binder of FBC ash. The thesis explores the conjunction between parameters of burning mode and hydraulic binder characteristics.

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Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-12T17:34:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vanessa_de_Almeida_Moreira.pdf: 2927215 bytes, checksum: 72043332224e71b55350c9c3c41ba2fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T17:34:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vanessa_de_Almeida_Moreira.pdf: 2927215 bytes, checksum: 72043332224e71b55350c9c3c41ba2fa (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / A baía de Sepetiba, situada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, possui um histórico de décadas de poluição por metais, principalmente pelos elementos zinco e cádmio, devido à atividade da antiga Companhia Mercantil Ingá, a qual realizava a extração desses a partir do minério de ferro e lançava seus efluentes in natura na baía. Atualmente a região encontra-se rodeada por um complexo industrial-portuário, o qual se encontra em franca expansão, aumentando a preocupação ambiental na região, que se iniciou com o imenso passivo ambiental deixado pela Ingá que foi remediado no ano de 2012. Além disso, há a prática da pesca de subsistência na região, onde o pescado é o principal componente da dieta da população local e importante para a economia local. Assim, a utilização de peixes provenientes da região pode ser utilizada como ferramenta para avaliar a saúde ambiental local e quantificar a concentração de metais no tecido destes, já que estes servem de alimento não só para os seres humanos, mas também para outros organismos que compõem a teia alimentar. As coletas de peixes foram realizadas em Agosto de 2013 onde se obtiveram 12 espécies. As análises dos metais alumínio, arsênio, cádmio, cobre, ferro, zinco e chumbo no tecido muscular de peixes foram realizadas em ICP-OES. Os metais alumínio, ferro e zinco foram os que se apresentaram em maiores concentrações médias nas espécies analisadas, porém, na legislação brasileira não há limites estabelecidos para o consumo humano para esses metais. Todas as espécies apresentaram concentração de cádmio dentro do limite estabelecido para consumo humano. Enquanto para o arsênio todas as espécies com concentração > LD apresentaram valores superiores ao permitido para consumo. O mesmo foi verificado para o chumbo nas espécies Arius spixii, Dasyatis gutatta, Genidens genidens, Micropogonias furnieri, Prionotus puntactus e Symphurus tesselatus. Os fatores de bioconcentração (FBCs) de Genidens genidens, Micropogonias furnieri, Diapterus rhombeus e Prionotus puntactus (espécies com maior n amostral), calculados com base nas concentrações de metais totais e de metais fracamente ligados nos sedimentos bem como no material particulado em suspensão (MPS) – obtidos em estudos prévios - mostraram-se muito baixos (de 10-2 a 10-5), sugerindo a baixa transferência de metais desses três compartimentos para os organismos, e que a exposição crônica de peixes aos metais ocorra a partir de fontes alimentares específicas, mascaradas nas análises de teores totais ou fracamente ligados. O cálculo da taxa de incorporação de metais (razão concentração do metal: comprimento do peixe) e sua relação com o comprimento permitiu observar que, tanto para Genidens genidens quanto para Micropogonias furnieri (espécies onde os indivíduos apresentaram maior n amostral e variação de comprimento), a concentração destes tendem ao decréscimo de acordo com o aumento do comprimento do indivíduo (proxy da idade). Assim, concluiu-se que, indivíduos juvenis tendem à maior incorporação de metais, devido ao seu alto metabolismo em comparação com indivíduos adultos, que apresentam uma redução de seu metabolismo e um sistema excretor mais elaborado. Ao se comparar, cronologicamente, as concentrações de metais em diversos organismos residentes da baía de Sepetiba pôde-se concluir que estes apresentaram redução da concentração média no camarão-branco Litopenaeus schimitti e nas ostras Crassostrea rhizophorae e Crassostrea braziliana, porém, os espécimes do peixe Micropogonias furnieri do presente estudo apresentaram concentrações superiores quando comparadas com indivíduos da mesma espécie também residentes da mesma área de estudo, em trabalhos anteriores. As demais espécies apresentadas não permitem uma conclusão definitiva, visto que as concentrações de metais para muitas destas apresentavam valores referentes a um determinado ano, sem termos como compará-las com estudos posteriores. / Sepetiba Bay, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, has a history of decades of pollution by metals, mainly by Zn and Cd elements due to the activity of the former Mercantile Company Inga, which performed the extraction of these from the iron ore and cast their effluents at bay. Currently the region is surrounded by an industrial area, which is booming, increasing environmental concern in the region, which began with the immense environmental liabilities left by Inga that was remedied in 2012. In addition there is the practice of subsistence fishing in the region, where the fish is the main component of the diet of the local population and important to the local economy. Thus, the use of fish from the area can be used as a tool to evaluate the local environmental health and quantify the concentration of these metals in the tissue, since they not only serve as food for humans, but also for other organisms that comprise the food web. The fish samples were taken in August 2013 where it was obtained 12 species. The metals analyses (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and PB) in fish muscle tissue were performed on ICP-OES. Al, Fe and Zn were found in larger average concentrations in these species, however, the Brazilian legislation (ANVISA, 2013) set no limits for human consumption for these metals. All species showed Cd concentration in agreement with the human consumption limit. Arsenic for all the species with concentration > LD have levels above to human consume, the same was observed for Pb in the species Arius spixii, Dasyatis gutatta, Genidens genidens, Micropogonias furnieri, Prionotus Puntactus and Symphurus tesselatus. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of Genidens genidens, Micropogonias furnieri, Diapterus rhombeus and Prionotus puntactus (species with larger sample n), calculated based on the total metal concentrations and weakly bound metals in sediments along with material particulate matter (SPM) - obtained in previous studies - were very low (10-2 to 10-5), suggesting the low metal transfer of these three compartments for the organisms, and that chronic exposure of fish to metals occur from specific food sources, masked in total or weakly bound levels analysis. The calculation of metal incorporation rate (ratio of metal concentration: length of the fish) and its relation to the length allowed us to observe that both G. genidens and M. furnieri (species where individuals had higher sample n and variation length), the concentration tends to decrease with increasing length of the individual (age proxy). Thus, it was concluded that tend to juveniles greater incorporation of metals due to their high metabolism compared to adults, who have a reduction in their metabolism and a more elaborate excretory system. When comparing, chronologically, the metal concentrations in various organisms resident of Sepetiba Bay could be concluded that these had reduced average concentration in the white shrimp Litopenaeus schimitti and in oysters Crassostrea rhizophorae and Crassostrea braziliana however, the fish specimens M. furnieri of this study showed higher concentrations compared to individuals of the same species analysed by Silva (2009). Other species presented do not allow a definitive conclusion, since concentrations of metals for many of them figures for a given year, without having to compare them with further studies

The thesis is focused on research and development of hydraulic binders based on FBC-ashes. It examines the possibilities of using this ash in the clinker so that the properties of the final cement are comparable to Portland cement. As an integral part of this thesis the research of emission reduction possibilities in the cement industry - a very current topic these days - is presented.

A Broadcast Channel is a communication path between a single source and two or more receivers or users. The source intends to communicate independent information to the users. A particular case of interest is the Gaussian Broadcast Channel (GBC) where the noise at each user is additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The capacity region of GBC is well known and the input to the channel is distributed as Gaussian. The capacity region of another special case of GBC namely Fading Broadcast Channel (FBC)was given in [Li and Goldsmith, 2001]and was shown that superposition of Gaussian codes is optimal for the FBC (treated as a vector degraded Broadcast Channel). The capacity region obtained when the input to the channel is distributed uniformly over a finite alphabet(Constellation)is termed as Constellation Constrained(CC) capacity region [Biglieri 2005]. In this thesis the CC capacity region for two-user GBC and the FBC are obtained. In case of GBC the idea of superposition coding with input from finite alphabet and CC capacity was explored in [Hupert and Bossert, 2007]but with some limitations. When the participating individual signal sets are nearly equal i.e., given total average power constraint P the rate reward α (also the power sharing parameter) is approximately equal to 0.5, we show via simulation that with rotation of one of the signal sets by an appropriate angle the CC capacity region is maximally enlarged. We analytically derive the expression for optimal angle of rotation. In case of FBC a heuristic power allocation procedure called finite-constellation power allocation procedure is provided through which it is shown (via simulation)that the ergodic CC capacity region thus obtained completely subsumes the ergodic CC capacity region obtained by allocating power using the procedure given in[Li and Goldsmith, 2001].It is shown through simulations that rotating one of the signal sets by an optimal angle (obtained by trial and error method)for a given α maximally enlarges the ergodic CC capacity region when finite-constellation power allocation is used. An expression for determining the optimal angle of rotation for the given fading state, is obtained. And the effect of rotation is maximum around the region corresponding to α =0.5. For both GBC and FBC superposition coding is done at the transmitter and successive decoding is carried out at the receivers.

This diploma thesis is focused on evaluation of the possibilities of using FBC ash for production of blended cement and monitoring the hydration process, specially creation of the AFt phases.

The work is focused on the possibilities of using FBC fly ash for composite cements, monitoring their hydration processes, especially the creation of AFt phase. The possibility of preparing synthetic ettringite and thaumasite and their detection.

Diploma thesis gives an overview of artificial lightweight aggregates based on fly ash. Fly ash such as the residues of coal burning is currently one of the most used secondary raw materials for new building materials for research papers. The results shows that the secondary energy products are not just fully substitute the primary component, but in many cases improves the final properties of building products. Wide complex of fly ashes not only from domestic sources was tested and it`s main properties important for it`s further application was determined. Laboratory production of artificial aggregates based on fly ash made by sintering and also by cold bonding and following manufacture of artificial fly ash aggregates in technological conditions are also solved. The thesis is simultaneously concentrate on review of the suitability of fly ash aggregates in lightweight concrete.It was found that the highest quality fly ash for the production of sintered fly ash aggregate is fly ash and FBC ash is the best for the production of cold bonded aggregates. It was also verified that both types of aggregates are applicable to lightweight concrete class LC 20/22. The vast majority of manufactured aggregates is suitable for the production of lightweight concrete class LC 30/33. It was demonstrated that the sintered fly ash aggregates can be also used for high strength lightweight concrete class LC 50/55. Tests have also verified that all tested fly ashes and products produced from them meet the requirements of legislation on environment.