Sammanfattning Att testa sina prototyper är en viktig del av all produktutveckling. På Roxtec i Karlskrona sker kontinuerlig vidareutveckling av företagets produkter. För att kontrollera nya idéer tillverkas prototyper vilka testas i tryckkärl byggda för ändamålet. Personalen anser att kärlen inte uppfyller deras önskemål på en bra testutrustning.  Genom intervjuer med berörda sammanställs de behov som finns kring tryckkärlet. Den största bristen är ställtiderna mellan varje test, i övrigt uppfyller kärlet de behov som finns.  Testerna sker genom att en platta med den produkt som skall testas monteras med flera skruvar på ett tryckkärl. Kärlet fylls med vatten och trycksätts till önskat tryck. Den största andelen av tiden går åt till montering och demontering av testplattan och att fylla och tömma kärlet på vatten.    Det befintliga kärlet vidareutvecklas för att minska tiden mellan varje test. En simulerad modell av kärlet visar de bultar som fäster test plåten inte kan minska i antal men de behöver inte förspännas med samma kraft som i dagsläget. Vidare visas hur ställtiderna kan minskas genom att kärlet tippas för att inte  vattnet skall behöva tömmas vid varje nytt test.  Dagens tryckkärl uppfyller större delen av personalens behov. För att minska ställtiderna bör trycksättningsvätskan återanvändas efter varje test och inspänningsanordningen förenklas. Att minska antalet skruvar är inte lämpligt med dagens konstruktion. Monteringen förenklas något genom att verktyg inte behöver användas vid monteringen.

<p>Norrborns Industri AB in Bollnäs manufactures truck trailers with the brand Parator. One of their trailers is Parator LX 10-20. The trailer is designed to transport hooklift containers with the option to tip loose goods such as gravel, asphalt and seed. The container is mounted on a frame which is placed on the chassis. To reduce weight a redesign of the trailer is needed. The purpose of this study was to develop a concept that makes the frame lighter and easier to manufacture while maintaining safety and rigidity. The thesis also discusses factors to consider when designing with high-strength steel.</p><p> </p><p>The optimization was based on existing 2D drawings of the frame. Analysis of the structure served as a basis for the optimization. First, a 3D model was created from the drawings. Then, the frame was analyzed with selected loads and boundary conditions. Initially simple models were used to develop concepts. From these, two concepts were selected and one of them was thoroughly analyzed.</p><p> </p><p>The optimization resulted in a concept design weight of 732 kg, which is 179 kg less compared to the current frame at 911 kg.</p> / <p>Norrborns Industri AB i Bollnäs tillverkar lastbilssläp som säljs under varumärket Parator. Ett av deras släp är Parator LX 10-20 som är en lastväxlarvagn avsedd för att transportera olika lastbärare, t ex grusflak och containrar, som behöver kunna tippas. Lastbäraren sitter monterad på en tippram som i sin tur sitter på ett släpchassi. En omkonstruktion av detta släp önskas för att minska vikten. Syftet med examensarbetet var att ta fram förslag som gör tippramen lättare samt enklare att tillverka med bibehållen säkerhet och vridstyvhet. Examensarbetet tar även upp faktorer att tänka på vid konstruktion med höghållfast stål.</p><p> </p><p>Optimeringen utgick från befintliga 2D-ritningar på ramen. Först skapades en 3D-modell från ritningarna. Sedan analyserades ramen utifrån valda laster och randvillkor. Analyserna av den nuvarande konstruktionen låg sedan till grund för optimeringen. Till en början användes enklare modeller för att ta fram koncept. Därefter modellerades två valda koncept varpå ett av dem har analyserats mer genomgående.</p><p> </p><p>Arbetet resulterade i ett koncept som vägde 732 kg. Det är 179 kg lättare än den nuvarande konstruktionen på 911 kg.</p>

Norrborns Industri AB in Bollnäs manufactures truck trailers with the brand Parator. One of their trailers is Parator LX 10-20. The trailer is designed to transport hooklift containers with the option to tip loose goods such as gravel, asphalt and seed. The container is mounted on a frame which is placed on the chassis. To reduce weight a redesign of the trailer is needed. The purpose of this study was to develop a concept that makes the frame lighter and easier to manufacture while maintaining safety and rigidity. The thesis also discusses factors to consider when designing with high-strength steel.   The optimization was based on existing 2D drawings of the frame. Analysis of the structure served as a basis for the optimization. First, a 3D model was created from the drawings. Then, the frame was analyzed with selected loads and boundary conditions. Initially simple models were used to develop concepts. From these, two concepts were selected and one of them was thoroughly analyzed.   The optimization resulted in a concept design weight of 732 kg, which is 179 kg less compared to the current frame at 911 kg. / Norrborns Industri AB i Bollnäs tillverkar lastbilssläp som säljs under varumärket Parator. Ett av deras släp är Parator LX 10-20 som är en lastväxlarvagn avsedd för att transportera olika lastbärare, t ex grusflak och containrar, som behöver kunna tippas. Lastbäraren sitter monterad på en tippram som i sin tur sitter på ett släpchassi. En omkonstruktion av detta släp önskas för att minska vikten. Syftet med examensarbetet var att ta fram förslag som gör tippramen lättare samt enklare att tillverka med bibehållen säkerhet och vridstyvhet. Examensarbetet tar även upp faktorer att tänka på vid konstruktion med höghållfast stål.   Optimeringen utgick från befintliga 2D-ritningar på ramen. Först skapades en 3D-modell från ritningarna. Sedan analyserades ramen utifrån valda laster och randvillkor. Analyserna av den nuvarande konstruktionen låg sedan till grund för optimeringen. Till en början användes enklare modeller för att ta fram koncept. Därefter modellerades två valda koncept varpå ett av dem har analyserats mer genomgående.   Arbetet resulterade i ett koncept som vägde 732 kg. Det är 179 kg lättare än den nuvarande konstruktionen på 911 kg.

<p>This report is the result of a thesis as been implemented during the spring term 2009 at</p><p>the University of Gävle.</p><p>The company Bruks produces mobile chippers which are used for chipping logging</p><p>slash, roundwood and parts of trees. The chipper is powered by a separate diesel engine</p><p>and the chipper can be assembled on trucks, trailers or some other carrier vehicles.</p><p>When the chip has passed the chipper drum, the chip is collected in an integrated bin</p><p>which is mounted on the vehicles frame with dumping yokes. When these dumping</p><p>yokes were designed they were probably created with large material dimensions. The</p><p>aim with the degree project is hence to study the strengths of materials and, if possible,</p><p>to suggest an arrangement that can decrease the total weight on the dumping yoke on</p><p>Bruks´ mobile chippers 805 CT.</p><p>The CAD-program Pro/ENGINEER was used during the project for outlining the 2Ddrawings,</p><p>as distributed of constructors on Bruks, to solid 3D-parts. The three-dimensional</p><p>assembly from Pro/ENGINEER was transferred to Pro/MECHANICA. The construction is</p><p>complex and contains many components, and therefore the model has been divided into two</p><p>different parts, the external and the internal dumping yoke.</p><p>The conclusion of the degree project is that the product generally is not over dimensioned.</p><p>However there are many options for optimizing, mainly on the external dumping yokes.</p>

<p>This thesis describes the work process and the results for the development of a newkind of ergonomic cleaning mop, ranging from basic concept to a virtually productionready digital prototype. The project was made in cooperation with, Ömer Altun, whowas also the project supervisor, and whose plan it is to launch this new product onthe market in a foreseeable future. The mop is meant to be used by both professionalcleaning staff and ordinary home users. What makes this product unique is that it hasa movable center piece that simplifies the cleaning under low furniture.The work began with the establishment of a product requirements specification andlater a study of similar products and existing functional models was conducted. Afterthese surveys the work began with refining the existing concepts in order to makethem more complete. In consultation with Ömer, further refining of one of these newconcepts was conducted, but was split into seven smaller steps.After the initial refining process, effort shifted into the investigation and selection ofappropriate materials and manufacturing methods. At this stage, two experimentswere also conducted and subsequently used to support the final decisions concerningthe choice of materials and design.When the materials and methods were adopted, a detailed CAD model of the wholeproduct and related technical drawings was made and also a number of FEM-analyseson all critical details, to ensure that performance requirements were met, wasconducted. These CAD models are closer described in detail in the chapter“Detaljkonstruktion”.In the final sections of discussion and evaluation are suggestions for furtherimprovements. And also some evaluation of the work process and the problems andsolutions encountered during the project execution.</p>

<p>Tractors of today come equipped with a CAN-system. A CAN-system sends information from sensors to electronic control units who process the signals. The sensors measure several interesting parameters such as force, pressure and speed for various components of the tractor. This thesis discuss a force sensor which is placed in the pivot of the tractors three point linkage, the sensor measure the horizontal reaction force from the load that the tractor is exposed to. Signals from this sensor can be used to measure the force from any implement that the tractor is exposed to during an operation. The results from this thesis can be used for research purposes, for example, to compare implements from different manufacturer or to optimize the implement settings during an operation. However, there is a problem that this thesis aimed to solve by developing a method which can be put into practice. When a constant force from an implement is acting on the three point linkage, the reaction force in the pivot of the three point linkage (where the force sensor is attached) is going to vary depending on the angel of the lower lift arm. It is not uncommon that the angel of the lower lift arm is varying, because different implement and soil require different settings on the linkage. This means that the force which is measured by the sensor may vary in size even though the actual force does not vary. To solve this problem, theoretical calculations have been performed and equations to describe the variation of the reaction force depending on the geometry have been created. The theory has also been verified by a finite element analysis and a practical verification test. The conclusions from these three parts correspond to each other. Theoretically that means by knowing the horizontal reaction force (measured by the force sensor) and the angles of the geometry on the three point linkage (can be measured with a position sensor) you can calculate the force an implement influence the tractor with. However, there is a problem which prevents this method from being completely reliable. It is only working when the impact force is completely parallel to the horizontal plane. Since many implements are being pulled to the soil (plow, cultivator, etc.) in practice there are also vertical forces affecting the tractor. This is no problem to solve in theory, but in practice this method does not compensate for the vertical force. This vertical force should be examined more carefully before the method can be used reliably in full scale.</p>

This report is the result of a thesis as been implemented during the spring term 2009 at the University of Gävle. The company Bruks produces mobile chippers which are used for chipping logging slash, roundwood and parts of trees. The chipper is powered by a separate diesel engine and the chipper can be assembled on trucks, trailers or some other carrier vehicles. When the chip has passed the chipper drum, the chip is collected in an integrated bin which is mounted on the vehicles frame with dumping yokes. When these dumping yokes were designed they were probably created with large material dimensions. The aim with the degree project is hence to study the strengths of materials and, if possible, to suggest an arrangement that can decrease the total weight on the dumping yoke on Bruks´ mobile chippers 805 CT. The CAD-program Pro/ENGINEER was used during the project for outlining the 2Ddrawings, as distributed of constructors on Bruks, to solid 3D-parts. The three-dimensional assembly from Pro/ENGINEER was transferred to Pro/MECHANICA. The construction is complex and contains many components, and therefore the model has been divided into two different parts, the external and the internal dumping yoke. The conclusion of the degree project is that the product generally is not over dimensioned. However there are many options for optimizing, mainly on the external dumping yokes.

This thesis describes the work process and the results for the development of a newkind of ergonomic cleaning mop, ranging from basic concept to a virtually productionready digital prototype. The project was made in cooperation with, Ömer Altun, whowas also the project supervisor, and whose plan it is to launch this new product onthe market in a foreseeable future. The mop is meant to be used by both professionalcleaning staff and ordinary home users. What makes this product unique is that it hasa movable center piece that simplifies the cleaning under low furniture.The work began with the establishment of a product requirements specification andlater a study of similar products and existing functional models was conducted. Afterthese surveys the work began with refining the existing concepts in order to makethem more complete. In consultation with Ömer, further refining of one of these newconcepts was conducted, but was split into seven smaller steps.After the initial refining process, effort shifted into the investigation and selection ofappropriate materials and manufacturing methods. At this stage, two experimentswere also conducted and subsequently used to support the final decisions concerningthe choice of materials and design.When the materials and methods were adopted, a detailed CAD model of the wholeproduct and related technical drawings was made and also a number of FEM-analyseson all critical details, to ensure that performance requirements were met, wasconducted. These CAD models are closer described in detail in the chapter“Detaljkonstruktion”.In the final sections of discussion and evaluation are suggestions for furtherimprovements. And also some evaluation of the work process and the problems andsolutions encountered during the project execution.

Tractors of today come equipped with a CAN-system. A CAN-system sends information from sensors to electronic control units who process the signals. The sensors measure several interesting parameters such as force, pressure and speed for various components of the tractor. This thesis discuss a force sensor which is placed in the pivot of the tractors three point linkage, the sensor measure the horizontal reaction force from the load that the tractor is exposed to. Signals from this sensor can be used to measure the force from any implement that the tractor is exposed to during an operation. The results from this thesis can be used for research purposes, for example, to compare implements from different manufacturer or to optimize the implement settings during an operation. However, there is a problem that this thesis aimed to solve by developing a method which can be put into practice. When a constant force from an implement is acting on the three point linkage, the reaction force in the pivot of the three point linkage (where the force sensor is attached) is going to vary depending on the angel of the lower lift arm. It is not uncommon that the angel of the lower lift arm is varying, because different implement and soil require different settings on the linkage. This means that the force which is measured by the sensor may vary in size even though the actual force does not vary. To solve this problem, theoretical calculations have been performed and equations to describe the variation of the reaction force depending on the geometry have been created. The theory has also been verified by a finite element analysis and a practical verification test. The conclusions from these three parts correspond to each other. Theoretically that means by knowing the horizontal reaction force (measured by the force sensor) and the angles of the geometry on the three point linkage (can be measured with a position sensor) you can calculate the force an implement influence the tractor with. However, there is a problem which prevents this method from being completely reliable. It is only working when the impact force is completely parallel to the horizontal plane. Since many implements are being pulled to the soil (plow, cultivator, etc.) in practice there are also vertical forces affecting the tractor. This is no problem to solve in theory, but in practice this method does not compensate for the vertical force. This vertical force should be examined more carefully before the method can be used reliably in full scale.

Scana-Booforge is a Swedish company which specialize in heat treatment of various metal. The treatments take place in quenching ovens, where fans are used to circulate the hot air. The fans used today do not have a satisfactory lifespan. This thesis aims to develop a new design of the fans for the quenching ovens, and the goal is that the new fans will bring cost savings for Scana-Booforge. The design development process started with mapping out the environment in which the fans operate, and with analysis of the existing fan structure and damages, in order to establish the cause of failure and of short durability. The performance of the fan were also established at this stage. A specific cost index was developed to allow for comparison between the existing structure and the new design. The specific cost index is based on cost through lifespan. With knowledge of the existing fan performance it was then possible to set requirements for the new fan. Thereafter a number of concepts were generated. The concept that met the requirements best was then selected for further analysis, and optimization, in order to obtain an optimal design, regarding lifespan and capacity (that is the fans ability to circulate air). The developed design is composed of a lathed fan shaft and a twisted rotor blade. The components are joined together by welding. The rotor blade has a length of 600 mm, and thickness of 5 mm. It is twisted 45° in opposite directions at each end. The rotor blade weight is of about 2.6 kg, and together with the shaft the weigh is of about 20.8 kg. The new fan design meets the set requirements. In comparison to the existing fan the new design has an estimated lower cost per hour of operation, increased capacity and it retains the shaft dimensions for fitting to the existing driving shaft. By calculation, the cost saving is also established.