An inhibition-based fan effect was explored with two different negative priming tasks. Experiment 1 used a modified flanker-type colour blob task in both children and adults (Pritchard & Neumann, 2004), where two additional conditions were included (C2 and IR2). Each set of the colour blobs for the additional conditions consist of two distractor colours instead of one distractor colour. Experiment 2 used Navon’s (1977) global-local letter task, where a global letter contains one, two, or three local letters as distractors to see if an inhibitory fan effect operated on the should-be-ignored local letters. Results from both experiments did not support for the inhibition-based fan effect hypothesis. However, in line with Pritchard and Neumann (2004) and Frings et al. (2007), there was evidence for the claim that selective control mechanism are developed much earlier in young children than previously thought.

The focus of this research is “fanvids” which are the creative work of fans that combine clips or images from a visual “canon” source (usually a television series or movie) to music to create an alternative narrative. By using qualitative content analysis methods, I sampled from the television show Supernatural and the 2009 film Star Trek to understand the ways diverse characters were presented and what types of cultural narratives existed. Then I sampled from seven different vidding communities, collecting a total of 105 vids and 6509 comments on those vids as the second part of my sample. Then drawing on the sociological subfields of social psychology, gender, cultural studies, as well as the broader literatures of media and film studies, I analyzed both the data from canons and fanvids. My analysis centered on the following research questions: a) What are the cultural narratives present in the canon sources and how are those narratives rejected, accepted, replaced, or otherwise transformed within fanvids? (b) How do the narratives present within the canon source and within the vids reflect the ideologies and spirit of the culture that produces those narratives? (c) Are these vids and discussions a sign of potential change in cultural ideologies and narratives and, if so, what change is taking place? My findings within the two canons include an emphasis on a masculinity that maintains control through violence and aggression; in contrast vids reject this type of masculinity and the larger cultural narratives that support it, except when that violent masculinity is sexualized in the context of homosexual relationships. Further, vids predominantly reject the heteronormativity found in both Supernatural and Star Trek in favor of presenting queer relationships. Within this dissertation, I have used the transformation from canon to fandom as a narrative proxy for cultural change. The differences and similarities between canon and vid point to deficiencies both in narrative and in representation in the media we are producing in the U.S. as well as narratives that are stable and enduring, so much so that fans add them even when they are not present in canon. These are the stories our culture, right now, is built on; essentially, these are the narratives that are part of the cultural ideologies that reflect hopes, dreams, beliefs, and ideologies of the people within our society.

Regionally-Grown barley is in demand for craft malting and brewing in Virginia. Barley lines suited to both Virginia's climate and craft brewing applications are currently under development. Free amino nitrogen (FAN) is a malt quality parameter that influences beer flavor directly and via yeast metabolism during fermentation. FAN and the individual amino acids making up FAN influence yeast health, beer color development, flavor, and flavor stability. Despite potential impacts on beer quality, individual amino acid concentrations in barley and malt are not generally measured or monitored. The objective of this project is to evaluate and assess the conversion of FAN and individual amino acid concentrations during the malting and mashing process of genetically distinct varieties. An additional objective is to evaluate their malt sensory characteristics, to understand genetic variability therein. Raw barley and malt samples were subject to low temperature aqueous extraction, and wort was produced using an isothermal hot water extract technique. FAN and amino acid composition were determined for each line for raw barley, malt and wort extracts, prepared as described. Statistical analysis revealed that these lines had significantly different changes in FAN and amino acid composition. Sensory characteristics of malt hot steep teas were evaluated by forty (N=40) panelists with brewing experience using a sorting task to group malts with similar sensory characteristics, and to assign descriptors to those groups. From the sixteen (N=16) breeding lines, five (5) distinct sensory groups were identified. Taken together, our findings will inform the selection process for barley lines for craft brewing, and add to the knowledge of the extent to which free amino acid composition varies among eastern barley lines and along the malting and mashing processes. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Regionally-grown barley is in demand for craft malting and brewing in Virginia, and barley lines suited to both Virginia's climate and craft brewing applications are of interest. The production of beer requires high quality malt, which is defined by many parameters; one of which is free amino nitrogen (FAN), which plays a critical role in yeast nutrition and beer flavor through yeasts' metabolism and chemical reactions. FAN is a general measurement of nitrogen and its individual components (including amino acids) are rarely measured, despite their major role in beer flavor. The objective of this project was to assess the development and changes in FAN and amino acids that occur over the course of the barley supply chain – which will better inform breeders, growers, maltsters, and brewers of the raw materials they use and how they can affect their processes A second objective was to assess the flavor of newly developed barley lines and varieties, and compare them to established varieties currently being grown in Virginia through sensory evaluation methods designed to determine similarities between samples. Results from the analysis of FAN and the amino acid composition identified significant differences between varieties, and results from sensory evaluation identified 5 distinct groups with similar flavor characteristics. Taken together, these findings will help inform the selection process for barley lines for craft brewing, and add to the knowledge of the extent to which free amino acid composition varies among barley lines and along the brewing processes.

Based on the particle-in-cell computing method, a debris mass model has been established to simulate debris flow fan formation over large downstream areas. Under the assumption that the debris medium is an assembly of many small, identical debris particle masses, the overall flowbehavior is obtained by averaging the flow parameters of neighboring debris masses at fixed grid points. The equation of motion for each debris mass is based on the depthaveraged Navier-Stokes equation in two horizontal dimensions. The friction slope of debris flow is modeled by combining the effects of both the liquid phase (slurry composed ofwater and fine particles) modeled as a Bingham fluid and solid phase (coarse particles) in the debris mixture. The rheological parameters are evaluated according to the density and particle size distribution of the debris material. Convergence of the method is demonstrated by repeatedly doubling the number of debris masses employed in the computation until insignificant change is observed. The debris mass model is demonstrated through a prototype application to a documented 1991 debris flowdeposited in the lower reach of the Shawan Ravine inYunnan Province, China. The final alluvial fan was formed by eight consecutive debris flow events, each lasting about 2000 seconds with a discharge rate of 250 m3/s. The simulation results are in good agreement with field observations. The general features of debris fan development and configuration are well predicted.

The Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) is an improved air velocity traverse method for measuring in situ fan performance. The FANS has been widely used, but variations of its test procedure are commonly employed to accommodate physical or operational barriers encountered in the field. This laboratory study evaluated the use of transitions to connect a 1.37m FANS unit to two smaller fans (1.22m and 0.91m diameter) and one 1.37m diameter fan. Tests were conducted with the FANS unit positioned on both intake and discharge sides of the fans. Three different transition angles (30o, 45o and 60o) and the use of no transition were evaluated. Discharge tests were also performed with no enclosed connection between FANS and fan housings. A different experiment was conducted for each fan size. Data was analyzed by comparing test results to the control with Dunnett’s procedure. Results showed significant differences as much as 5.3% ± 1.20% for intake treatments, 17.2% ± 3.04% for sealed discharge treatments and 37.1% ± 12.24% for discharge treatments with no enclosed connection. All transition angles produced similar fan test results. Differences between test results from the discharge and control treatments increased as differences between FANS and fan dimensions increased.

Sport im Allgemeinen und Fußball im Besonderen erfreuen sich nicht nur unter aktiven Sportlern, sondern auch unter Zuschauern aktuell hoher Beliebtheit. Angesichts teils enormer Einschaltquoten scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass Fußballspiele nicht nur von Fans der beteiligten Mannschaften verfolgt werden. Dies kann sowohl gänzlich neutrale Zuschauer als auch Anhänger anderer Teams betreffen. Während Fans allerdings durch die Literatur bereits ausführliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben und durch relativ eindeutige und verlässliche Denk- und Verhaltensweisen gekennzeichnet scheinen, bleibt dies für ‚sonstige‘ Zuschauer bisher unbeleuchtet. Aufbauend auf der Theorie der Selbstkategorisierung (Turner et al. 1987) widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit deshalb – ohne explizite Einschränkung auf Anhänger einer Mannschaft – der Zuordnung von Zuschauern zu den beteiligten Teams eines Fußballspiels und beleuchtet, inwieweit diese teambezogenen Kategorien als Grundlage für das Denken und Handeln herangezogen werden. Hierfür werden theoretische Annahmen über eine Selbstkategorisierung zweiter Ordnung formuliert, welche das Entstehen salienter Selbstkategorien auch ohne das Vorliegen hoher Identifikation mit dem Team erklären. Die durchgeführten empirischen Studien stützen die Annahmen und zeigen, dass auch von Spiel zu Spiel wechselnde Selbstzuordnungen auftreten können.

The use of velocity traverses to measure in-situ air flow rate of ventilation fans can be subject to significant errors. The Fan Assessment Numeration System (FANS) was developed by the USD-ARS Southern Poultry Research Laboratory and refined at the University of Kentucky to measure air flow of fans in-situ. The procedures for using the FANS unit to test fans in-situ are not completely standardized. This study evaluated the effect of operating fan positions relative to the FANS unit for ten 1.22 m diameter fans in two types of poultry barns, with fans placed immediately next to each other and 1.6 m apart. Fans were tested with the FANS unit placed near both the intake and discharge sides of the tested fans. Data were analyzed as two Generalized Randomized Complete Block designs (GRCB), with a 2 (FANS inside or outside) x 6 (operating fan combinations) factorial arrangement of treatments. Results showed significant differences as much as 12.6 ± 4.4% between air flow values obtained under conditions of different operating fan combinations. Placing the FANS unit outside provided valid fan test results. A standardized procedure for using the FANS unit to test fans in-situ was elaborated and presented in this work.

Vehicle electrification plays a significant role in the effort to reduce the environmental impact of the automotive industry. Scania is one of the leading manufacturers ofheavy vehicles which is currently moving towards a sustainable transport system by manufacturing a new generation of heavy vehicles powered by batteries. Oneof the major concerns with these vehicles is related to the noise generated by the electric axial fans used in the cooling system. This project was conducted with thepurpose of investigating the factors that positively affect both noise and performance in the electric fans. Based on two different blade design methods and several noisecontrol techniques, 11 fan models were developed. The fan models created with design method 1 are equipped with cambered-plate blades, while the models madewith design method 2 consist of airfoil-shaped blades. Moreover, the performance of these models was analyzed by using theoretical methods and Computational FluidDynamics (CFD). In addition, two empirical approaches were used to estimate the acoustic energy emitted by the fan models. Furthermore, the developed modelswere compared with two commercially available fans. It was found that both design methods provide similar performance in low pressure differences. On the other hand,the efficiency and acoustic energy are influenced by the choice of the noise control methods. / Fordonselektrifiering har en väsentlig roll i arbetet med att minska bilindustrins miljöpåverkan. Scania är en av de ledande tillverkarna av tunga fordon som för närvarandegår mot ett hållbart transportsystem, genom att tillverka en ny generation tunga fordon drivna med batterier. Ett stort bekymmer med dessa fordon är relaterattill det ljud som genereras av de elektriska axialfläktarna som används i kylsystemet. Detta projekt genomfördes i syfte till att undersöka de faktorer som positivtpåverkar både buller och prestanda hos de elektriska fläktarna. Baserat på två olika bladdesignmetoder och flera brusstyrningstekniker, utvecklades 11 fläktmodeller.Fläktmodellerna som är utformade med konstruktionsmetod 1 är utrustade med krökformade plattor, medan modellerna som skapades med designmetod 2 bestårav vingprofil blad. Dessutom analyserades prestandan för dessa modeller med användning av teoretiska metoder och strömningsmekaniska beräkningar. Ytterligaretvå empiriska tillvägagångssätt användes för att uppskatta den akustiska energin som släppts ut av fläktmodellerna. Utöver det jämfördes de utvecklade modellernamed två kommersiellt tillgängliga fläktar. Detta visade att båda konstruktionsmetoderna resulterar i liknande prestanda vid lågtrycksskillnader, däremot påverkasverkningsgraden och den akustiska energin av valet av brusstyrningsmetoder.

This work was concerned with the aerodynamic and acoustic performance of small axial flow refrigerator fans. Relevant literature focusing on the principles of fan noise generation and fan system elements that contribute to noise generation was identified and discussed. A plenum chamber test rig was designed and constructed following ISO 10302-1. A range of 200 mm diameter pressed aluminium Air-Drive fans, commonly used in commercial refrigerator systems, were evaluated using the test rig. It was found that the performance of these fans was highly dependent upon the impedance of the system in which they are installed. Indications of rotating stall under high load were observed and shown to significantly increase the noise output of the fan without greatly affecting the air moving capability. A series of novel colour map plots are presented, which allow for a visual interpretation of fan performance over a wide range of operating conditions. A fanpack developed by Wellington Drive Technologies Ltd was evaluated. This fanpack was found to generate significant tonal noise. The design of the fanpack was evaluated and improvements are suggested. Prototype fans were developed from the fanpack based on promising concepts presented in the literature. The performance of four prototype fans was evaluated. The results were disappointing, but proof of concept was demonstrated.

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