This thesis examines the use of a structured design methodology in the design of asynchronous circuits so that high level constructs can be specified purely in terms of signal exchanges and without the intrusion of lower level concepts. Trace theory is used to specify a multi-processor Forth machine at a high level then part of the design is further elaborated using trace theory operations to (insure that the behaviours of the lower level constructs will combine to give the high level specified behaviour without locking or other hazards. A novel form of threaded language to take advantage of the machine architecture is developed. At suitable points the design is tested by simulation. The stack element which is designed is reduced to an electric circuit which is itself tested by simulation to verify the design.

The present study investigated the fish populations of the lower Forth Estuary, east Scotland. Cooling water extraction by the 2400 MW Longannet Power Station (LPS) inevitably removes a certain quantity of fish from the estuary, all of which experience mortality. The present study employed a sampling regime of greater intensity than previous studies to investigate the extent of mortalities from January 1999 - December 2000. Collections of fish impinged on intake screens were made eight times monthly, at LW or HW of spring or neap tides during the day or by night. Marine species dominated the assemblage of fish collected, with sprat, herring, and whiting contributing > 80% of total abundance. Sprat was twice as abundant as herring in 1999, while the proportions were very similar in 2000. Total abundance of all species collected in 1999 was estimated at 1. 09 x 107, while the value of 3.29 x 107 in 2000 was three times larger. These figures were the largest recorded among British estuarine and marine power stations, but were precisely the correct order based on an exponential relationship between total impingement and water abstraction rate established from data from other locations. Validation of the estimated total biomass of fish removed was given by comparison with the known total mass of all materials disposed to landfill. Statistical analysis of impingement data showed that tidal range and season were the most important environmental variables influencing the rate of removal of fish from the estuary. That light was not significant for most species is attributed to high levels of turbidity and the resulting low visibility by day and night. Demersal and benthic fish abundances collected from 1982 - 2000 in 30 annual trawls at three sites in the mid-lower Forth Estuary were analysed. Species tended to be present in greatest abundance at the most seaward of the sites. Patterns of seasonal abundance reflected those observed in the impingement study at LPS, and catches tended to be greatest at L W. Total species richness showed no significant trend over time, whilst total annual abundance of fish captured in trawls showed a significant negative trend. This was largely due to significant declines in the two most abundant species, namely whiting and eel pout, attributable in the latter case to increasing temperatures. Changes in the ichthyofaunal composition were largely driven by whiting, eel pout, cod and plaice. Eight of ten common species showed no significant trend in abundance over the length of the time series, suggesting them to perhaps be at equilibrium densities. Quantities of commercially fished species above minimum landing size limits that were removed by LPS were very low, and restricted to herring and occasional whiting. The quantity of juveniles that could have recruited into the fished populations was expressed as equivalent adults. The values were larger than any previously reported in the UK, primarily due to the quantities of juvenile fish impinged being greater than at any other British power station, and the importance of the Forth as a nursery area for marine species. It was concluded that LPS is the dominant UK power station in terms of magnitude of impingement losses. It may be prudent to consider a precautionary approach to mitigate losses, and to this end options for reduction of the magnitude of impingement are discussed.

In order to meet their energy budget animals must often increase their risk of predation, either through their choice of foraging location or by decreasing anti-predation behaviours, which are incompatible with foraging. I investigated the starvation-predation risk trade-off in redshanks overwintering in the area of the Firth of Forth in Scotland over different spatial scales. On a small spatial scale, where redshanks foraged in an area where risk of attack was high I investigated the role of competition for food and decreased individual vigilance within groups and how this related to predation risk, additionally I looked at the relative roles of individual variation in time spent exposed to risk and variation in anti-predation behaviours on individual survival time. On larger spatial scales of 100s of meters and over several kilometres, I considered how choice of overwintering site was affected by predation risk, profitability and population density. Time available to feed increased with increased group size, allowing redshanks to compensate for increased competition and allowing large groups to form, thus decreasing individual predation risk. Individuals that spent less time exposed to attacking predators survived for longer, however individuals constrained by cold weather to spend long periods exposed to risk could increase their survival through increased intake rates and vigilance. On an intermediate spatial scale redshanks selected overwintering sites based on profitability rather than risk, and only used less profitable site when population density was high. On a large spatial scale redshanks increased their use of less profitable sites in warmer weather, but did this without increasing their risk of predation. Overall this suggests that across most spatial scales redshanks can minimise their predation risk by their choice of foraging location, but when forced by weather conditions or competition to be exposed to attack, capture reducing behaviours also reduce predation risk.

Shorelines, including the Inner Forth in Scotland, are facing unprecedented challenges with climate change. Rising sea levels mean that stakeholders need to work closely to deliver adaptation, such as the nature-based option of intentionally realigning shorelines landwards to give the sea more space. Drawing from workshops, interviews and surveys with citizens living on the shores of the Inner Forth, and semi-structured interviews with locally active organisations and land-owners, this thesis examines the governance context and methodological issues of citizen engagement in adaptation, with a focus on the use of participatory valuation tools. In particular, I develop citizen-oriented methodological options for integrated and deliberative valuation to address issues of inclusivity and knowledge gaps. The novelty of the deliberative valuation presented here is based on the explicit consideration of awareness gaps from both expert and local perspectives. The results show that even though emerging collaborative institutions are broadening the spectrum of stakeholders engaged in shoreline governance, they do not yet include representative groups of citizens. Empirical material presented here suggests that bridging the citizen engagement gap would potentially support the uptake of nature-based adaptation options, enhance legitimacy of decision-making processes, and bring other-regarding moral principles and biocentric values into decision-making. However, as the valuation results from the citizen workshops illustrate (in resonance with the central tenets of the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services), commonly applied valuation methods may be too narrow in their framing to capture plural values and world views. Furthermore, the ability of citizens to engage in adaptation is limited by knowledge gaps regarding the local area and the pressures it is facing. The deliberative citizen-oriented approach to valuation developed here led to the emergence of clearer priorities, improved choice model fit and participant confidence, providing empirical evidence to support the premise that deliberation builds citizens' ability to engage in adaptation. In addition to contributing empirical insights on how adaptation governance is unfolding on local scales, this thesis responds to methodological discussions on the use of valuation for citizen engagement in three main ways: 1) it demonstrates that the choice of value framings impacts the engagement outcomes; 2) it illustrates how deliberative valuation can shape citizens' attitudes towards the uptake of adaptation measures; 3) it provides evidence of the specific role that local knowledge plays in improving the outcomes of deliberative valuation.

Abstract Nowadays civic participation is a significant activity in the commonwealth. According to civic participation, it can be realized the development of the democracy in a country. Although Kaohsiung city is the second biggest status of special municipality directly administered by the central government, Taiwanese Central Government has been disconsidering the growth of South Taiwan. As a result, it cause that Kaohsiung city has become the center of the industry and Taipei city has become the center of the policy and economics. Due to this reason, people in the south Taiwan are not concern with the public affairs which need to be considered. Almond is the first precursor to research civic society. Almond refers that people highly participate with political culture can be called Civic Culture. Inglehart is the second researcher to research in this subject. Inglehart discovers technical upgrade, economic development, the standard of education improvement, information technology and mass communication spread could effect the social value. People may focus on post-materialism which are the standard of living, and self-fulfilling instead of the materialism value that are included the creature comfort and personal security. Mass communication not only offers the useful information to the mass but also effects the mass behavior, in particular newspaper. Newspaper spread presents the news and multi-information to everyone and it also can fulfill each one¡¦s inner life as well. Besides this, it is also a very leaven to people because of its content such as the edit and so on. This research is divided two sections. The first section refers to the integration of the public affairs management (PAM). It discusses the condition of the aspect of socioeconomic in Kaohsiung city. The second section V.C.S dimensional in-depth interview¡Aanalyze the power of the local newspaper, the limit of the local newspaper and the public value of the local newspaper in Kaohsiung. According to the development of the socioeconomic, it can be discussed weather Kaohsiung city is qualified for public society or not. And also , in the process of time whether the media exerts generate a discussion and provoke issues or not. According to the research, it discovers that the current and past employment market and social organization do not change a lot. But the phenomenon of generation effect ¡Awith disposition and potentiality to post modernized civil society. Due to several elements such as economic depression, open media market and new competitors appearance, local medium in Koahsiung are forced to adjust the management strategy and constitution in order to breakthrough difficulty. However, in order to achieve the goal and promote the public value it often become dilemma because of searching market support and lifting organizational capacity on the current limited resources and condition. As a result, it can define that the function of the forth right to medium is consistently challenged. In the sum, local newspaper and medium can make the public value become valuable. It also can say that mass medium is like a light that can let each one see the value of public society clearly and easily. However, the life cycle of the news events are very short. Therefore, the elements of economic development, guidable assistance instead of critique and control and the third section may achieve the goal of the public society quickly.

Cette thèse a développé et mis en œuvre des algorithmes itératifs d'assimilation de données pour un modèle d'océan aux équations primitives, et les a comparés avec d'autres méthodes d'AD bien établis tels que le 4Dvar et le Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) Filtre /lisseur. Le modèle numérique utilisé est le modèle NEMO. Il a été configuré pour simuler la circulation typique subtropicale en double gyre. Les nouveaux algorithmes itératifs proposés, semblables au Nudging direct et rétrograde - BFN, sont tous basés sur une séquence d'intégrations alternées du modèle direct et rétrograde. Ce sont le ``Backward Smoother'' (BS), qui utilise le modèle rétrograde pour propager librement des observations "futures" en rétrograde dans le temps, et le ``Back and Forth Kalman Filter'' (BFKF), qui utilise également le modèle rétrograde pour propager les observations en arrière dans le temps, mais qui à chaque fois qu'un lot d'observations est disponible, réalise une étape de mise à jour du système similaire à l'étape de mise à jour du filtre SEEK. Le formalisme Bayésien a été utilisé pour dériver ces méthodes, ce qui signifie qu'ils peuvent être utilisés avec n'importe quelle méthode qui estime la probabilité postérieure du système par des méthodes séquentielles. Les résultats montrent que l'avantage principal des méthodes basées sur le BFN est l'utilisation du modèle rétrograde pour propager les informations des observations en arrière dans le temps. / This thesis developed and implemented iterative data assimilation algorithms for a primitive equation ocean model, and compared them with other well established DA methods such as the 4Dvar and the Singular Evolutive Extended Kalman (SEEK) Filter/Smoother. The new proposed iterative algorithms, similarly to the Back and Forth Nudging (BFN), are all based on a sequence of alternating forward and backward model integrations. Namely, they are the Backward Smoother (BS), which uses the backward model to freely propagate “future” observations backward in time, and the Back and Forth Kalman Filter, which also uses the backward model to propagate the observations backward in time but, at every time an observation batch is available, an update step similar to the SEEK filter step is carried out. The Bayesian formalism was used to derive these methods, which means that they may be used with any algorithm that estimates the “a posteriori” conditional probability of the model state by means of sequential methods. The results show that the main advantage of the methods based on the BFN is the use of the backward model to propagate the observation informations backward in time. By this way, it avoids the use of the adjoint model, needed by the 4Dvar, and of unknown temporal correlations, needed by the Kalman Smoother, to produce initial states or past model trajectories. The advantages of using the Back and Forth (BF) idea rely on the implicit use of the unstable forward subspace, which became stable when stepping backwards, that allows the errors components projecting onto this subspace to be naturally damped during the backward integration.

Uma compacta linguagem descritora de páginas, destinada a impressoras não-impacto de estrutura raster é apresentada. Tal linguagem foi implementada usando o processador gráfico TMS4010, da Texas Instruments e possui uma estrutura muito similar à encontrada nas linguagens interpretativas encadeadas. A linguagem é totalmente modular e interativa, e se utiliza um modelo gráfico simples, visando simular as tarefas normalmente encontradas nas artes tipográficas. São efetuadas comparações com outras linguagens comerciais, visando avaliar suas possibilidades. Uma pequena introdução à tecnologia das impressoras laser é apresentada. / A small Page description language intended for raster non-impact printers is presented. The language is implemented using the Texas Instruments TMS4010 Graphics system processor and its structure is similar that encountered in threaded interpretative languages. The language is fully modular and interactive, and uses a simple graphic model to simulate the same common tasks encoutered in typographical arts. Comparison are made with other comercial languages to perform some evaluations on its possibilities. A small introduction on the laser printer technology is presented.

Uma compacta linguagem descritora de páginas, destinada a impressoras não-impacto de estrutura raster é apresentada. Tal linguagem foi implementada usando o processador gráfico TMS4010, da Texas Instruments e possui uma estrutura muito similar à encontrada nas linguagens interpretativas encadeadas. A linguagem é totalmente modular e interativa, e se utiliza um modelo gráfico simples, visando simular as tarefas normalmente encontradas nas artes tipográficas. São efetuadas comparações com outras linguagens comerciais, visando avaliar suas possibilidades. Uma pequena introdução à tecnologia das impressoras laser é apresentada. / A small Page description language intended for raster non-impact printers is presented. The language is implemented using the Texas Instruments TMS4010 Graphics system processor and its structure is similar that encountered in threaded interpretative languages. The language is fully modular and interactive, and uses a simple graphic model to simulate the same common tasks encoutered in typographical arts. Comparison are made with other comercial languages to perform some evaluations on its possibilities. A small introduction on the laser printer technology is presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:46:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Rogerio Rodrigues Passos.pdf: 8237686 bytes, checksum: 92f6d0a3be573b7e4ab507e2ce319e5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-05 / The configuration of the Brazilian religious field has undergone changes as fast as reality itself. Guided by this perspective, new religious denominations accurately adjust their services in order to meet these new expectations. The Fountain of Life Apostolic Church is characterized as one among others that are theologically committed to the path of individual empowerment as a method of social mobility and social integration. With an array of services for the emerging middle class, what they understand as subjective and practical gaps for this new social stratum, the church complements, works to meet these needs. Through the unction and the show, this church underpins and ensures its religious identity, awakening to its members sensations and emotions that were once in the rites and religious doctrines. However, the character of the Fountain of Life Church religious institution was not enough for it to stand out in the competitive Brazilian religious market. The big draw or differential of the Fountain of Life Church are its services. Unlike other denominations that do not direct their audience, working with a broad and diffuse proselytizing, the Fountain of Life Church, not only directs its services to a speci fic clientele, as also seeks to customize their services to this public. Compared with the most expressive and traditional Brazilian neo-Pentecostal denominations, the Fountain of Life Church does not appeal to the world s reduction of complexity and does not uses magic in their liturgies and religious practices. With a rational and proactive doctrine, the theme of the service is to insert the individual into the market, as well as integrate him into the associative network of the institution. With an intense program of leisure and entertainment activities, the member finds a significant menu of personal and social possibilities with their entry into the church. With so many differentials linked to the church services, but also the socioeconomic profile of its mass of loyal, we can set the stage for the Fountain of Life Church is like the fourth wave of Brazilian Pentecostalism. / A configuração do campo religioso brasileiro vem sofrendo mudanças tão rápidas quanto à própria realidade. Pautado nessa perspectiva, novas denominações religiosa ajustam os seus serviços exatamente no sentido de suprir esses novos anseios. A Igreja Apostólica Fonte da Vida se caracteriza como uma entre outras que se enveredaram teologicamente para o caminho do empoderamento individual como meio de mobilidade e inserção social. Com um rol de serviços destinados a classe média emergente, aquilo que compreendem lacunas práticas e subjetivas para esse novo estrato social, a igreja complementa, atua no sentido de suprir tais carências. Por meio da unção e do espetáculo alicerça e assegura a sua identidade religiosa, despertando nos seus membros sensações e emoções que em outrora se encontravam nos ritos e doutrinas religiosas. Contudo, o caráter de instituição religiosa da Igreja Fonte da Vida, não bastaria para que ela se destacasse no concorrido mercado religioso brasileiro. O grande atrativo ou diferencial da Igreja Fonte da Vida são os seus serviços. Diferentemente de outras denominações que não direcionam o seu público, atuando com um proselitismo amplo e difuso, a Igreja Fonte Da Vida, não somente direciona os seus serviços para uma clientela específica, como, também, buscar personalizar os seus serviços para esse público. Em comparação com as mais expressivas e tradicionais denominações neopentecostais brasileiras, a Igreja Fonte da Vida não recorre à redução de complexidade do mundo, nem se utiliza da magia em suas liturgias e práticas religiosas. Com uma doutrina racional e pró-ativa, o mote dos seus serviços consiste em inserir o indivíduo no mercado, bem como, integrá-lo na rede associativa da instituição. Com uma programação intensa de atividades de lazer e entretenimento, o membro encontra um significativo cardápio de possibilidades pessoais e sociais com seu ingresso na igreja. Com tantos diferenciais atrelados aos seus serviços, como também, o perfil socioeconômico do seu séquito de fiéis, podemos definir o estágio em que a Igreja Fonte da Vida se encontra como a quarta onda do pentecostalismo brasileiro.

"The purpose of this study is to outline and analyze the efforts of the City of Fort Worth in the area of community improvement through code enforcement in the years 1961-1965. It is hoped that this study will enable those in the field of municipal government or other related fields to gain a better understanding of the need for community improvement through code enforcement and a better knowledge of methods to implement such a program."--leaf 1.