No description available.

In his Essay "On Face-Work" Erving Goffman identifies the rules for a number of face-to-face interaction rituals. Among these rituals are two ways of correcting participants within an interaction. The first correction ritual, the interchange, allows offending interactants a chance to save face. The second ritual, the points making game, is a way for interactants to cause other participants to lose face. This thesis analyzes the content of a random sample of blogs to see if the rituals described above are employed in online interaction, specifically looking at blogs and how the context of the rituals is modified, including whether and how they are modified. It was found that the ritual of the interchange was modified. The ritual of the points making game though left unmodified occurred with greater frequency.

Neste estudo, analisamos ocorrências de Dissensão em discussões entre falantes alemães com referência à sua expressão lingüística e aos procedimentos utilizados para manter o bom andamento de uma interação, os quais denominamos Trabalho da Face. Um elenco de Estratégias de Trabalho da Face foi definido com base nas quatro super-estratégias propostas por BROWN & LEVINSON, a saber: expressão direta sem compensação, compensação baseada na polidez positiva, compensação baseada na polidez negativa e expressão off record. A Dissensão foi definida como uma atitude proposicional de desacordo por parte do falante, referente a conteúdos ou atitudes imputados por ele ao seu interlocutor. A partir de seu escopo, definimos quatro categorias de Dissensão, sendo que tais categorias provaram-se influentes quanto à seleção das Estratégias de Trabalho da Face utilizadas para sua expressão. Em geral, a super-estratégia menos utilizada é a expressão direta sem compensação, seguida do uso de estratégias off record, observando-se ainda um notável equilíbrio no uso de estratégias de Compensação Positiva e Negativa. Quanto à expressão lingüística da Dissensão, concluiu-se que não há meios lingüísticos exclusivos para esse fim, porém, a grande maioria das ocorrências no corpus apresenta elementos lexicais semanticamente negativos. / This study analyses tokens of Dissension in samples of discussions among German speakers regarding its linguistic expression and the procedures used to maintain the due course of an interaction, which GOFFMAN denominated face-work. A set of face-work strategies was defined based upon the four super strategies of face-work proposed by BROWN & LEVINSON: on record, positive redress, negative redress and off record. Dissension was defined as a propositional attitude of a speaker referring to topics or attitudes imputed by him to his partner in conversation. According to its scope, Dissension was classified in four categories, which proved themselves influent upon the choice of the face-work strategies used to express them. In general, the least represented strategy is the Dissension bold on record, followed by strategies off record. A remarkable balance between positive and negative redress must be noted as well. As to the linguistic expression of Dissension, it has been concluded that there are no specific linguistic means to that, although the great majority of the occurrences in the corpus displays semantically negative lexical elements.

Neste estudo, analisamos ocorrências de Dissensão em discussões entre falantes alemães com referência à sua expressão lingüística e aos procedimentos utilizados para manter o bom andamento de uma interação, os quais denominamos Trabalho da Face. Um elenco de Estratégias de Trabalho da Face foi definido com base nas quatro super-estratégias propostas por BROWN & LEVINSON, a saber: expressão direta sem compensação, compensação baseada na polidez positiva, compensação baseada na polidez negativa e expressão off record. A Dissensão foi definida como uma atitude proposicional de desacordo por parte do falante, referente a conteúdos ou atitudes imputados por ele ao seu interlocutor. A partir de seu escopo, definimos quatro categorias de Dissensão, sendo que tais categorias provaram-se influentes quanto à seleção das Estratégias de Trabalho da Face utilizadas para sua expressão. Em geral, a super-estratégia menos utilizada é a expressão direta sem compensação, seguida do uso de estratégias off record, observando-se ainda um notável equilíbrio no uso de estratégias de Compensação Positiva e Negativa. Quanto à expressão lingüística da Dissensão, concluiu-se que não há meios lingüísticos exclusivos para esse fim, porém, a grande maioria das ocorrências no corpus apresenta elementos lexicais semanticamente negativos. / This study analyses tokens of Dissension in samples of discussions among German speakers regarding its linguistic expression and the procedures used to maintain the due course of an interaction, which GOFFMAN denominated face-work. A set of face-work strategies was defined based upon the four super strategies of face-work proposed by BROWN & LEVINSON: on record, positive redress, negative redress and off record. Dissension was defined as a propositional attitude of a speaker referring to topics or attitudes imputed by him to his partner in conversation. According to its scope, Dissension was classified in four categories, which proved themselves influent upon the choice of the face-work strategies used to express them. In general, the least represented strategy is the Dissension bold on record, followed by strategies off record. A remarkable balance between positive and negative redress must be noted as well. As to the linguistic expression of Dissension, it has been concluded that there are no specific linguistic means to that, although the great majority of the occurrences in the corpus displays semantically negative lexical elements.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Tshivenda)) --University of Limpopo, 2016 / This study examined Tshivenḓa euphemisms from a socio-pragmatic perspective within a framework of Politeness and Indirectness Communicative theories. According to Brown and Levinson (1987), Politeness Theory describes politeness as showing concern for people’s ‘face’ needs where ‘face’ means one’s public self-image. In terms of the Indirectness Communicative Theory, euphemism is a face saving mechanism which emphasizes mutual cooperation in a conversation. Euphemisms are described as substitutions of agreeable or inoffensive expressions for ones that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. They are words with meanings or sounds that are thought, somehow, to be nicer, cleaner or more elevated and they are used as substitutes for words deemed unpleasant, crude or ugly in sound or sense. The study adopted a descriptive and exploratory design within a qualitative research approach, based on the view that qualitative research aims at explaining complex phenomena by means of verbal description rather than testing hypotheses with numerical values. Furthermore, primary data were elicited from 25 participants of different ages, genders, educational levels, social status and occupations who are native speakers of the Tshivenḓa language by means of semi-structured interviews. Since this study involved working with humans, all ethical aspects were ensured. The study, which investigated the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms, was conducted in seven social domains in Venḓa in the Vhembe District: local courts, churches, homes, hospitals, girls in seclusion, schools and electronic media. The study’s findings show evidence of the use of Tshivenḓa euphemisms in these various domains. However, the court domain seems not to use many euphemisms due to the fact that clear communication is required there; for two parties in a case to understand what is being said during the proceedings the use of roundabout indirect language is avoided – the courts believe in calling ‘a spade, a spade.’ Through the careful analysis of euphemisms, the study’s findings revealed that euphemisms have both positive and negative effects on language, including Tshivenḓa. Some of the positive effects of euphemisms revealed by this study include the ability to avoid directly naming what is deemed unpleasant; they make the language sound more v literary; and they allow people to discuss touchy or taboo subjects with ease. However, the findings also suggested that euphemisms may be disrespectful; they could hinder clear communication; they are deceptive; and they may lead to miscommunication and general confusion. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa language should be reinforced in all social domains in order to enhance politeness; preserve the public self-image of the participants in communicative exchanges; and facilitate harmonious interpersonal relationships. It is also recommended that further study be undertaken to identify other factors that may affect the use of euphemisms in Tshivenḓa from other perspectives. Key concepts: Politeness; Euphemisms; Treadmill; Taboo; Face work

This study examined how racism and racial tensions potentially threatened the face needs of Black and White interracial couples. Specifically, this study investigated the benefit of family approval of one's interracial relationship. Couples use of corrective face work in response to prejudice was also examined. This research used a qualitative, interpretive method to gather and analyze data from 14 personal interviews. The interview schedule enabled interviewees to use storytelling to share their experience of being in a Black and White interracial relationship. Interviewees were asked questions surrounding their experience as the partner in an interracial relationship. Couples shared how they told their family that their romantic partner was a different race and shared how they encountered prejudice when they are out in public. Further, they spoke about how people stare at them and make comments about their interracial relationship. The data underwent a thematic analysis (Owen, 1984) where I reviewed the data and searched for themes that were recurrent and repeated by interviewees. There were several themes that emerged. First, the very presence of racial tensions and racism affects interracial couples. Second, family support seemed to mitigate threats to couples' positive and negative faces and enabled couples to engage in open and honest dialogue with their family and their significant other. Finally, even couples with family support, engaged in corrective face work to respond to the face threats posed by racism and racial tensions.

Les interactions entre marques et consommateurs font l’objet de nombreuses recherches, notamment depuis l’avènement des médias sociaux. Cette recherche porte sur un mode d’interaction peu étudié, la conversation de marque, définie comme une suite de messages échangés en ligne et en public entre plusieurs individus dont un au moins représente une marque. Pour étudier ce phénomène, nous réalisons deux études qualitatives et trois études quantitatives. En faisant appel à la théorie du face-work, nous montrons que la marque parait plus humaine quand elle respecte les règles de la communication interpersonnelle. Cependant, ces règles sont altérées quand la conversation porte sur les produits et quand les consommateurs sont attachés à la marque. Cette recherche contribue à la littérature sur les interactions marques-consommateurs et à la littérature sur l’anthropomorphisme en montrant l’impact des pratiques conversationnelles des marques sur l’attitude des consommateurs. / Brand-consumers interaction is an emerging topic in marketing research especially since the advent of social media. This research focuses on a little-studied type of interaction, brand conversation. Brand conversation is defined as a series of messages exchanged online and in public between several individuals, at least one of them being a brand representative. To study this phenomenon, we carry out two qualitative studies and three quantitative studies. Using face-work theory, we show that brands seem to be more human by following interpersonal communication rules. However, these rules are slightly altered in a marketing context, especially when the conversation is about products and when consumers are attached to the brand. This research contributes to the literature on brand-consumer interaction and to the literature on brand anthropomorphism by showing the impact of brand conversational practices on consumer attitudes.

O presente estudo tem como propósito analisar a gestão da imagem em um tipo de interação marcada pela polêmica, na qual ocorre o emprego agressivo do trabalho de face. Assim, analisar-se-ão as estratégias de ataque, defesa e valorização das faces em um tipo de interação específica no caso, o debate político em que predominam relações de descortesia entre falantes e ouvintes. Entendemos que a imagem cumpre um papel imprescindível no trabalho de persuasão empreendido pelos interactantes em interações cuja lógica é o conflito. Em razão disso, tomamos, como fundamentação teórica para a abordagem dos mecanismos discursivos, dos quais os interactantes fazem uso em trocas verbais regidas, em sua maioria, por atos de descortesia verbal, pressupostos de teorias que contemplem questões pertinentes para a análise do corpus, como a Análise da Conversação, a Pragmática sobretudo os estudos de Goffman e Brown e Levinson acerca da face bem como as contribuições da Teoria da Argumentação de Perelman e Olbrechts Tyteca, referentes à investigação das estratégias argumentativas de persuasão. Ademais, em virtude de analisarmos um tipo de interação cujo propósito é - mediante atos deliberados de descortesia isto é, atos intencionais - denegrir a imagem do outro e, em contrapartida, construir uma autoimagem, à qual o auditório atribua credibilidade, consideramos que a descortesia consiste em um tipo específico de estratégia, assumindo, assim, uma finalidade argumentativa: no caso, a de influenciar o auditório a atribuir juízos de valor negativos àquele cuja face é ameaçada por atos de descortesia, ou seja, por meio da desconstrução da imagem do outro na interação. Por essa razão, consideramos a necessidade de tomarmos, ainda, como embasamento teórico, as contribuições de estudiosos - sobretudo Aquino e Erlich - cujos trabalhos têm como objetivo analisar a polêmica nas interações verbais atrelada à questão da argumentação. O corpus, do qual fizemos uso, constitui-se da transcrição do primeiro debate do segundo turno, relativo às eleições de 1998, realizado em São Paulo, entre os candidatos ao governo: Mario Covas e Paulo Maluf. / The purpose of the present study is to analyse the management of image in an interaction determined by polemic, where occurs the offensive use of the face work. So, the strategies of attack, defence and valorization of faces will be analysed in a particular kind of interaction - the political debate - in which impoliteness relations between hearers and speakers predominate. Then, we think image takes an indispensable part at the persuasion work, carried out by the interlocutors, in interactions where the logic is the conflict. This way, we take as theorical basis, to the approach of the speech mechanisms used by interlocutors in verbal exchanges - most of which are ruled by impoliteness - assumptions of theories that rely on relevant issues for the corpus analysis, such as : Conversational Analysis the Pragmatic especially Goffmans, Browns, and Levinsons studies upon the face - as well as the contributions of Argumentation Theory by Perelman and Olbrechts Tyteca, referring to the investigation of the Persuasion Argumentative Strategies. Nevertheless, as we analyse the kind of interaction which purpose is, through deliberated and intentional impoliteness actions, to defame the others image and on the other hand, to build up a self image that might catch the audiences belief, we understand impoliteness is a particular strategy that assembles an argumentative purpose: influence the audience to attribute negative judgements to the one whose face is threatened by impoliteness actions, as to unmake the others image in the interaction. Thats why its necessary to take into account the theorical basis of the experts contributions especially Aquino and Erlich whose works analyse polemic at verbal interactions in addition to argumentation. The corpus weve used refers to the transcription of the first debate at the second poll in 1998 elections, which took place in São Paulo, between the government candidates : Mário Covas and Paulo Maluf.

This study analyzes the register of television sports announcers in Major League Soccer broadcasts, based on six 20-minute transcription samples. The first part considers individual linguistic features and inquires whether they fulfill a communicative function or whether they are of stylistic nature. In an effort to attract more viewers in the United States, production companies had originally adopted the duality model of a play-by-play announcer and a color commentary from other American sports, while many other countries traditionally feature only one commentator. Consequently, the second part of this discourse analysis will focus on the cooperative interactional behavior. The conclusion will be drawn that the register of live action announcing, in contrast to halftime as well as pre- and post-game reporting, is based on cooperative principles. Moreover, both the individual and the collaborative linguistic variables mostly reflect an effort to protect one’s own and the colleague’s public image.

O presente estudo tem como propósito analisar a gestão da imagem em um tipo de interação marcada pela polêmica, na qual ocorre o emprego agressivo do trabalho de face. Assim, analisar-se-ão as estratégias de ataque, defesa e valorização das faces em um tipo de interação específica no caso, o debate político em que predominam relações de descortesia entre falantes e ouvintes. Entendemos que a imagem cumpre um papel imprescindível no trabalho de persuasão empreendido pelos interactantes em interações cuja lógica é o conflito. Em razão disso, tomamos, como fundamentação teórica para a abordagem dos mecanismos discursivos, dos quais os interactantes fazem uso em trocas verbais regidas, em sua maioria, por atos de descortesia verbal, pressupostos de teorias que contemplem questões pertinentes para a análise do corpus, como a Análise da Conversação, a Pragmática sobretudo os estudos de Goffman e Brown e Levinson acerca da face bem como as contribuições da Teoria da Argumentação de Perelman e Olbrechts Tyteca, referentes à investigação das estratégias argumentativas de persuasão. Ademais, em virtude de analisarmos um tipo de interação cujo propósito é - mediante atos deliberados de descortesia isto é, atos intencionais - denegrir a imagem do outro e, em contrapartida, construir uma autoimagem, à qual o auditório atribua credibilidade, consideramos que a descortesia consiste em um tipo específico de estratégia, assumindo, assim, uma finalidade argumentativa: no caso, a de influenciar o auditório a atribuir juízos de valor negativos àquele cuja face é ameaçada por atos de descortesia, ou seja, por meio da desconstrução da imagem do outro na interação. Por essa razão, consideramos a necessidade de tomarmos, ainda, como embasamento teórico, as contribuições de estudiosos - sobretudo Aquino e Erlich - cujos trabalhos têm como objetivo analisar a polêmica nas interações verbais atrelada à questão da argumentação. O corpus, do qual fizemos uso, constitui-se da transcrição do primeiro debate do segundo turno, relativo às eleições de 1998, realizado em São Paulo, entre os candidatos ao governo: Mario Covas e Paulo Maluf. / The purpose of the present study is to analyse the management of image in an interaction determined by polemic, where occurs the offensive use of the face work. So, the strategies of attack, defence and valorization of faces will be analysed in a particular kind of interaction - the political debate - in which impoliteness relations between hearers and speakers predominate. Then, we think image takes an indispensable part at the persuasion work, carried out by the interlocutors, in interactions where the logic is the conflict. This way, we take as theorical basis, to the approach of the speech mechanisms used by interlocutors in verbal exchanges - most of which are ruled by impoliteness - assumptions of theories that rely on relevant issues for the corpus analysis, such as : Conversational Analysis the Pragmatic especially Goffmans, Browns, and Levinsons studies upon the face - as well as the contributions of Argumentation Theory by Perelman and Olbrechts Tyteca, referring to the investigation of the Persuasion Argumentative Strategies. Nevertheless, as we analyse the kind of interaction which purpose is, through deliberated and intentional impoliteness actions, to defame the others image and on the other hand, to build up a self image that might catch the audiences belief, we understand impoliteness is a particular strategy that assembles an argumentative purpose: influence the audience to attribute negative judgements to the one whose face is threatened by impoliteness actions, as to unmake the others image in the interaction. Thats why its necessary to take into account the theorical basis of the experts contributions especially Aquino and Erlich whose works analyse polemic at verbal interactions in addition to argumentation. The corpus weve used refers to the transcription of the first debate at the second poll in 1998 elections, which took place in São Paulo, between the government candidates : Mário Covas and Paulo Maluf.