This study aimed to identify at what level the accounting information both in the Brazilian and U.S. markets respond to the requirements of the initial adoption of IFRS - International Financial Reporting Standards. The global movement towards the convergence of International Accounting Standards ruled by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resulted in the requirement for adoption of IFRS (mentioned above) for publicly traded Brazilian companies by the Securities Commission (known as CVM in Brazil) on CVM Instruction 457/07. A Descriptive Research was carried out as far as using statistics about the method of procedures, techniques of documentary research and classical content analysis. Financial statements prepared for the year of 2008 were analyzed in accordance both with U.S. GAAP and GAAP of 20 Brazilian companies from 10 economic sectors listed at the same time on the Stock Exchange of New York (NYSE) and the Stock Exchange (BOVESPA). The index of disclosure was calculated such as it was proposed on Lopes and Rodrigues study carried out a couple of years ago (2007) for Portuguese companies. The results point to indexes calculated for the disclosure of Form 20F higher than those calculated for the Standard Financial Statements (DFP), confirming a greater degree of convergence between U.S. GAAP and IFRS. It suggests that depending on the adoption of IFRS the consolidated accounting in GAAP tend to change substantially, increasing that way, the level of disclosure. Furthermore the results confirmed both by the sample and literature, that the sector of activity and size of enterprises directly influence the disclosure of information. In relation to the auditors the fact that the statements be audited by global audit companies known as the Big Four has not determined the extent of the disclosure. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral identificar em que nível as informações contábeis, divulgadas nos mercados: brasileiro e norte-americano, atendem aos requisitos da adoção inicial das IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards. O movimento mundial de convergência rumo às Normas Internacionais de Contabilidade do International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) culminou na exigência de adoção das IFRS, para as companhias abertas brasileiras, pela Comissão de Valores Mobiliário (CVM), na Instrução CVM no 457/07. Por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva, quanto aos seus objetivos, utilizando-se da estatística como método de procedimentos e das técnicas de pesquisa documental e de análise de conteúdo clássica foram analisadas as demonstrações contábeis elaboradas para o ano de 2008, de acordo com os US GAAP e os BR GAAP de 20 empresas brasileiras de 10 setores econômicos, listadas simultaneamente na Bolsa de Valores de Nova York (NYSE) e na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BOVESPA), e calculou-se o índice de disclosure proposto na pesquisa de Lopes e Rodrigues (2007) para empresas portuguesas. Os resultados apontam para índices de disclosure calculados para o Form 20F maiores do que aqueles calculados para as Demonstrações Financeiras Padrão (DFP), confirmando um nível de convergência maior entre US GAAP e IFRS e sugerindo que, em função da adoção das IFRS, as demonstrações contábeis em BR GAAP tendem a se modificar substancialmente, aumentando o nível de divulgação. Além disso, os resultados confirmam, para a amostra, o exposto na literatura selecionada de que o setor de atuação e o tamanho das empresas influem diretamente no disclosure das informações. Em relação aos auditores, o fato de as demonstrações serem auditadas pelas empresas globais de auditoria conhecidas como Big Four não foi determinante na extensão do disclosure. / Mestre em Administração

Financial accounting is a deep source of information, which should offer true data about the company. Accounting has a lot of forms and one of them {--} the creative accounting {--} is the topic of this diploma thesis. The term ``creative accounting{\crqq} means falsification of financial and audit reports about company{\crq}s real situation and offering the fictitious ones. The possible way to regulate ``the creative accounting{\crqq} is the process of accounting harmonization. Within this process, there is an effort to create a uniform, comprehensive system which will be clear to everyone and which can offer true image of the accounting. The aim of this work is to estimate the Czech accounting legislation (ČÚL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) at situations, allowing ``the creative accounting{\crqq}, which will lead to the conclusion how can the different bookkeeping influent the range of economic result.

The master thesis compares the differences between Czech Accounting Legislation and International Financial Reporting Standards regarding long-term assets. The thesis is divided into two major parts, such as theoretical and practical The theoretical part of the master thesis comprises theoretical information concerning issues of long-term assets. Firstly, there is the definition of long-term assets, then the ways of acqusition, valuation, depreciation and elimination are described from the point of view of the Czech Accounting Legislation. According to the International Financial Reporting Standards long-term assets are defined by two main standards which deal with their issues. The aim of the theoretical part is to analyse differences between the Czech Accounting Legislation (CAL) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the field of long-term assets. In this part of the master thesis the key differences between these two accounting systems are to be found and described. The aim of the practical part is to apply the differences between CAL and IFRS on the particular subject. The theoretical findings are applied on the concret examples on which is explained how accounting transactions affect profits and balance sheet both in terms of the Czech Accounting Legislation and the International Financial Reporting Standards.

En tilltagande globalisering inom redovisning har bidragit till att internationella redovisningsprinciper och regler befinner sig i en harmoniseringsprocess. Bokföringsnämndens K-projekt pekar på att Sverige är del av denna process. Börsnoterade företag inom EU är tvingade att upprätta den finansiella rapporteringen enligt IFRS, men för svenska onoterade företag finns valmöjligheten att tillämpa de svenska reglerna. Argumenten för frivilligt antagande av IFRS bygger på ökad kvalitet, transparens och jämförbarhet i de finansiella rapporterna, vilket ska öka användbarheten för intressenterna. År 2012 inledde IASB ett arbete avseende revidering av den befintliga föreställningsramen, vilken beräknas vara färdigställd under år 2017. Den reviderade föreställningsramen lyfter fram betydelsen av tre primära intressenter, vilka utgörs av investerare, långivare och andra kreditgivare.Syftet med studien är att utreda hur svenska onoterade moderbolags val av att anta IFRS frivilligt, i stället för att tillämpa K3, påverkar de finansiella rapporterna och de primära intressenterna utifrån ett informationsbehovsperspektiv. Detta illustreras med fyra stycken hypotetiska typfall. För att uppnå syftet undersöks vilka skillnader som föreligger vid redovisningen enligt IFRS och K3 avseende finansiella instrument, goodwill vid rörelseförvärv, FoU-kostnader samt förvaltningsfastigheter med fokus på upplysningar. Metoden som tillämpas i studien är en deskriptiv analys med en abduktiv ansats inom ramen för kvalitativ forskning.Resultaten av studien visar på att det föreligger stora skillnader mellan IFRS och K3, vilket får effekten att företag som redovisar enligt IFRS framstår som mer lönsamma och mindre riskfyllda. Ett frivilligt antagande av IFRS bidrar till mer användbar information i de finansiella rapporterna samt att dessa bättre speglar företaget ekonomiska verklighet. Sammantaget framstår redovisningen enligt IFRS som mer attraktiv i förhållande till K3, utifrån de primära intressenternas informationsbehov. / Due to expanding globalization of accounting, the international accounting principles and regulations are currently in a process of harmonization. The K-project of the Swedish accounting authority Bokföringsnämnden, indicates that Sweden is a part of this process. According to EU-regulation listed companies are obligated to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS since 2005, but for unlisted Swedish companies there is an option of applying local Swedish regulations. The arguments in favor of a voluntary adoption of IFRS rest on promises of improved quality, transparency and comparability of financial statements, which further will increase its usefulness to stakeholders. In 2012, the IASB initiated a project regarding a revised Conceptual Framework, which is expected to be completed during 2017. The revised Conceptual Framework highlights the importance of three primary stakeholders, consisting of investors, lenders and other creditors.The objective of this study is to examine how unlisted Swedish parent companies’ choice of adopting IFRS voluntarily, instead of applying K3, affects the financial reports and primary stakeholders based on an information need perspective. This is illustrated by four hypothetical scenarios. In order to achieve the objective of this study, the existing differences of reporting under IFRS and K3 regarding financial instruments, goodwill in business combinations, R&D expenses and investment properties focusing on disclosures, are examined. The method used in the study is a descriptive analysis with an abductive approach within the frames of qualitative research.The findings indicate that there are major differences between IFRS and K3, which results in companies reporting according to IFRS appear to be more profitable and less of a risk. A voluntary adoption of IFRS contributes to more useful information in the financial statements and a better reflection of the company's financial reality. Overall, financial reporting according to IFRS appears more favorable than reporting under K3, based on the information need of the primary stakeholder.This paper is written in Swedish.

The goal of my diploma thesis is to give a comprehensive interpretation on the issue of accounts compiled by entities in the Czech Republic. I describe the operations and activities before, during and after its compilation. I also briefly refer to International Financial Reporting Standards and the appreciation of assets and liabilities. Finally I'm doing an analysis of a final accounts of the real company.

Technical provisions representthe most important item of the liabilities of insurance companies. First chapter of this thesis deals with the characteristics and the sense of provisions in any accounting entity. The next chapters are concerned with the regulation of provisions according to the current czech account and tax law and to the IAS/IFRS. The next chapter is the most extensive. This chapter describes technical provisions and rules for their creation, accountig, measurement according to the current valid law in the Czech republic. The subchapters describe the particular technical provisions and their differenties and calculation. The related topics of the reinsurance and the financial placing are presented here too. The examplas for accounting of the technical provisions int the life and the non-life insurance company are shown in the practical part of this thesis.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are required or permitted for use in over 100 countries across the world. IFRS are developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The IASB, with no formal or legal mandate, is performing a task normally reserved for national standard-setters. This study sought to establish the legitimacy of IFRS by assessing the due process of the IASB. The study established that countries have different motivations for choosing IFRS which raises legitimacy concerns. The global financial crisis compounded the legitimacy challenges of IFRS by exposing due process vulnerabilities. The study established that the IFRS governance structures are dominated by powerful stakeholders especially members of the G-20. Although the due process procedures provide opportunities for participation, actual participation is still dominated by constituents from Europe. Africa and South America still account for very low proportions of governance seats and participants in standard-setting projects. / Financial Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

El presente trabajo de investigación presenta como objetivo general determinar el impacto financiero de la Norma Internacional de Información Financiera 9: Instrumentos financieros, relacionado con la Gestión Financiera en las empresas agrarias de cultivos con fundos en la Región Ica que siembran y/o comercializan uvas y arándanos, año 2018. A raíz de los nuevos cambios en la normativa contable con el objetivo de mostrar más fiables los instrumentos financieros. La investigación es de tipo aplicada. Nuestra población consta de 21 empresas agrícolas que poseen fundos en la región de Ica dedicadas al cultivo que siembran y/o comercializan uvas y arándanos. Con la finalidad de obtener un mejor entendimiento se realizaron entrevistas a dos expertos de una firma auditora, de los cuales una se caracteriza por ser experta en la revisión financiera de NIIF del sector, y uno es experto en NIIF. Así como encuestas a los encargados de la evaluación del impacto de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera y aplicación en la empresa. De esta forma, la investigación se diseñó en 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se desarrolló el Marco Teórico, donde se describen las variables y dimensiones de la tesis con el contexto en el cual se ubica nuestra investigación. En el segundo capítulo, se describe el problema, los objetivos e hipótesis general y específicos. En el tercer capítulo, se describió la metodología de investigación donde se define el tipo de investigación, diseño, población, muestra para el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrolló la aplicación de los instrumentos y el desarrollo de casos prácticos con el propósito de medir el impacto de la NIIF 9. Por último, en el quinto capítulo se analizó los resultados obtenidos en los instrumentos, conclusiones y recomendaciones finales donde se concluyó que la NIIF 9: Instrumentos Financieros no impacta en la Gestión Financiera en las empresas agrarias de cultivos con fundos en la Región Ica que siembran y/o comercializan uvas y arándanos, año 2018. / Tesis

Doctor Legum - LLD / The ideals of shareholder and creditor protection are affected by legislation pertaining to the validity of a company’s transactions. Until legislative reforms introduced in the twentieth century, a company’s capacity and the ultra vires doctrine traditionally limited the company’s ability to contract. Therefore, the legal framework regulating corporate capacity influences a company’s interactions with outsiders. The goal of the law in this regard should be to facilitate commerce while providing adequate protection to all affected stakeholders. South Africa’s Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the Act) contains several novel provisions regarding a company’s capacity, the desirability of which is questionable. Special purpose vehicles (SPVs) are used for various purposes in commerce, from asset holding in the financial services sector to concluding complex financial functions in corporate finance. For instance, traditional securitisation is a financial engineering technique that makes use of corporate SPVs. Traditional securitisation is a valuable risk management, earnings management, and corporate financing tool. Incorporators of securitisation SPVs often include capacity restrictions in the constitutions of such entities as a means of reducing the likelihood that the SPV will be subject to liquidation proceedings.This thesis analyses the capacity provisions in the Act to determine whether they provide a commercially desirable framework to facilitate the activities of SPVs used in traditional securitisation schemes. The thesis argues that the capacity provisions in the Act in their current form are undesirable because they place third parties at too great a risk in exchange for inconsistent and unreliable shareholder protection. Executory ultra vires contracts concluded by limited capacity companies are at the same time valid and capable of being restrained by a single shareholder, director or prescribed officer of the company. It is argued that the Act’s approach to corporate capacity is detrimental to commercial certainty and creditor protection, and that capacity restrictions under the current framework do not provide any more shareholder protection than ordinary authority limitations would. Consequently, it is argued that the capacity provisions in the Act do not make a positive contribution to the “insolvency-remoteness” of SPVs used in traditional securitisation schemes. It is recommended that the capacity provisions in the Act should be substantially amended, or deleted.

This diploma thesis is focused on the financial health of the company, whose business is based on distribution of racing class ships all over the world. The main goal of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the financial situation of the company and to propose ways to improve it. At first, the thesis deals with the theoretical basis of the company's economic analysis. Then these theoretical starting points for the company are practically applied. Consequently, according to the results, the economic situation of the company is interpreted and measures have been proposed to ensure a positive financial condition of the analyzed company.