For ecological reasons, the current main challenge of the automotive industry is to reduce the fuel consumption of vehicles and then emissions of greenhouse gas. In this context, steelmakers and automotive manufacturers decided for some years now to join their efforts to promote the development and use of advanced high strength steels such as TRIP steels. A combination of high strength and large elongation is obtained thanks to the TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) effect. However, improvement of the mechanical properties is still possible, especially by the refinement of the matrix. In this work, two main ways were followed in order to reach improved properties. The classical way consisting of the annealing of cold-rolled samples and an innovative way consisting of obtaining the desired microstructure by direct hot rolling of the samples. In the classical way, this refinement can be obtained by acting on the chemical composition (with such alloying elements like Cu and Nb). It was observed that complete recrystallisation of the ferrite matrix is quite impossible in presence of Cu precipitates. In addition, if the ferrite recrystallisation is not completed before reaching the eutectoid temperature, the recrystallisation will be slowed down by a large way. An innovative heat treatment consisting in keeping the copper in solid solution in the high-Cu steel was developed. Therefore, ferrite recrystallises quite easily and very fine ferrite grains (~1µm) were obtained. In the innovative way, the effects of hot-rolling conditions on TRIP-assisted multiphase steels are of major importance for industrial practice and could open new dimensions for the TRIP steels (i.e. thanks to precipitation mechanisms leading to additive strengthening). Impressive mechanical properties (true stress at maximum load of 1500 MPa and true strain at uniform elongation of 0.22) were obtained with a relatively easy thermomechanical process, the role played by Nb being essential.

The goal of this work has been to evaluate the different experimental techniques used for quantitative analysis of multi-phase materials systems. Powder based specimens containing two-phases, austenite and ferrite , were fabricated and quantified. The volume fraction of ferrite varied from 2 Vol% to 50 Vol%. X ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements were based on two peak analysis. Computer based software Topas was used for quantitative analysis, which is believed to be the most advanced in this field. XRD results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. Volume fraction as low as 2 Vol% was successfully detected and quantified using XRD. However, high statistical error was observed in case of low volume fraction, such as 2 Vol% and 5 Vol% ferrite volume fraction. Magnetic balance (MB) measurements were performed to determine the volume fraction of magnetic phase, ferrite. MB results were found in good agreement with given volume fractions. As low as 2 Vol% volume fraction was detected and quantified with MB. MB results were within the absolute limit of +/- 4% of given ferrite volume fraction. Image analysis (IA) was performed after proper sample preparation as required by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) mode of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IM results were found within the absolute limit of +/- 2 % of given ferrite volume fraction. However, high statistical error was observed in case of 2 Vol% volume fraction.

Ferrite phase shifters are key components of passive phased array antenna systems. In a modern radar system, microwave components in the transmit path should handle high microwave power levels. Also low loss operation in phase shifters is critical, since radar range depends on the microwave power transmitted from the antennas. In this respect, ferrite phase shifters provide required performance characteristics for phased array radar systems. In this thesis, Reggia-Spencer type and twin-toroid type ferrite phase shifters operating at X-Band are designed, simulated, fabricated and measured. Measurements of the fabricated ferrite phase shifters are compared with simulation results. Electromagnetic simulations are performed using CST.

Selective oxidation and sulfation roasting of nickel concentrate followed by leaching was investigated as a novel route for nickel production. In the oxidation roasting stage, the iron species in the nickel concentrate was preferentially oxidized to form iron oxides, leaving non-ferrous metals (Ni, Cu, Co) as sulfides. The roasted product was then sulfation roasted to convert the sulfides of the latter metals into water-soluble sulfates. The sulfates were then leached into solution for further recovery and separation from iron oxides. The oxidation of nickel concentrate was firstly studied by means of thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis over a wide temperature range. A reaction scheme was deduced, in which preferential oxidation of iron sulfide species occurred over a wide temperature range up to about 700 ºC, forming a Ni1-xS core with iron oxide shell. A batch fluidized bed roaster was then constructed to study the oxidation and sulfation roasting of nickel sulfide concentrate. Oxidation roasting tests were carried out at temperatures between 650 °C and 775 °C. It was found that low temperatures (e.g. 650 °C) are favorable for the preferential oxidation of iron sulfide species while minimizing the formation of nickeliferous oxides, i.e. trevorite and NiO. Several parameters were varied in the sulfation roasting experiments, including the sulfation gas flowrate, sulfation roasting temperature, the addition of Na2SO4, sulfation roasting time, and the oxidation roasting temperature. Under optimized conditions of sulfation gas composition (95% air, 5% SO2), temperature (700 °C), Na2SO4 addition (10 wt%) and time (150 min), the conversions to sulfates were 79% Ni, 91% Cu, and 91% Co. Only 5% Fe forms water-soluble sulfate. The residue from the leaching of calcine in water contained 49% Fe and 10% Ni, which is a suitable feedstock for the production of ferronickel alloys. Therefore, further studies were also conducted to evaluate the reduction behavior of the residue with CO, H2 and graphite.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse est consacré à la précipitation interphase dans les aciers microalliés au vanadium. Il s'agit principalement de mieux comprendre l'évolution des microstructures et des propriétés mécaniques résultantes à partir d'une double approche expérimentale et de modélisation. Les analyses effectuées conjointement en Microscopie Electronique en Transmission et en nanoindentation ont permis de mieux cerner les relations qui existent entre les paramètres microstructuraux de la précipitation interphase (taille moyenne des carbures, distances moyenne entre carbures et entre feuillets, morphologie des carbures) et les modifications de propriétés mécaniques locales induites dans les aciers à très haute résistance. Par ailleurs, nous avons développé un modèle original qui couple les cinétiques de transformation de phases à celle de la précipitation interphase. Ce modèle permet de décrire l'évolution des paramètres microstructuraux et les résultats obtenus sont en très bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux.

Le but de cette thèse est donc de mettre en œuvre la méthode µPEEC pour évaluer, sans avoir recours à des simulations ni à des mesures, la réluctance de circuits magnétiques simples en 2D et ce, afin de prédire leur comportement électromagnétique dès les phases de conception. Cela revient à chercher le champ créé par un brin conducteur rectiligne placé dans une fenêtre ronde ou rectangulaire de circuit magnétique comportant ou non un entrefer. Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche plus vaste, visant à élaborer le circuit équivalent de transformateurs, avant la réalisation de prototypes, afin d'optimiser ces composants au sein de leurs applications. Avant d'atteindre ce but, différentes étapes ont été franchies progressivement, en s'aidant de solutions analytiques et de simulations par éléments finis pour valider nos approches.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-10-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:35:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 musardo_gb_me_ilha.pdf: 3996445 bytes, checksum: ce4f6124da4b6648c41885a10eb3e368 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, a maior parte da energia elétrica disponível é gerada por usinas hidrelétricas as quais contam com grande número de turbinas hidráulicas. Durante sua operação estas turbinas sofrem sérios danos provenientes tanto de natureza mecânica como também hidráulica. Fenômenos de perda de massa e também trincas e rachaduras são alguns dos principais problemas que ocorrem devido a um fenômeno chamado de erosão cavitacional, que comumente é recuperado por soldagem. Sendo assim, grandes níveis de resistência à cavitação vêm sendo obtidos com a deposição de aços inoxidáveis com a presença de cobalto pelo processo de soldagem a arco com proteção gasosa. Neste trabalho, seis amostras feitas de aço-carbono ASTM A36, as quais foram extraídas de retalhos de turbinas, foram usadas como metal de base para as amostras. Usando um processo a arco elétrico com proteção gasosa (GMAW) em posição plana, duas camadas de aço AWS E70-S6 (1,2 mm de diâmetro) foi depositada em todas as amostras, e, somente em três das amostras foram depositadas duas camadas de amanteigamento com o arame de aço inoxidável AWS E309-T1 (1,6 mm de diâmetro) usando o mesmo processo, onde foi utilizado como proteção gasosa uma mistura de 75% de dióxido de carbono e 25% de argônio. A energia de soldagem nominal nestes casos foi de 0,5 kJ/mm. Por final, mais duas camadas de aço inoxidável com cobalto, liga resistente à cavitação foram depositadas por arco pulsado, com energia de soldagem nominal de 0,5 a 0,8kJ/mm, com uma mistura de gases de 98% de argônio e 2% de oxigênio como proteção. Secções transversais das amostras foram preparadas, devidamente lixadas e depois polidas com alumina 1,0μm, seguido de ataque químico moderado com Villela para observação de microestruturas. Foi feito o estudo de microdureza Vickers com carga padrão de 0,4 N e espaçamento regular (0,4 mm)... / Nowadays most of the power supply used in Brazil is provided for a large number of hydraulic turbines. During its operation in hydroelectric power plants, these turbines usually have been damaged either mechanical or hydraulic reasons. So, catastrophic cracking and loss-of-mass due to cavitation erosion are main problems which are commonly repaired by welding. Higher levels of resistance to cavitation erosion have been attained with surface deposition of a cobalt-alloyed stainless steel coating by gas-protected arc welding techniques. In the present work six plates, which were machined from blades of hydraulic turbines made with ASTM A36 carbon steel grade, were used as base metal. Using manual gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) in flat weld position two layers of AWS E70-S6 carbon steel (1.2 mm diameter) were deposited on all samples. Only 3 samples two buttering layers were deposited with AWS E309-T1 flux-cored wire (1.6 mm diameter) using same processing, where were applied a 75% carbon dioxide - 25% argon mixture as protection gas. The nominal heat input used in all layers was approximately 0.5 kJ/mm. At the last welding deposition another two cobalt-alloyed, cavitation resistant, stainless steel cladding layers were deposited under pulsed arc with a nominal heat input of 0.5 to 0.8kJ/mm, being used for them a protective gas mixture of 98% argon - 2% oxygen. Transverse sections of weld deposit were prepared according standard grinding method (up to 1200-grit SiC paper) and final mechanical polishing using 1.0μm alumina, followed by moderate etching in Villela reagent for microstructural observation. Vickers microhardness measurements were carried out at standard load (0.4 N) and regular spacings (0,4mm) from surface to base metal. Light microscopy (LM) was used to determine average size of inclusions, which was measured from digitalized images using a freeware image analysis ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:07:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaimisonBA_DISSERT.pdf: 2147079 bytes, checksum: db6881c15458f1e487de74465b7088a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Magnetic ceramics have been widely investigated, especially with respect to intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of these materials. Among the magnetic ceramic materials of technological interest, there are the ferrites. On the other hand, the thermal treatment of ceramic materials by microwave energy has offered various advantages such as: optimization of production processes, high heat control, low consumption of time and energy among others. In this work were synthesized powders of Ni-Zn ferrite with compositions Ni1- xZnxFe2O4 (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75 mols) by the polymeric precursor route in two heat treatment conditions, conventional oven and microwave energy at 500, 650, 800 and 950?C and its structural, and morphological imaging. The materials were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/ DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy and energy dispersive (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of ferrite with spinel-type cubic structure. The extrinsic characteristics of the powders obtained by microwave calcination and influence significantly the magnetic behavior of ferrites, showing particles ferrimagn?ticas characterized as soft magnetic materials (soft), is of great technological interest. The results obtained led the potential application of microwave energy for calcining powders of Ni-Zn ferrite / Cer?micas magn?ticas t?m sido amplamente investigadas, principalmente com rela??o as caracter?sticas intr?nsecas e extr?nsecas destes materiais. Dentre os materiais cer?micos magn?ticos de interesse tecnol?gico, destacam-se as ferritas. Por outro lado, o tratamento t?rmico de materiais cer?micos por energia de microondas tem oferecido diversas vantagens, tais como: otimiza??o dos processos de obten??o, alto controle de aquecimento, menor consumo de tempo e energia entre outras. Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados p?s de ferritas Ni-Zn com composi??es Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 (0,25 ≤ x ≤ 0,75 mols) pela rota dos precursores polim?ricos em duas condi??es de tratamento t?rmico, em forno convencional e por energia de microondas a 500, 650, 800 e 950?C, e sua caracteriza??o estrutural, morfol?gica e magn?tica. Os materiais obtidos foram caracterizados por an?lises t?rmicas (TG/DSC), difra??o de raios x (DRX), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X por dispers?o de energia (EDS) e magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM). Os resultados da difra??o de raios X confirmaram a forma??o da ferrita com estrutura c?bica do tipo espin?lio. As caracter?sticas extr?nsecas dos p?s obtidos e a calcina??o por microondas influenciaram de forma significativa o comportamento magn?tico das ferritas, apresentando part?culas ferrimagn?ticas, caracterizadas como materiais magn?ticos moles (macias), sendo de grande interesse tecnol?gico. Os resultados obtidos induziram o potencial de aplica??o de energia de microondas para a calcina??o de p?s de ferritas Ni-Zn

Neste trabalho, estudou-se a síntese por sol-gel da ferrita de cobalto (CoFe2O4), variando-se a temperatura de tratamento térmico do xerogel. Nitrato de ferro e nitrato de cobalto foram utilizados como fonte de cátions e ácido cítrico como mineralizador. Os produtos obtidos, tratados a 750, 800 e 850°C, tiveram sua microestrutura e propriedades magnéticas investigadas no intuito de encontrar correlações entre as condições de síntese, as posições ocupadas pelos cátions dentro da estrutura espinélio do composto e as propriedades magnéticas medidas. Estudos de difratometria de raios X exibiram reflexões características da estrutura espinélio, o que sugere que o tratamento térmico não afetou significativamente a estrutura cristalina do material. Uma fração secundária de hematita também foi observada. As ferritas apresentaram área superficial específica (por BET) de aproximadamente 4 m².g-1. Imagens por MEV indicam que o material apresenta-se aglomerado. Quanto às propriedades magnéticas, um máximo de coercividade de 1405.2 Oersted foi encontrado para a amostra tratada a 800°C. Espectros Mößbauer indicaram um baixo grau de inversão nos espinélios formados, o que é incomum para a ferrita de cobalto. Subtraindo do espectro obtido por Mößbauer o excesso de ferro na forma de hematita, há um forte indicativo que a ferrita foi sintetizada de maneira sub-estequiométrica deficiente em ferro. / We herein report a study on the sol-gel synthesis of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) and the effect of treatment temperature on the product outcome. Iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate were used as cation sources and citric acid as mineralizer. Products treated at 750, 800 and 850°C had their microstructure and magnetic properties assessed in order to correlate their synthesis conditions, the positions in which the cations are inserted in the spinel structure and the magnetic behavior displayed by the ferrites. X-ray diffractometry studies exhibit the characteristic reflections of spinel group materials, suggesting that the thermal treatment does not sensibly affect the crystalline structure of the material. A secondary fraction of hematite was also observed. The ferrites exhibit a specific surface area (from BET) of approximately 4 m².g-1. SEM images indicate the material forms agglomerates. As to the magnetic properties, a maximum of 1405.2 Oersted was achieved for the sample treated at 800°C. Mößbauer spectra indicate a fairly low inversion degree in the synthesized materials, which is rather unusual for cobalt ferrite. After deducting the iron fraction present in the form of hematite, there are strong indications that cobalt ferrite was synthesized as a substoichiometric iron-deficient spinel.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-06-25T14:52:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIA COSTA FERNANDES DE MENEZES - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 20736985 bytes, checksum: 6d5bf08cc6b3770e921031c7b7dd8006 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-25T14:52:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PATRÍCIA COSTA FERNANDES DE MENEZES - TESE (PPGCEMat) 2015.pdf: 20736985 bytes, checksum: 6d5bf08cc6b3770e921031c7b7dd8006 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-14 / Capes / A tecnologia Stealth é a capacidade de navios, aeronaves e submarinos tornarem-se invisíveis à detecção de radares. Para isso, se faz necessário o uso de Materiais Absorvedores de Radiação Eletromagnética – MARE que atuem de forma efetiva no bloqueio da radiação emitida pelos radares. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi obter um compósito de matriz polimérica de borracha de silicone e carga de ferrita NiZn nanométrica em diferentes concentrações, visando sua utilização como um MARE. A carga foi sintetizada por reação de combustão e os compósitos foram obtidos com concentrações de carga variando entre 16 e 20 g e quantidade de silicone fixa de 20g. Visando investigar a melhor interação entre a carga e a matriz, a carga foi silanizada com 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano e incorporada apenas ao compósito na concentração de 20:20 de carga:silicone. As técnicas de Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourrier (FTIR), Microscopia de Força Atômica (AFM), Microscopia eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Medidas Magnéticas e Eletromagnéticas foram utilizadas para caracterizar a carga e os compósitos. Observou-se que a carga apresentou a fase cristalina do espinélio inverso, com tamanho de partícula nanométrico, com característica de um material magnético mole com valores de absorção de -15,2 dB na faixa de 3 a 4 GHz. Todos os compósitos apresentaram características de MARE com valores de absorção variando de -5 a -17,5 dB na faixa de 3 e 6 GHz. De forma geral, verificou-se que o aumento do teor da carga no compósito dificultou a dispersão e introduziu defeitos volumétricos do tipo poros e aglomerados da carga, porém, não influenciou nos parâmetros magnéticos. A silanização não causou alterações significativas nas propriedades da ferrita, porém contribuiu efetivamente para uma melhor interação com a matriz, resultando diretamente no compósito com o melhor valor de absorção, -14 dB na faixa de 6 GHz, indicando ser o mais promissor para a aplicação como MARE. / Define the Stealth technology as the ability of ships, aircraft and submarines become invisible to radar detection. For this, it is necessary to use materials that effectively reduce this probe, this field that can stand out the use of Radiation Absorbing Materials Electromagnetic - RAME. The objective of this research was to obtain a polymer matrix composite silicone rubber and NiZn ferrite load with different concentrations and better dispersion, for their use as a MARE. The composites were obtained with concentrations varying load between 16 and 20 g of NiZn ferrite synthesized by combustion. To improve the interaction between the cargo and the matrix, it has been silanized with 3 aminopropyltriethoxysilane silane agent and incorporated into a composite. The techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy in the region by Fourier transform (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Magnetic and Electromagnetic measurements were used to characterize the load and composite. It was noted that the load presented to the inverse spinel crystalline phase with nanometer particle size with characteristics of a soft magnetic material with 15.2 dB absorption values in the range 3 to 4 GHz. Silanization caused no change significant feature in the ferrite, but contributed effectively for better interaction with the matrix, resulting directly in the composite with the best absorption values, -14 dB at 6 GHz range, indicating that the most promising for application as RAME. For other composites was found that increasing the filler content provided processing difficulties which resulted in the formation of agglomerates and will not influence the magnetic parameters.