Emerging adulthood is often-overlooked in current gastrointestinal (GI) health research; however, epidemiological evidence suggests that GI disorders are increasing in this population. The purpose of this study was to first define common GI symptom subgroups within emerging adults and then to characterize these group differences with key biopsychosocial factors encompassing diet, depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as physical and social functioning related to quality of life. A total of 956 emerging adults from a southeastern US university were surveyed on GI symptoms, psychosocial factors, and demographics. Latent class analysis uncovered three statistically significant GI symptom patterns within the sample identified by the degree of severity: Normal (n=649), Mild (n=257), and Moderate (n=50). This study demonstrated that significant impairment in GI functioning emerges at much earlier ages that are commonly assumed. In addition, these GI symptom levels were associated with important biopsychosocial factors. Assessing GI functioning in emerging adults may provide important insights into understanding the development of FGIDs.

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Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID) which can be defined as chronic, relapsing visceral pain with bloating associated with change in bowel habit. It affects up to 10-15% of the adult population in the UK and is more common in females. The cost of IBS in terms of health care utilisation is substantial, exceeding £45.6 million per year in the UK alone, yet its pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Visceral pain is the main and most difficult symptom to manage in IBS and many IBS female sufferers compare it to labour pain in its severity. Modulating visceral pain in healthy volunteers and IBS patients is therefore an important research area. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation may play a crucial role in this respect. Aim:The aim of this study is to ascertain whether non-invasive repetitive magnetic stimulation applied to the motor cortex and/or lumbosacrum can modulate gastrointestinal pain originating from the anorectum. Methods:Participants: 16 healthy volunteers and 10 IBS patients aged 18 and above were included in the study.Questionnaires: Healthy volunteers and IBS patients were asked to complete anxiety and depression questionnaire and IBS patients were requested to fill in an IBS severity questionnaire.Motor measurements in healthy subjects: Single-pulse lumbosacral magnetic stimulation (LSMS) was applied to the lumbosacral area for the anal sphincter where the largest motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude response was detected. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was then performed at the pre-determined resting motor thresholds (RMT) for the anal sphincter and the hand.Sensory measurements in healthy subjects and IBS patients: Electrical stimulation was used to assess the changes in sensory and pain thresholds in the anorectal area. The subjects were asked to score the pain intensity using five-point categorical rating scales. In addition they were asked to describe the pain experienced using a shortened form of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Intervention: Healthy volunteers received 6 paradigms of magnetic stimulation in a randomised order i.e. 3 repetitive LSMSs (1 Hz, 10 Hz and sham) and 3 repetitive TMSs (1 Hz, 10 Hz and sham) to investigate their modulatory effects on visceral sensitivity and to determine which of these interventions is most effective. The most effective active interventions (1 Hz rLSMS and 10 Hz rTMS) together with one sham were then trialled in a randomised fashion on IBS patients.Post intervention: Motor excitabilities were repeated at 30 min after each intervention. The assessment of sensory and pain thresholds at anal sphincter and rectum were done immediately, 30 and 60 min after each intervention. Results:Application of 1 Hz rLSMS led to alterations of anal sphincter motor excitabilities and resulted in a significant increase in the amplitude of lumbosacal-anal motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in healthy volunteers recorded at 30 min post intervention. In healthy volunteers, 1 Hz rLSMS and 10 Hz rTMS caused a significant increase in the rectal pain thresholds experienced immediately, 30 and 60 min after each intervention. 10 Hz rLSMS and 1 Hz rTMS only led to a significant rise in rectal pain thresholds immediately after their application. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the rectal pain thresholds immediately, 30 and 60 min following 1 Hz rLSMS and 10 Hz rTMS in IBS patients. Conclusion:The application of magnetic stimulation to the cortical and lumbosacral areas to modulate visceral pain is a new concept, which reduced rectal sensitivity to painful stimuli and offers a much needed new approach in the management of abdominal pain in patients with IBS.

Introduction. Les désordres de la connexion intestin-cerveau (DCIC) sont une association de symptômes digestifs récurrents et chroniques. Les évènements traumatiques précoces seraient un facteur déclenchant. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle la prématurité et les facteurs néonataux influencent le développement des DCIC. L’influence des facteurs socio-démographiques ou psychosociaux a aussi été évaluée. Patients et Méthodes. Une étude cas-témoins a été menée au CHU Sainte Justine à Montréal (Québec, Canada) de juillet 2019 à juillet 2021. Les cas (adultes nés avant 29 semaines d’aménorrhée) ont été recrutés dans la cohorte HAPI (Health of Adults Born Preterm Investigation). Les contrôles sont issus de la population générale. Les participants ont complété le questionnaire de diagnostic Rome IV. Les cas ont complété des questionnaires de dépression et d’anxiété (PROMIS-29, GAD-7, PHQ-9). Résultats. 79 cas (âge médian : 27 ans (24;29), sex ratio H/F: 0.4) et 124 contrôles (âge médian : 33 ans (27;50), sex ratio H/F: 0.9) ont été recrutés. Les prévalences des désordres fonctionnels gastroduodénaux et intestinaux étaient significativement plus élevées dans le groupe des cas féminins comparé aux contrôles féminins, respectivement p=0.017 et p=0.015. La probabilité d’avoir au moins un désordre fonctionnel intestinal ou une constipation fonctionnelle était plus élevé dans ce dernier groupe (p=0.015 et p=0.02). Certains facteurs de risque de développer des DCIC sont directement liés à la prématurité (chorioamniotite, hémorragie intra-ventriculaire) ou à une conséquence de la prématurité (anxiété, dépression, capacités sociales). Conclusion. Il s’agit de la première étude contrôlée qui rapporte la prévalence des DCIC dans une population d’adultes nés prématurés. Nous confirmons que la prématurité est un facteur de risque de développement du DCIC au cours de la vie. / Background. Disorders of brain-gut interaction (DBGI) are defined as a variable combination of chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. Early-life stress have been implicated as possible contributing factor. We tested the hypothesis that prematurity and neonatal factors influence the development of DGBI in adults. We also evaluated if sociodemographic or psychosocial factors are associated with the development of a DGBI. Methods. A case-control study was carried out at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine in Montreal (Quebec, Canada) from July 2019 to July 2021. The cases (adults born with severe or extremely severe prematurity born less than 29 weeks of gestation) were recruited from the Health of Adults Born Preterm Investigation (HAPI) cohort. Control subjects were recruited from the general population. All participants completed the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire online. Cases completed anxiety and depression questionnaires (PROMIS-29, GAD-7, PHQ-9). Neonatal data and sociodemographic status were collected. Key Results. We enrolled 79 cases (median age: 27 years old (24;29), sex ratio M/F: 0.4) and 124 controls (median age: 33 years old (27;50), sex ratio M/F: 0.9). Prevalence of functional gastroduodenal disorders and functional bowel disorders were significantly higher in women in the case group (respectively p=0.017 and p=0.015). There was also a higher probability of having one functional bowel disorder (p=0.015) and functional constipation (p=0.02) than in the female control group. Some of the risk factors are directly linked to prematurity (chorioamnionitis, intraventricular hemorrhage) or linked to a consequence of prematurity (anxiety, depression and social abilities). Conclusion. This is the first prospective controlled study reporting the prevalence of DGBI in a cohort of well-characterized adult-born premature. We confirm that prematurity is a risk factor for developing a DGBI.