Thesis (M.A. (Human Rights))--Mahidol University, 2003.

Thesis (PH.D.)--Michigan State University. Rhetoric and Writing, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 11, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 349-368). Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.J.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2001. / "December 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaf 118). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2009.

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2009.

abstract: Despite a wealth of academic literature critiquing current tensions within the Fair Trade (FT) movement, very little work has focused on examining the birth and evolution of the FT movement within the broader context of the international political economy (IPE), specifically in reference to the ideological and policy changes that ushered in an era of free trade and deregulated markets for both trade and finance. From such an optic, it is no longer enough to merely question the extent to which the market should be engaged. Rather, one must question whether the engagement of the market strips the movement of its power to affect long term development in local economies. Drawing upon the historical record, this thesis focuses attention on the complexity of the linkages that exist between political ideology, trade policy, and development. While Fair Trade is commonly understood to be a responsive effort to create more equitable trade relations with producers in the least developed countries, less emphasis is placed on understanding the state-centered political structures that contributed to a capitalist push-back and the implementation of today's liberalized trade policy, and yet to do so is absolutely critical if we are to gain a deeper understanding of the limits and constraints of Fair Trade. Full engagement with mainstream markets has led to robust growth in the FT market per annum, yet countries that are heavily engaged with the FT market show little evidence of development or poverty reduction at a macro-level. Thus, Fair Trade must define itself as more than principled opposition to labor exploitation if it is to present itself as a credible instrument of economic development. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Social Justice and Human Rights 2011

The analysis undertaken, firstly aims to identify the extent to which equities, their indexes and their derivatives priced in accordance with their fair value. Secondly, presuming that the traded values of the instruments do not in all instances equate to the fair value, the research aims to develop an effective means to identify and manage profitable opportunities arising from the mispricing. General concepts relating to profitability, trade identification, risk and continuous improvement of the processes are addressed. This includes recommendations on the management of the risks through a structured reporting process. The research looks at arbitrage trading in the South African market from the perspective of an empirical review into the market's participation in equity and equity derivative arbitrage. In addition to this empirical analysis, a time series analysis into various arbitrage strategies is conducted with the view to determining their relative profitability. The first component of the empirical research focuses on the arbitrage trading strategies adopted by a sample of 80 institutions. Where the institutions trade arbitrage strategies, the research undertook to establish what methods are used to identify, trade and manage the index arbitrage, single stock futures arbitrage, risk arbitrage, statistical arbitrage and volatility arbitrage trading opportunities that present themselves within the South African Market. Information gathered did not only focus on the actual trading strategies but also determined the relative cost structures, profitability and risk management processes that are employed to support these trading initiatives. The time series analysis focused on index futures, single stock futures, risk, dual listed and statistical arbitrage methods, and reflects the results before and after transaction costs. These arbitrage strategies were applied to the ALSI Top 40 index or its associated shares and generally spanned a period of about four years. Finally the research presents an arbitrage business model that is aimed at providing a blue print for arbitrage trading which covers: new arbitrage strategy, implementation, market risk, execution, profit, traders, cost Finally, the research provides a multiple regression method for application in identifying further arbitrage trading opportunities within the South African environment. / School of Business Leadaership / DBL

O modelo, ou modelos, de organização da Economia Solidária nasceu, aproximadamente, ao mesmo tempo em que surgia o capitalismo industrial e foi reinventado na década de 1990, enquanto alternativa ideológica de afronta aos efeitos excludentes do capitalismo e/ou alternativa de política de emprego e renda à população mais pobre, desempregada ou subempregada, com a formação de iniciativas por parte da população excluída do mercado. Esta “reinvenção” ocorre majoritariamente sob orientação de organizações religiosas, sindicais, universitárias e ONG’s. Segundo a SENAES (Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária) (BRASIL, 2004b), considera-se Economia Solidária o conjunto de atividades econômicas com as seguintes características: cooperação, autogestão, viabilidade econômica e solidariedade. Em 2005, a secretaria identificou 14.954 empreendimentos econômicos solidários no Brasil, dos quais 85 em Porto Alegre. Para estudar a Economia Solidária, pela ótica econômica, não é suficiente a teoria econômica tradicional, pois é necessário: entender o surgimento e a sobrevivência de associações que encerram concomitantemente as lógicas econômica, política e social; considerar a relação entre ética e economia, com uma aproximação das duas, e entender esta relação tanto na busca de outros princípios de comportamento econômico quanto no entendimento dos juízos de valores feitos pelas pessoas ao adjetivarem um comércio de justo; entender o mercado como uma forma de alocação, dentre outras e que as outras formas de alocação permanecem, além de entender o mercado como uma formação social; entender como se formam os preços “justos” e porque um consumidor escolheria um produto de Economia Solidária, mesmo tendo que pagar um preço mais elevado. Foram realizados dois estudos de caso em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil): nas feiras da Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e nas lojas da Etiqueta Popular. Por meio de entrevistas realizadas com produtores cooperados e com consumidores dos dois empreendimentos, buscou-se identificar se estes percebem os empreendimentos como mais do que uma alternativa de emprego, se os consumidores são conscientes de que compram uma relação de compromisso junto com os produtos e qual é o reflexo dos anteriores na formação dos preços. A análise qualitativa das entrevistas demonstra um grau de aderência com as teorias discutidas anteriormente, mas também demonstra que há ainda um longo caminho a ser percorrido, o que é percebido pelos produtores entrevistados. O fato da maioria dos produtores afirmarem que estavam em melhor situação sócio-econômica com sua participação nos empreendimentos e o fato de alguns consumidores parecerem conscientes com relação ao efeito de suas decisões de compra podem apontar a Economia Solidária como uma forma alternativa à economia capitalista. A dúvida que permanece diz respeito à dimensão desta Economia Solidária, ou seja, se ela conseguiria incluir toda a população excluída pela economia capitalista, sem deixar de gerar os benefícios encontrados até agora nestes empreendimentos e até mesmo os aumentando. Ademais, há dúvidas quanto à relação da Economia Solidária com a economia capitalista e com o governo. / The model, or models, of organization of the Solidarity Economy was born, approximately, at the same time as the industrial capitalism was being developed. It has, however, been reinvented in the 1990’s as an ideological alternative of confrontation to the excluding effects of the capitalism and/or as an alternative of employment and income policies to the poorest, unemployed or underemployed population. This was made by means of initiatives of the population excluded from the market, under the orientation of religious organizations, labor unions, universities and NGO’s. According to SENAES (National Office of Solidarity Economy) (BRASIL, 2004b), it is considered Solidarity Economy the ensemble of economic activities with the following characteristics: cooperation, self-management, economic feasibility and solidarity. In 2005, the Office identified 14.954 solidary enterprises in Brazil, among which 85 are located in Porto Alegre. To study the Solidarity Economy, from the economic point of view, the traditional economic theory is not suitable, because it is necessary to: understand the emergence and the survival of association that enclose, at the same time, the economic, social and political logics; consider the relationship between ethics and economics, and, also, understand both the search of other economic behavioral principles and the understanding of moral judgments made by people when qualifying a trade as fair; understand the market as one form of allocation among others, which also continue to exist, as well as understand that the market is a social construction; understand how the fair prices are formed and why a consumer would choose a product of Solidarity Economy, even if he has to pay a higher price for it. We have analyzed two cases of Porto Alegre, Brazil: the open markets of Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e the stores of Etiqueta Popular. The assessment was made by interviews with producers and consumers of both enterprises, as a means to identify if the producers view the undertaking as more than an employment alternative, if the consumers are conscious that they buy a commitment relationship along with the products, and what is the reflex of the answer of the two previous questions in their price formation. The qualitative analysis of the interviews has demonstrated a degree of adherence to the theories discussed before. Also, it has demonstrated that there is still a long way to go through, and that the producers have realized. The fact that the majority of the producers has affirmed that they were better off because of their participation and the fact that some consumers appeared to be conscious of the effect of their purchase decisions might indicate that the Solidarity Economy is an alternative to the capitalist economy. However, doubt still remains as to the size of this economy, that is, could it include all the population excluded by the capitalist economy, without overlooking the benefits generated until now, and even enlarging them? Besides, there are doubts as to the relationship of the Solidarity Economy with the capitalist economy and with the government.

La présente thèse s'intéresse à la mise en place de relations contractuelles entre donneur d'ordres et sous-traitants dans une logique de commerce équitable. Nous définissons un contrat équitable comme une relation de partenariat durable qui spécifie les modalités d'échanges physiques,financiers et éventuellement informationnels de façon à garantir la juste rémunération à chaque partie contractante. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise en place de relations contractuelles équitables du type prix de gros. La première phase de notre travail a consisté à proposer une approche permettant de répartir les bénéfices de manière à établir un contrat équitable. La deuxième phase a consisté à appliquer cette approche sur deux types de chaînes : une chaîne dyadique résolue de manière analytique pour une demande aléatoire et une chaîne convergente avec un donneur d'ordres et plusieurs sous-traitants. Dans le cadre de la chaîne convergente, l’approche de résolution diffère selon le contexte de partage d’information. Une résolution analytique est proposée dans le cadre d’un partage d’information total. Dans le cadre d’un partage inexistant, nous avons proposé un modèle multi-agent (M1) qui présente une dynamique de négociation inspirée du contract-net réitéré entre un agent donneur d’ordres et des agents sous-traitants. Dans le cadre d'un partage partiel d'information, nous avons proposé deux modèles multi-agents : (M2) et (M3). Ces modèles intègrent,en plus des agents négociateurs, un agent équitable. Dans (M2), cet agent joue le rôle d'un conseiller.Dans (M3), il joue le rôle d'un dirigeant. Dans le but de valider expérimentalement nos propositions,des critères d’évaluation de l’équité ont été proposés. L'implémentation des modèles a été réalisée grâce à la plateforme JADE. Les différents modèles ont produits des résultats proches de l’équitable.Toutefois, les modèles qui adoptent un partage partiel d'informations présentent de meilleurs résultats. / This thesis is concerned with the establishment of contractual relationships between retailers and subcontractors in a fair trade way. We define a fair contract as a long lasting partnership that specifies physical, financial and eventually informational exchanges to ensure fair repartition of benefits between contracting parties. Thus, we were interested to set up fair whole sale prices contracts.The first phase of our work was to propose an approach to distribute the benefits in order to establish afair contract. The second phase was to apply this approach on two types of supply chains: a dyadicsupply chain solved analytically for a stochastic demand and a convergent supply chain with a retailerand several subcontractors. For the convergent chain, the solving approach differs depending on the context of information sharing. An analytical resolution is proposed for a context of total sharing ofinformation. In the context of inexistent information sharing, we proposed a multi-agent model (M1)having a negotiation dynamic inspired from the iterated contract-net between a retailer agent and several subcontractor agents. In the context of partial information sharing, we proposed two multiagent models (M2) and (M3). In these models a fair agent is added to the bargaining agents. In (M2),the fair agent acts as an advisor. In (M3), it acts as a director. In order to experimentally validate our proposals, fairness evaluation criteria have been proposed. The implementation of these models was performed using the JADE platform. The different models have produced relatively fair results.However, models adopting partial information sharing have produced better results.

Orientador: Fernando Bastos / Banca: Sérgio Mello Arruda / Banca: Silvia Regina Quijadas Aro Zuliani / Resumo: O presente estudo tem como objetivo levantar os saberes utilizados e quais critérios orientaram oito professores participantes da pesquisa para a realização de uma Feira de Ciências nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental em uma escola pública estadual na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Como se portam frente ao desafio de abordarem conceitos específicos de Biologia, Química e Física, quais as necessidades formativas e as implicações para a formação inicial e continuada de professores das séries iniciais. A pesquisa e análise de dados foram feitas a luz da metodologia de Pesquisa Qualitativa. O referencial teórico tem aporte em autores que discutem formação de professores e saberes docentes (SCHON, TARDIF, ZEICHNER, GAUTHIER, entre outros). Os resultados demonstram a modificação dos professores frente ao desconhecido e à necessidade de refletirem sobre sua prática docente com a intenção de ampliar seus conhecimentos disciplinares, curriculares e experienciais. / Abstract: This study is meant to find out and list the knowledge and the criteria employed by eight teachers who took part in the research to present a Science Fair in the initial years of Elementary School, in a state-run public school in the São Paulo Metro Area; how they cope with the challenge of bringing up specific biology, chemistry and physics concepts; what are the skills required and the implications with regard to initial and continued education of initial years' teachers. Research and data analysis were carried out according to the Qualitative Research methodology. The theoretical background was based on the works of authors who discuss teachers' training and required knowledge for faculty (SCHON, TARDIF, ZEICHNER, GAUTHIER, among others). The results show the changes in the teacher's attitude when facing the unknown and the need to reflect on their teaching practice in order to enhance their subject -, curriculum-vitae-, and experience-related knowledge. / Mestre