The overall purpose of this master essay is to investigate whether there is an interest among people near retirement to contribute with their knowledge and experience after they reach the defined retirement age. Furthermore, I would like to investigate if they want to continue with their old jobs, full time/part time or to do something else, which is beneficial to the society. I also want to find out how the older people view themselves to continuing to work. Also which types of social and structural barriers that might exist for them and why. The aim is also to investigate what types of knowledge and experience they believe could be used in the future community. For that purpose I have structured interview questions and conducted eight individual interviews. Below is a brief summary of the main results. The study shows that there is a general interest in working after retirement. Most people prefer to work only part-time. Participation and influence is meaningful to the individuals. It is seen as having a positive impact on individuals, groups and societal perspectives. At the individual level, the relationship between the possibility to choose both type of work and working hours and the desire to continue working, is very strong. The choice contributes to the feeling that life is meaningful. That proved to be of great motivation to participate in the working life. The study shows the importance of paying attention to flexible working hours adapted at individual level. The results also show that the elderly are often pictured as competent, knowledgeable and skilled people, which resources can be utilized in the society. It also appeared that older people are carriers of knowledge and experiences, which can be taken care of and transferred on to the younger generations instead of being lost. The study pointed out that there is manual work situations particularly risky for older people. It also revealed negative factors such as competition for the jobs between younger and older people, which can create an opinion in society against letting older people work. The results also indicate that the mixture of older and younger people creates a knowledge and experience transfer which creates new approaches to working tasks. It also emerged a number of factors that influence an individual's choice to attend to work; Important to take an individual approach, assess the participant’s interests and abilities for the particular job, his desired working hours and the need of upgrading or retraining.

The paper is devoted to the investigation of behavioral equivalences of concurrent systems modeled by Petri nets with silent transitions. Basic τ-equivalences and back-forth τ-bisimulation equivalences known from the literature are supplemented by new ones, giving rise to complete set of equivalence notions in interleaving / true concurrency and linear / branching time semantcis. Their interrelations are examined for the general class of nets as well as for their subclasses of nets without siltent transitions and sequential nets (nets without concurrent transitions). In addition, the preservation of all the equivalence notions by refinements (allowing one to consider the systems to be modeled on a lower abstraction levels) is investigated.

This comprehensive study specifically includes: a brief biography of La Montaine, background surrounding the composition of the three works, a thorough analysis of each work, and a style comparison of the three pieces. Materials in the appendixes are: an annotated list of La Montaine's flute compositions; the text of the song cycle Fragments; an interview with John La Montaine; and an interview with Doriot Anthony Dwyer, to whom Come into My Garden and My Beloved, Let Us Go Forth are dedicated.

The Architecture, Engineering & Construction industry (AEC) is considered one of the largest sectors worldwide and complexed due to the complexity and uniqueness of construction projects. In contradiction to other industries, AEC illustrates high fragmentation, resistance to change, and significantly lower adoption rate of new technology solutions than other industries. The highly disruptive nature of the upcoming technological revolution of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in the AEC sector and the need for effective implementation of technological innovations is reified in the concept of Construction 4.0. The technological wave that is expected to arise with the 4IR may subsequently entail both opportunities and threats in technological, organizational, individual, societal and sustainability perspectives. This thesis focuses on two major steps. The first step is the assessment of the AEC industry towards the successful implementation of 4IR in the industry. The second step is dedicated to a horizontal and vertical integration of Construction 4.0 contemplating the social perspective of technology. Qualitative research methods such as literature review and interviews using the PESTELE framework have been applied to gather data that will be analyzed with TOE and Social Construction of Technology Theory (SCOT). This study has realized the necessity to develop a comprehensive approach of the AEC industry based on the societal structure and identified the need for horizontal and vertical assessment of the involved social and professional groups. / Arkitektur, teknik, och byggindustrin (AEC) anses vara en av de största sektorerna världen över och komplexa på grund av byggprojektens komplexitet och unikhet. I motsats till andra industrier illustrerar AEC hög fragmentering, motståndskraft mot förändringar och betydligt lägre antagande av nya teknologilösningar än andra industrier. Den mycket störande karaktären hos den kommande tekniska revolutionen i den fjärde industriella revolutionen (4IR) i AEC sektorn och behovet av ett effektivt genomförande av tekniska innovationer förnyas i begreppet Construction 4.0. Den tekniska vågen som förväntas uppstå med 4IR kan därefter innebära både möjligheter och hot i tekniska, organisatoriska, individuella, samhälleliga och hållbarhetsperspektiv. Denna avhandling fokuserar på två huvudsteg. Det första steget är bedömningen av AEC-industrin mot ett framgångsrikt genomförande av 4IR i branschen. Det andra steget är tillägnad en horisontell och vertikal integration av Construction 4.0 som överväger teknikens sociala perspektiv. Kvalitativa forskningsmetoder som litteraturgranskning och intervjuer med PESTELE ramverket har tillämpats för att samla in data som kommer att analyseras med TOE och Social Construction of Technology Theory (SCOT). Denna studie har insett behovet av att utveckla ett omfattande tillvägagångssätt för AEC-industrin baserat på samhällsstrukturen och identifierat behovet av horisontell och vertikal bedömning av de involverade sociala och yrkesgrupperna.

Cette thèse de sociologie est une monographie du mouvement ATD Quart Monde. Fondée en 1958 par le prêtre Joseph Wresinski dans un camp de sans-logis, cette association porte la voix politique des « personnes en situation d’extrême pauvreté » en France et dans le monde. C’est à partir d’un travail de mobilisation sur le long terme et d’une stratégied’émancipation que cette voix émerge au sein de groupes de réflexion. Il s’agit de rendre audible et d’organiser par l’action collective ce que le politiste James Scott appelle le domaine infrapolitique, c'est-à-dire les formes de résistances quotidiennes à la domination qui s’exercent « sous les radars » de la sphère publique. À travers l’ethnographie culturelle de quelques expérimentations démocratiques, ce travail de recherche analyse le processus d’empowerment par lequel des acteurs affaiblis socialement se renforcent collectivement par la construction d’un engagement militant. Ces personnes incarnent la possibilité de l’inclusion politique des catégories de population marginalisées. Avec différents mouvements sociaux, ATD Quart Monde façonne ainsi une révolution démocratique et culturelle. Pour ce faire, la méthode participative de l’association consiste à construire des revendications et des alliances par la confrontation du savoir expérientiel des plus pauvres avec d’autres formes de savoirs. Ceci vient approfondir les connaissances du mouvement qui a recours au registre de l’expertise dans son mode d’action. Avec quelques points de comparaison, l’exemple d’ATD Quart Monde permet finalement d’explorer trois dimensions de l’action collective : réflexive, culturelle et délibérative. / This doctoral dissertation in sociology is a monograph of ATD Forth World: an « extreme poor people »’s advocacy worldwide organization founded in a French homeless camp in 1958 by the priest Joseph Wresinski. The voice of the poorest is emerging in thinking groups after a long work of mobilization and emancipation process. The shapes of daily resistance against domination existing « under the radar » of the public sphere, which is called infrapolitics, is becoming visible and collectively organised. This research is a cultural ethnography of several democratic experimentations, which analyses the empowermentprocess of socially weakened actors. Poor people are becoming activists and are embodying the possibility of the inclusion of marginalized groups. By this way, ATD Forth World is progressively shaping a cultural and democratic revolution with other social movements. The participative methodology of the organization consists of building demands and alliances from the confrontation between poor people’s knowledge and other forms of knowledge. This work is helping to build an expertise for the organization. With the example of ATD Forth World and several points of comparison, this doctoral dissertation ultimately explores three different dimensions of collective action: cognitive, cultural and deliberative.

L’utilisation d’une méthode d’assimilation de données, associée à un modèle de convection anélastique, nous permet la reconstruction des structures physiques d’une partie de la zone convective située en dessous d’une région solaire active. Les résultats obtenus nous informent sur les processus d’émergence des tubes de champ magnétique au travers de la zone convective ainsi que sur les mécanismes de formation des régions actives. Les données solaires utilisées proviennent de l’instrument MDI à bord de l’observatoire spatial SOHO et concernent principalement la région active AR9077 lors de l’ ́évènement du “jour de la Bastille”, le 14 juillet 2000. Cet évènement a conduit à l’avènement d’une éruption solaire, suivie par une importante éjection de masse coronale. Les données assimilées (magnétogrammes, cartes de températures et de vitesses verticales) couvrent une surface de 175 méga-mètres de coté acquises au niveau photosphérique. La méthode d’assimilation de données employée est le “coup de coude direct et rétrograde”, une méthode de relaxation Newtonienne similaire à la méthode “quasi-linéaire inverse 3D”. Elle présente l’originalité de ne pas nécessiter le calcul des équations adjointes au modèle physique. Aussi, la simplicité de la méthode est un avantage numérique conséquent. Notre étude montre au travers d’un test simple l’applicabilité de cette méthode à un modèle de convection utilisé dans le cadre de l’approximation anélastique. Nous montrons ainsi l’efficacité de cette méthode et révélons son potentiel pour l’assimilation de données solaires. Afin d’assurer l’unicité mathématique de la solution obtenue nous imposons une régularisation dans tout le domaine simulé. Nous montrons enfin que l’intérêt de la méthode employée ne se limite pas à la reconstruction des structures convectives, mais qu’elle permet également l’interpolation optimale des magnétogrammes photosphériques, voir même la prédiction de leur évolution temporelle. / We use a data assimilation technique, together with an anelastic convection model, in order to reconstruct the convective patterns below a solar active region. Our results yield information about the magnetic field emergence through the convective zone and the mechanisms of active region formation. The solar data we used are taken from the instrument MDI on board the spatial observatory SOHO on July 2000 the 14th for the event called ”bastille day event”. This specific event leads to a solar flare followed by a coronal mass ejection. Assimilated data (magnetograms, temperature maps and vertical velocity maps) cover an area of 175 Mm × 175 Mm at photospheric level. The data assimilation technique we used, the ”Nudging Back and Forth”, is a Newtonian re- laxation technique similar to the ”quasi linear inverse 3D”. Such a technique does not require computation of the adjoint equations. Thus, simplicity of this method is a numerical advantage. Our study shows with a simple test case the applicability of this method to a convection model treated with the anelastic approximation. We show the efficiency of the NBF technique and we detail its potential for solar data assimi- lation. In addition, to ensure mathematical unicity of the obtained solution, a regularization has been imposed in the whole simulation domain. This is a new approach. Finally, we show that the interest of such a technique is not limited to the reconstruction of convective patterns but that it also allows optimal interpolation of photospheric magnetograms and predictions.

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Avalia as percepções sobre o uso da Assinatura Digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região por parte dos Desembargadores, tendo como base teórica a Teoria dos Sistemas. Descreve a evolução das assinaturas como forma de identidade do indivíduo, desde os selos-cilindros da Mesopotâmia até a Assinatura Digital, baseada na tecnologia de criptografia. Discute as diferenças entre os paradigmas Custodial e Pós-Custodial, necessários para entender as transformações ocorridas com a introdução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na sociedade. Aponta a necessidade de transdisciplinaridade para a elaboração de pesquisas, principalmente entre Informação e Comunicação, por serem bases deste estudo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com servidores e Desembargadores do Tribunal Regional da Quarta Região, contextualiza as informações coletadas tendo em vista o fenômeno Infocomunicacional, observando aspectos de produção da informação, usos e criação de possibilidades para que aconteça a interação/comunicação. Conclui que, apesar dos usuários verem algumas desvantagens no uso da Assinatura Digital, as vantagens superam em benefícios, proporcionando agilidade no fazer jurídico. / Evaluating the perceptions on the use of Digital Signature in the Federal Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit by Federal Judges, based on the Systems Theory. Describes the evolution of signatures as a form of identity of the individual, since the cylinder-seals of Mesopotamia to the Digital Signature based on encryption technology. Discusses the differences between the Custodial and Post-Custodial paradigms, necessary to understand the changes with the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies in society. Highlights the need for transdisciplinarity to the development of research, especially between Information and Communication, the bases for this study. From interviews with employees and Federal Judges of the Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit, contextualizes the information collected in view of the Infocomunicacional phenomenology, observing aspects of Information production, use and creation of opportunities to happen for the interaction/communication. Concludes that, despite the users see some disadvantages in the use of Digital Signature, the advantages outweigh the benefit, providing the agility to make justice.

Avalia as percepções sobre o uso da Assinatura Digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região por parte dos Desembargadores, tendo como base teórica a Teoria dos Sistemas. Descreve a evolução das assinaturas como forma de identidade do indivíduo, desde os selos-cilindros da Mesopotâmia até a Assinatura Digital, baseada na tecnologia de criptografia. Discute as diferenças entre os paradigmas Custodial e Pós-Custodial, necessários para entender as transformações ocorridas com a introdução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na sociedade. Aponta a necessidade de transdisciplinaridade para a elaboração de pesquisas, principalmente entre Informação e Comunicação, por serem bases deste estudo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com servidores e Desembargadores do Tribunal Regional da Quarta Região, contextualiza as informações coletadas tendo em vista o fenômeno Infocomunicacional, observando aspectos de produção da informação, usos e criação de possibilidades para que aconteça a interação/comunicação. Conclui que, apesar dos usuários verem algumas desvantagens no uso da Assinatura Digital, as vantagens superam em benefícios, proporcionando agilidade no fazer jurídico. / Evaluating the perceptions on the use of Digital Signature in the Federal Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit by Federal Judges, based on the Systems Theory. Describes the evolution of signatures as a form of identity of the individual, since the cylinder-seals of Mesopotamia to the Digital Signature based on encryption technology. Discusses the differences between the Custodial and Post-Custodial paradigms, necessary to understand the changes with the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies in society. Highlights the need for transdisciplinarity to the development of research, especially between Information and Communication, the bases for this study. From interviews with employees and Federal Judges of the Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit, contextualizes the information collected in view of the Infocomunicacional phenomenology, observing aspects of Information production, use and creation of opportunities to happen for the interaction/communication. Concludes that, despite the users see some disadvantages in the use of Digital Signature, the advantages outweigh the benefit, providing the agility to make justice.

Avalia as percepções sobre o uso da Assinatura Digital no Tribunal Regional Federal da Quarta Região por parte dos Desembargadores, tendo como base teórica a Teoria dos Sistemas. Descreve a evolução das assinaturas como forma de identidade do indivíduo, desde os selos-cilindros da Mesopotâmia até a Assinatura Digital, baseada na tecnologia de criptografia. Discute as diferenças entre os paradigmas Custodial e Pós-Custodial, necessários para entender as transformações ocorridas com a introdução das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação na sociedade. Aponta a necessidade de transdisciplinaridade para a elaboração de pesquisas, principalmente entre Informação e Comunicação, por serem bases deste estudo. A partir de entrevistas realizadas com servidores e Desembargadores do Tribunal Regional da Quarta Região, contextualiza as informações coletadas tendo em vista o fenômeno Infocomunicacional, observando aspectos de produção da informação, usos e criação de possibilidades para que aconteça a interação/comunicação. Conclui que, apesar dos usuários verem algumas desvantagens no uso da Assinatura Digital, as vantagens superam em benefícios, proporcionando agilidade no fazer jurídico. / Evaluating the perceptions on the use of Digital Signature in the Federal Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit by Federal Judges, based on the Systems Theory. Describes the evolution of signatures as a form of identity of the individual, since the cylinder-seals of Mesopotamia to the Digital Signature based on encryption technology. Discusses the differences between the Custodial and Post-Custodial paradigms, necessary to understand the changes with the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies in society. Highlights the need for transdisciplinarity to the development of research, especially between Information and Communication, the bases for this study. From interviews with employees and Federal Judges of the Regional Court of the Fourth Circuit, contextualizes the information collected in view of the Infocomunicacional phenomenology, observing aspects of Information production, use and creation of opportunities to happen for the interaction/communication. Concludes that, despite the users see some disadvantages in the use of Digital Signature, the advantages outweigh the benefit, providing the agility to make justice.