Launch vehicle equipment reliability is driven by infant mortality failures, which can be eliminated using a prognostic analysis prior, during and/or after the exhaustive and comprehensive dynamic environmental factory acceptance testing. Measuring and confirming equipment performance is completed to increase equipment reliability by identifying equipment that fails during test for repair/replacement. To move to the 100% reliability domain, equipment dynamic environmental factory testing should be followed by a prognostic analysis to measure equipment usable life and identify the equipment that will fail prematurely. During equipment testing, only equipment performance is measured and equipment performance is unrelated to equipment reliability making testing alone inadequate to produce equipment with 100% reliability. A prognostic analysis converts performance measurements into an invasive usable life measurement by sharing test data used to measure equipment performance. Performance data is converted to usable life data provides a time-to-failure (TTF) in minutes/hours/days/months for equipment that will fail within the first year of use, allowing the production of equipment with 100% reliability.

The aim of electrification of chassis and driveline systems in road vehicles is to reduce the global emissions and their impact on the environment. The electrification of such systems in vehicles is enabling a whole new set of functionalities improving safety, handling and comfort for the user. This trend is leading to an increased number of elements in road vehicles such as additional sensors, actuators and software codes. As a result, the complexity of vehicle components and subsystems is rising and has to be handled during operation. Hence, the probability of potential faults that can lead to component or subsystem failures deteriorating the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles is becoming higher. Mechanical, electric, electronic or software faults can cause these failures independently or by mutually influencing each other, thereby leading to potentially critical traffic situations or even accidents. There is a need to analyse faults regarding their influence on the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles and to investigate their effect on the driver-vehicle interaction and to find new control strategies for fault handling. A structured method for the classification of faults regarding their influence on the longitudinal, lateral and yaw motion of a road vehicle is proposed. To evaluate this method, a broad failure mode and effect analysis was performed to identify and model relevant faults that have an effect on the vehicle dynamic behaviour. This fault classification method identifies the level of controllability, i.e. how easy or difficult it is for the driver and the vehicle control system to correct the disturbance on the vehicle behaviour caused by the fault. Fault-tolerant control strategies are suggested which can handle faults with a critical controllability level in order to maintain the directional stability of the vehicle. Based on the principle of control allocation, three fault-tolerant control strategies are proposed and have been evaluated in an electric vehicle with typical faults. It is shown that the control allocation strategies give a less critical trajectory deviation compared to an uncontrolled vehicle and a regular electronic stability control algorithm. An experimental validation confirmed the potential of this type of fault handling using one of the proposed control allocation strategies. Driver-vehicle interaction has been experimentally analysed during various failure conditions with typical faults of an electric driveline both at urban and motorway speeds. The driver reactions to the failure conditions were analysed and the extent to which the drivers could handle a fault were investigated. The drivers as such proved to be capable controllers by compensating for the occurring failures in time when they were prepared for the eventuality of a failure. Based on the experimental data, a failure-sensitive driver model has been developed and evaluated for different failure conditions. The suggested fault classification method was further verified with the conducted experimental studies. The interaction between drivers and a fault-tolerant control system with the occurrence of a fault that affects the vehicle dynamic stability was investigated further. The control allocation strategy has a positive influence on maintaining the intended path and the vehicle stability, and supports the driver by reducing the necessary corrective steering effort. This fault-tolerant control strategy has shown promising results and its potential for improving traffic safety. / <p>QC 20150520</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

O trabalho aqui apresentado descreve algumas pesquisas em teste de circuitos integrados. Estas pesquisas consistem, por um lado, na análise de falhas e por outro, na validação de protótipos, ambas fazendo uso de técnicas de teste com feixe de elétrons. A primeira parte deste trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios do teste com feixe de elétrons, bem como descreve as pesquisas correntemente em desenvolvimento no laboratório TIM3-INPG. Também são abordados temas como o tratamento de imagem em contraste de potencial e projeto visando a testabilidade de circuitos no teste com feixe de elétrons. Quanto a este último assunto, sua inclusão neste trabalho visou apresentar, aqueles que trabalham na área de projetos de circuitos, desconhecedores dos problemas do MEV, idéias de como realizar seu projeto a fim de tornar a tarefa de depuração do protótipo pelo feixe de elétrons o mais fácil possível. A segunda parte descreve experimentos práticos na área de validação de protótipos, onde duas técnicas pertinentes foram utilizadas e o estudo de um caso real foi apresentado. A primeira técnica é baseada na adaptação de uma ferramenta de comparação de múltiplas imagens adjacentes, que foi originalmente desenvolvida para o processo de análise de falhas. A segunda técnica utilizada faz uso de um sistema especialista que, baseado no conhecimento adquirido do circuito, gera o diagnóstico automático de falha. Os desempenhos destas duas ferramentas são apresentados e discutidos, bem como é fornecido o diagnóstico de falha para o circuito protótipo utilizado. Como conclusão, são propostos futuros desenvolvimentos no processo de validação de protótipo. Estes melhoramentos objetivam tanto a completa automação do processo quanto o enriquecimento da informação provida no final do processo de diagnóstico de falha, de forma a obter-se um ambiente de teste para validação de protótipos apresentando um alto grau de integração e automação. / The work reported herein describes some IC testing research. This research concerns on one hand, failure analysis and on the other hand IC prototype validation, both making use of e-beam testing techniques. The first part of this work presents a review of e-beam testing as well as describes the researches currently in progress at the TIM3-INPG Laboratory. Subjects like voltage contrast image treatment and design for testability in e-beam testing are also discussed. Considering the last theme, it was included in this work in order to provide to the IC designers, whose knowledge about the SEM problems is not enough, some ideas on the way of how to accomplish their design to make the prototype validation process as easy as possible. The second part describes practical experiments in the prototype validation domain, where two approaches were used and a real case study was presented. The first approach is based on the multiple adjacent images comparison process adaptation, firstly developed to be used in the failure analysis process. The second technique makes use of an expert system, based on the acquired knowledge of the device under test in order to provide the fault diagnosis. The performances of these two approaches are presented and discussed, as well as, the fault diagnosis to the prototype circuit is presented. As conclusion, it is proposed further developments in the prototype validation approach. These improvements deal with the automation of the entire process as well as the enhancement of the information provided at the end of the fault diagnosis process, in order to obtain a testing environment for prototype validation with high integration and automation degrees.

A alvenaria estrutural vem ganhando um grande impulso no Brasil ao longo das últimas décadas, sendo cada vez mais utilizada, principalmente em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social. No caso específico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos dois anos, a maioria dos empreendimentos habitacionais de baixa renda foram executados com esse processo construtivo. Por exigência dos órgãos financiadores destes tipos de empreendimentos, as empresas construtoras dos mesmos devem ser possuidoras de certificação do seu sistema de gestão da qualidade. Entretanto, apesar desta certificação, tem-se observado a presença de manifestações patológicas, com predominância de fissuras, nos empreendimentos de baixa renda, por elas executadas. As causas das manifestações patológicas em empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural têm sido objeto de estudo de diversas pesquisas. Porém, não se fez até então um estudo das possíveis causas destas manifestações do ponto de vista multicausal, envolvendo as várias etapas do processo construtivo. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre as fissuras dos empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural e as suas causas, utilizando-se de ferramentas de melhorias da qualidade que adotam uma visão multi-casual, muito utilizadas em outras indústrias Para este estudo foram utilizados relatórios de monitoramento de execução de empreendimentos que pertencem aos modos de provisão habitacional do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR) e Imóvel na Planta (IP), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, ambos gerenciados pela Caixa Econômica Federal. A pesquisa consistiu em: (a) revisão bibliográfica; (b) levantamento e análise dos dados provenientes dos relatórios, identificando falhas, recomendações técnicas e boas práticas adotadas pelas empresas construtoras; (c) aplicação de um método de análise de relações de causa e efeito composto por ferramentas da qualidade; e (d) geração de mapas de relações de causa e efeito, recomendações para tratamento das principais causas e listagem de algumas boas práticas construtivas. Através desta pesquisa foi possível verificar as principais falhas ao longo do processo construtivo em vários níveis de análise e analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre eles e propor uma priorização de melhorias da qualidade. Com base nesta priorização foi sistematizado um conjunto de recomendações técnicas e de boas práticas que podem ser disseminadas entre as empresas construtoras tendo em vista a melhoria da qualidade dos empreendimentos em estudo. / Structural masonry has had a substantial development in Brazil in the last few decades, becoming increasingly important, especially in social interest housing projects. In the specific case of Rio Grande do Sul, in the last two years, most low cost housing projects have been built using this construction process. Due to the demand of the funding organizations, the construction companies that build those projects must have a certified quality management system. However, despite this certification, a large number of building pathologies have been observed in those projects, especially cracks. In fact, the causes of building pathologies in structural masonry buildings have been the focus of several research studies. However, very little has been investigated on the causes of those pathologies from a multi-causal perspective, considering several stages of the construction process. The main objective of this research work is to analyze the cause-effect relationships between cracks in structural masonry buildings and their causes, using quality improvement tools that provide such multi-causal perspective, widely used in other industries. This study was based on quality monitoring reports of projects from two housing programs, the Residential Leasing Program (PAR) and the Blue-print Program (IP), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Both programs are managed by the National Savings Bank. The research study consisted of: (a) a literature review; (b) data collection and analysis using those reports, with the aim of identifying building failures, necessary improvements, and good practices adopted by construction companies; (c) application of a method for analyzing the cause-effect relationships which combined a set of quality tools; (d) development of cause-effect relationship maps, proposition of a set of improvements and a production of a list of good practices. Based on this study, it was possible to identify failures in the construction process, as well as to analyze the cause-effect relationships and propose some priorities in terms of improvements measures. Based on those priorities, a set of technical recommendations was established, as well as a list of good practices that should be disseminated among construction companies, in order to improve the quality of low-cost housing projects.

O trabalho aqui apresentado descreve algumas pesquisas em teste de circuitos integrados. Estas pesquisas consistem, por um lado, na análise de falhas e por outro, na validação de protótipos, ambas fazendo uso de técnicas de teste com feixe de elétrons. A primeira parte deste trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios do teste com feixe de elétrons, bem como descreve as pesquisas correntemente em desenvolvimento no laboratório TIM3-INPG. Também são abordados temas como o tratamento de imagem em contraste de potencial e projeto visando a testabilidade de circuitos no teste com feixe de elétrons. Quanto a este último assunto, sua inclusão neste trabalho visou apresentar, aqueles que trabalham na área de projetos de circuitos, desconhecedores dos problemas do MEV, idéias de como realizar seu projeto a fim de tornar a tarefa de depuração do protótipo pelo feixe de elétrons o mais fácil possível. A segunda parte descreve experimentos práticos na área de validação de protótipos, onde duas técnicas pertinentes foram utilizadas e o estudo de um caso real foi apresentado. A primeira técnica é baseada na adaptação de uma ferramenta de comparação de múltiplas imagens adjacentes, que foi originalmente desenvolvida para o processo de análise de falhas. A segunda técnica utilizada faz uso de um sistema especialista que, baseado no conhecimento adquirido do circuito, gera o diagnóstico automático de falha. Os desempenhos destas duas ferramentas são apresentados e discutidos, bem como é fornecido o diagnóstico de falha para o circuito protótipo utilizado. Como conclusão, são propostos futuros desenvolvimentos no processo de validação de protótipo. Estes melhoramentos objetivam tanto a completa automação do processo quanto o enriquecimento da informação provida no final do processo de diagnóstico de falha, de forma a obter-se um ambiente de teste para validação de protótipos apresentando um alto grau de integração e automação. / The work reported herein describes some IC testing research. This research concerns on one hand, failure analysis and on the other hand IC prototype validation, both making use of e-beam testing techniques. The first part of this work presents a review of e-beam testing as well as describes the researches currently in progress at the TIM3-INPG Laboratory. Subjects like voltage contrast image treatment and design for testability in e-beam testing are also discussed. Considering the last theme, it was included in this work in order to provide to the IC designers, whose knowledge about the SEM problems is not enough, some ideas on the way of how to accomplish their design to make the prototype validation process as easy as possible. The second part describes practical experiments in the prototype validation domain, where two approaches were used and a real case study was presented. The first approach is based on the multiple adjacent images comparison process adaptation, firstly developed to be used in the failure analysis process. The second technique makes use of an expert system, based on the acquired knowledge of the device under test in order to provide the fault diagnosis. The performances of these two approaches are presented and discussed, as well as, the fault diagnosis to the prototype circuit is presented. As conclusion, it is proposed further developments in the prototype validation approach. These improvements deal with the automation of the entire process as well as the enhancement of the information provided at the end of the fault diagnosis process, in order to obtain a testing environment for prototype validation with high integration and automation degrees.

A alvenaria estrutural vem ganhando um grande impulso no Brasil ao longo das últimas décadas, sendo cada vez mais utilizada, principalmente em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social. No caso específico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos dois anos, a maioria dos empreendimentos habitacionais de baixa renda foram executados com esse processo construtivo. Por exigência dos órgãos financiadores destes tipos de empreendimentos, as empresas construtoras dos mesmos devem ser possuidoras de certificação do seu sistema de gestão da qualidade. Entretanto, apesar desta certificação, tem-se observado a presença de manifestações patológicas, com predominância de fissuras, nos empreendimentos de baixa renda, por elas executadas. As causas das manifestações patológicas em empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural têm sido objeto de estudo de diversas pesquisas. Porém, não se fez até então um estudo das possíveis causas destas manifestações do ponto de vista multicausal, envolvendo as várias etapas do processo construtivo. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre as fissuras dos empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural e as suas causas, utilizando-se de ferramentas de melhorias da qualidade que adotam uma visão multi-casual, muito utilizadas em outras indústrias Para este estudo foram utilizados relatórios de monitoramento de execução de empreendimentos que pertencem aos modos de provisão habitacional do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR) e Imóvel na Planta (IP), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, ambos gerenciados pela Caixa Econômica Federal. A pesquisa consistiu em: (a) revisão bibliográfica; (b) levantamento e análise dos dados provenientes dos relatórios, identificando falhas, recomendações técnicas e boas práticas adotadas pelas empresas construtoras; (c) aplicação de um método de análise de relações de causa e efeito composto por ferramentas da qualidade; e (d) geração de mapas de relações de causa e efeito, recomendações para tratamento das principais causas e listagem de algumas boas práticas construtivas. Através desta pesquisa foi possível verificar as principais falhas ao longo do processo construtivo em vários níveis de análise e analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre eles e propor uma priorização de melhorias da qualidade. Com base nesta priorização foi sistematizado um conjunto de recomendações técnicas e de boas práticas que podem ser disseminadas entre as empresas construtoras tendo em vista a melhoria da qualidade dos empreendimentos em estudo. / Structural masonry has had a substantial development in Brazil in the last few decades, becoming increasingly important, especially in social interest housing projects. In the specific case of Rio Grande do Sul, in the last two years, most low cost housing projects have been built using this construction process. Due to the demand of the funding organizations, the construction companies that build those projects must have a certified quality management system. However, despite this certification, a large number of building pathologies have been observed in those projects, especially cracks. In fact, the causes of building pathologies in structural masonry buildings have been the focus of several research studies. However, very little has been investigated on the causes of those pathologies from a multi-causal perspective, considering several stages of the construction process. The main objective of this research work is to analyze the cause-effect relationships between cracks in structural masonry buildings and their causes, using quality improvement tools that provide such multi-causal perspective, widely used in other industries. This study was based on quality monitoring reports of projects from two housing programs, the Residential Leasing Program (PAR) and the Blue-print Program (IP), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Both programs are managed by the National Savings Bank. The research study consisted of: (a) a literature review; (b) data collection and analysis using those reports, with the aim of identifying building failures, necessary improvements, and good practices adopted by construction companies; (c) application of a method for analyzing the cause-effect relationships which combined a set of quality tools; (d) development of cause-effect relationship maps, proposition of a set of improvements and a production of a list of good practices. Based on this study, it was possible to identify failures in the construction process, as well as to analyze the cause-effect relationships and propose some priorities in terms of improvements measures. Based on those priorities, a set of technical recommendations was established, as well as a list of good practices that should be disseminated among construction companies, in order to improve the quality of low-cost housing projects.

abstract: Structural stability and performance of structural materials is important for energy production, whether renewable or non renewable, to have uninterrupted energy supply, that is economically feasible and safe. High temperature metallic materials used in the turbines of AORA, an Israel-based clean energy producer, often experience high temperature, high stress and foreign object damage (FOD). In this study, efforts were made to study the effects of FOD on the fatigue life of these materials and to understand their failure mechanisms. The foreign objects/debris recovered by AORA were characterized using Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to identify composition and phases. To perform foreign object damage experiment a gas gun was built and results of XRD and EDS were used to select particles to mimic FOD in lab experiments for two materials of interest to AORA: Hastelloy X and SS 347. Electron Backscattering Diffraction, hardness and tensile tests were also performed to characterize microstructure and mechanical properties. Fatigue tests using at high temperature were performed on dog bone samples with and without FOD and the fracture surfaces and well as the regions affected by FOD were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to understand the failure mechanism. The findings of these study indicate that FOD is causing multiple secondary cracks at and around the impact sites, which can potentially grow to coalesce and remove pieces of material, and the multisite damage could also lead to lower fatigue lives, despite the fact that the FOD site was not always the most favorable for initiation of the fatal fatigue crack. It was also seen by the effect of FOD on fatigue life that SS 347 is more susceptible to FOD than Hastelloy X. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Materials Science and Engineering 2016

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T12:55:19Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T12:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A alvenaria estrutural vem ganhando um grande impulso no Brasil ao longo das últimas décadas, sendo cada vez mais utilizada, principalmente em empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social. No caso específico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos últimos dois anos, a maioria dos empreendimentos habitacionais de baixa renda foram executados com esse processo construtivo. Por exigência dos órgãos financiadores destes tipos de empreendimentos, as empresas construtoras dos mesmos devem ser possuidoras de certificação do seu sistema de gestão da qualidade. Entretanto, apesar desta certificação, tem-se observado a presença de manifestações patológicas, com predominância de fissuras, nos empreendimentos de baixa renda, por elas executadas. As causas das manifestações patológicas em empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural têm sido objeto de estudo de diversas pesquisas. Porém, não se fez até então um estudo das possíveis causas destas manifestações do ponto de vista multicausal, envolvendo as várias etapas do processo construtivo. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre as fissuras dos empreendimentos construídos em alvenaria estrutural e as suas causas, utilizando-se de ferramentas de melhorias da qualidade que adotam uma visão multi-casual, muito utilizadas em outras indústrias Para este estudo foram utilizados relatórios de monitoramento de execução de empreendimentos que pertencem aos modos de provisão habitacional do Programa de Arrendamento Residencial (PAR) e Imóvel na Planta (IP), no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, ambos gerenciados pela Caixa Econômica Federal. A pesquisa consistiu em: (a) revisão bibliográfica; (b) levantamento e análise dos dados provenientes dos relatórios, identificando falhas, recomendações técnicas e boas práticas adotadas pelas empresas construtoras; (c) aplicação de um método de análise de relações de causa e efeito composto por ferramentas da qualidade; e (d) geração de mapas de relações de causa e efeito, recomendações para tratamento das principais causas e listagem de algumas boas práticas construtivas. Através desta pesquisa foi possível verificar as principais falhas ao longo do processo construtivo em vários níveis de análise e analisar as relações de causa e efeito entre eles e propor uma priorização de melhorias da qualidade. Com base nesta priorização foi sistematizado um conjunto de recomendações técnicas e de boas práticas que podem ser disseminadas entre as empresas construtoras tendo em vista a melhoria da qualidade dos empreendimentos em estudo. / Structural masonry has had a substantial development in Brazil in the last few decades, becoming increasingly important, especially in social interest housing projects. In the specific case of Rio Grande do Sul, in the last two years, most low cost housing projects have been built using this construction process. Due to the demand of the funding organizations, the construction companies that build those projects must have a certified quality management system. However, despite this certification, a large number of building pathologies have been observed in those projects, especially cracks. In fact, the causes of building pathologies in structural masonry buildings have been the focus of several research studies. However, very little has been investigated on the causes of those pathologies from a multi-causal perspective, considering several stages of the construction process. The main objective of this research work is to analyze the cause-effect relationships between cracks in structural masonry buildings and their causes, using quality improvement tools that provide such multi-causal perspective, widely used in other industries. This study was based on quality monitoring reports of projects from two housing programs, the Residential Leasing Program (PAR) and the Blue-print Program (IP), in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Both programs are managed by the National Savings Bank. The research study consisted of: (a) a literature review; (b) data collection and analysis using those reports, with the aim of identifying building failures, necessary improvements, and good practices adopted by construction companies; (c) application of a method for analyzing the cause-effect relationships which combined a set of quality tools; (d) development of cause-effect relationship maps, proposition of a set of improvements and a production of a list of good practices. Based on this study, it was possible to identify failures in the construction process, as well as to analyze the cause-effect relationships and propose some priorities in terms of improvements measures. Based on those priorities, a set of technical recommendations was established, as well as a list of good practices that should be disseminated among construction companies, in order to improve the quality of low-cost housing projects.