With the aging of society and increased longevity, understanding the factors that contribute to declines in quality of life and mood, such as normative health declines and cognitive declines is progressively more important. Past research has consistently demonstrated that cognitive skills decline with age; specifically, a major change associated with normative aging is a decline in executive functions (Phillips & Henry, 2008). Past research has focused on investigating how abnormal declines in cognitive and executive functioning have impacted the self and others; however a relatively unexplored issue is examining how individual differences in normative age-related changes in cognitive functioning impact the self and others. The first purpose of the current study was to investigate normative age-related differences in executive functioning skills and how these individual differences impact individuals and their marital partners. The second purpose of the current study was to investigate whether executive functioning skills in particular, rather than other domains of cognitive skills thought to be separate from executive functioning, predicted poor quality of life and mood in self and partner. Participants were 91 heterosexual couples 55 years and above who were married or cohabiting. They completed measures of quality of life and mood in addition to a variety of cognitive tasks and executive functioning tasks measuring their inhibition, working memory and task switching abilities. We found that lower executive functioning skills in one partner significantly predicted lower levels of quality of life in the other partner (partner effect). However, we found that there was no significant relationship between those with lower levels of executive functioning and one’s own ratings of quality of life (actor effect). Conversely, when investigating the impact of executive functioning on mood we found that lower levels of executive functioning resulted in lower ratings of mood for the same partner (actor effect). However, lower levels of executive functioning in one partner did not predict lower levels of mood in the other partner (partner effect). In no instance was general cognition, as assessed using tasks of language, visuospatial ability, and short-term memory, related to partner or actor effects for either outcome measure. Implications of these findings are discussed.

The use of antihistamines (AHs) has until recently been associated with a number of undesirable side effects, the most troublesome of which is sedation. There are two aspects to sedation. The first, an objectively determined measure based on the results of psychometric tests from controlled trials, and the second, the subject's response to the administration of a drug. Since AHs are largely used in ambulant patients, a complete evaluation of sedation should be performed through standardised objective tests, shown to be sensitive to the central effects of AHs and reliable ratings of subjective experiences. A critical review of the literature on the experimental studies with AHs revealed that the traditional AHs had a greater propensity to produce adverse central nervous system (CNS) effects, whereas the so called second generation AHs were generally less impairing when administered within their recommended 'dose window'. A similar review of the clinical literature surveying subjective reports of sedation following the administration of AHs showed that the traditional AHs were perceived as more sedative than the second generation AHs. On the basis of these findings, a series of controlled experiments in non-atopic volunteers investigated the effects of a number of second generation AHs on various aspects of cognitive functioning and psychomotor performance. It is concluded that the second generation AHs have a lesser effect with respect to objective indices of sedation when compared to their predecessors, and that fexofenadine, has a claim to be the first truly non-sedating antihistamine as there is no objective evidence of CNS effects. The identification of an antihistamine, devoid of adverse CNS activity regardless of the administered dose, highlights the need for the introduction of a 'third generation' of AHs.

This thesis investigates the influence of nonrandom species loss on the structure and functioning of trophic floodplain lagoons. Two experiments were conducted based on different realistic scenarios of biodiversity loss using multitrophic fish assemblages derived from long-term survey data. Loss of fish diversity influenced overall ecosystem multifunctionality of these lagoons through complex multitrophic interactions throughout the aquatic food web. These results indicate that biodiversity loss from diverse multitrophic ecosystems can influence ecosystem structure and function and likely deviate from simplified food chain dynamics or patterns that emerged from single trophic level studies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the relation between family functioning and children's response to treatment for overweight in a primary care setting. Methods: Sixty predominantly African American (72%) parents of children who are overweight were recruited from a pediatric outpatient clinic to provide information about family functioning. Children's success in treatment was tracked through medical chart review. Results: Parents' baseline self-report of family adaptability was associated with child body mass index z-scores (zBMI) at 3-month follow-up, although this association was no longer significant once baseline child zBMI was taken into account. Conclusions: Families with greater ability to adopt/implement changes may have children who do better in weight loss treatment. This preliminary study provides a model for integrating family systems ideas into pediatric overweight research and offers heuristic value as well as directions for future research in primary care settings.

<p> Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been linked to different aspects of romantic relationship functioning. The literature demonstrates mixed results on which type of PTSD symptom is most impactful for successful romantic relationships. Many studies have examined this association both cross sectionally and longitudinally, and in many different populations. This association is of importance particularly for those highly exposed to trauma, such as those in the National Guard. The current study had two aims. The first was to examine the rates of change in Guard member’s (N = 175) PTSD and relationship functioning and their partners (N = 176) relationship functioning, across three waves following deployment. The second was to investigate the unique impact of each PTSD symptom cluster (re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal) occurring in the Guard Member on their own and their partner’s measures of relationship functioning. These aims were achieved through a secondary data analysis of a larger study that followed National Guard families from predeployment throughout reintegration. For the purposes of this analysis, Guard Member’s and their partners were assessed on relationship functioning measures 2 months, 8 months, and 13 months after deployment. The Guard member’s PTSD symptoms were assessed at the same time points. Multilevel modelling revealed that the Guard member’s PTSD symptoms and relationship functioning did not change significantly over time. Partner’s relationship functioning did not change either, with the exception of active engagement. Regression analysis revealed that Guard member’s PTSD <em>avoidance</em> symptoms are most strongly associated with both the Guard member and their partners ratings of relationship functioning. These findings identify an important area of possible intervention.  </p>

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Two cognitive processes have been proposed to play a role in social anxiety: self-focused attention and threat perception bias. Mansell, Clark, and Ehlers (2003) devised a novel dot-probe paradigm to simultaneously measure on-line attention to internal and external events among socially anxious adults. Their results indicated that high speech anxious individuals show an internal attention bias specific to a social threat condition. They did not find any differences between groups in a no-threat condition; however, the researchers did not account for processes of effortful control of attention. The current study replicated the Mansell et al. study with an added condition to control for effortful processes of attention. Fifty young adults (mean age = 19.8) were assessed using a self-report measure of social anxiety, as well as the Mansell et al. dot-probe paradigm. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to a brief (250ms) stimulus presentation time with the other half to a 25 second condition, as used by Mansell et al. In addition, subjects were randomly assigned to social threat and non-threat conditions. A three-way interaction of anxiety x threat x length of stimulus presentation was predicted, such that socially anxious individuals would show an external attention bias when not under social threat (threat perception bias). However, under threat, it was hypothesized that anxious individuals would shift their attention internally (self-focused attention). Results of the current study did not support the hypothesized interaction, and provided only equivocal evidence for both self-focused attention and threat perception bias. / Master of Science

Executive functioning (EF) has been gaining attention recently in the area of child psychopathology and EF deficits have been hypothesized to be present in a variety of these disorders. Children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and anxiety disorders (AD) all experience difficulties at home, with friends, and at school, some of which may be related to deficits in EF. The proposed study is designed to determine whether specific EF deficits are associated with ADHD and AD when they are comorbid with ODD. Children recruited for an ODD treatment study completed an emotional Stroop task and their mothers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000). The present study included 49 children with ODD who had comorbid ADHD (n = 22) or comorbid AD (n = 27), but not both. The ODD/ADHD group exhibited significantly more EF deficits on the MI than the ODD/AD group when gender and corresponding symptoms of ADHD and AD were controlled for. However, no significant differences were found on the emotional Stroop or the BRI scale of the BRIEF suggesting that EF deficits may not be clearly differentiated in samples of ADHD and AD youth who are also comorbid with ODD. It is recommended that future studies explore executive dysfunction in pure ODD, ADHD, and AD samples to better identify possible differences that might be useful in designing interventions for children who have EF deficits associated with these disorders. / Master of Science

Utilizing Item Response Theory (IRT) methodologies, the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) was examined for differential item functioning (DIF) on the basis of crossed gender and ethnicity variables. Both the Mantel-Haenszel procedure and an IRT area-based technique were utilized to assess the degree of uniform and non-uniform DIF in a sample of ASVAB takers. The analysis was performed such that each subgroup of interest functioned as the focal group to be compared to the male reference group. This type of DIF analysis allowed for comparisons within ethnic group, within gender group, as well as crossed ethnic/gender group. The groups analyzed were: White, Black, and Hispanic males, and White and Black females. It was hypothesized that DIF would be found, at the scale level, on several of the ASVAB sub-tests as a result of unintended latent trait demands of items. In particular, those tests comprised of items requiring specialized jargon, visuospatial ability, or advanced English vocabulary are anticipated to show bias toward white males and/or white females. Findings were mixed. At the item level, DIF fluctuated greatly. Numerous instances of DIF favoring the reference as well as the focal group were found. At the scale level, inconsistencies existed across the forms and versions. Tests varied in their tendency to be biased against the focal group of interest and at times, performed contrary to expectations. / Master of Science