Masters of Science / The present study is an understanding of the relationship that exists between landholding and the reproductive behaviour of rural women in Kenya. Traditional women have rights to cultivate land as well as control income from the resulting crop production but rarely have rights to allocate or alienate land. Men are the rightful owners of the land. When the rightful owner person passes away, the eldest son of the family automatically takes ownership of the land and subsequent care of the family. This period of land ownership supported high fertility rates. However, in current spaces this practice has changed. Land is scarce and people are opting for other alternatives of limiting their family sizes. The aim of the study is to address the dissimilar changes of fertility behaviour among women in rural Kenya. Particularly, landholdings and low fertility behaviour, focusing on how this change happened. Data used is from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) 2008/2009. We acquire a representative sample size of 6761 women age 15-49 from the data. A multiplicity of statistical parameters like chi-square test, p-value, logistic regression, and multivariate analysis are adopted. In this regard, the relationship that exists between fertility and landholdings leads to large family sizes. In addition, land decrease has lead to the search of alternatives such as education, employment, and increase in age at marriage. The introduction of these factors has promoted smaller family sizes. This study is immensely useful for the policy makers, planners and other interested stakeholders in population and development spheres in this juncture.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20004号 / 農博第2188号 / 新制||農||1044(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H28||N5013(農学部図書室) / 33100 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一, 教授 水野 広祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>This study examines the relationship between land fragmentation and agricultural productivity in Vietnam, as well as the outcomes of land consolidation programs on productivity. Data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2004 and data on the land consolidation process was used for the regression analysis. The results show weak correlations between fragmentation and productivity. Land fragmentation seems to be positively correlated to productivity due to more use of fertilizers and labour input. The communes that have consolidated their land are more productive, but this seems to be explained by initial differences in productivity. Our results suggest that there are no immidiate gains in land consolidation.</p>

This study examines the relationship between land fragmentation and agricultural productivity in Vietnam, as well as the outcomes of land consolidation programs on productivity. Data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2004 and data on the land consolidation process was used for the regression analysis. The results show weak correlations between fragmentation and productivity. Land fragmentation seems to be positively correlated to productivity due to more use of fertilizers and labour input. The communes that have consolidated their land are more productive, but this seems to be explained by initial differences in productivity. Our results suggest that there are no immidiate gains in land consolidation.

A análise de regressão kernel não paramétrica desconsidera qualquer influência das formas funcionais geralmente empregadas em análises de regressões paramétricas, permitindo os dados \"falarem por si mesmos\". Enquanto os estimadores paramétricos são considerados globais, os kernels não paramétricos usam uma amostra de dados próximas (definida pela largura da janela) a um ponto para ajustar a estimação, o que permite focar em peculiaridades locais dos dados. Ambas as análises foram aplicadas aos dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 realizado pelo IBGE, agregados municipalmente e em dezessete faixas de áreas, para estimar uma função de produção com o objetivo de estabelecer a relação entre o tamanho das propriedades agrícolas e o valor da produção por hectare (produtividade). A relação constatada foi inversa, porém a análise local feita pelos estimadores kernels explicitou uma relação direta entre as elasticidades de produção dos insumos e o tamanho das propriedades agrícolas, o que não justifica uma política de redistribuição de terras no sentido do aumento da produtividade. Além disto, análises gráficas contra fatuais (que manteve os insumos, exceto a área, constantes em seus valores médios) mostraram que a relação não é linear, não é monotônica, e difere dentre as regiões, o que é um desafio para a elaboração de políticas de redistribuição de terras. / Nonparametric kernel regression analysis disregards any influence of the functional forms commonly employed in parametric regression analyzes, allowing the data to \"speak for itself.\" While parametric estimators are considered global, nonparametric kernels use a sample of nearby data (defined by the bandwidth) at a point to adjust the estimation, which allows focusing on local peculiarities of the data. Both analyzes were applied to data from the 2006 IBGE Census of Agriculture, aggregated in municipalities and in seventeen areas, to estimate a production function with the objective of establishing the relationship between the size of agricultural properties and the value of production by hectare (productivity). The observed relationship was reversed, but the local analysis made by the kernels estimators explained a direct relationship between the elasticities of production of the inputs and the size of the agricultural properties, which does not justify a policy of redistribution of land in order to increase productivity. In addition, graphical analyzes against factors (which kept the inputs, except the area, constant in their mean values) showed that the relationship is not linear, is not monotonic, and differs among regions, which is a challenge for the elaboration of land redistribution policies.

A análise de regressão kernel não paramétrica desconsidera qualquer influência das formas funcionais geralmente empregadas em análises de regressões paramétricas, permitindo os dados \"falarem por si mesmos\". Enquanto os estimadores paramétricos são considerados globais, os kernels não paramétricos usam uma amostra de dados próximas (definida pela largura da janela) a um ponto para ajustar a estimação, o que permite focar em peculiaridades locais dos dados. Ambas as análises foram aplicadas aos dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 realizado pelo IBGE, agregados municipalmente e em dezessete faixas de áreas, para estimar uma função de produção com o objetivo de estabelecer a relação entre o tamanho das propriedades agrícolas e o valor da produção por hectare (produtividade). A relação constatada foi inversa, porém a análise local feita pelos estimadores kernels explicitou uma relação direta entre as elasticidades de produção dos insumos e o tamanho das propriedades agrícolas, o que não justifica uma política de redistribuição de terras no sentido do aumento da produtividade. Além disto, análises gráficas contra fatuais (que manteve os insumos, exceto a área, constantes em seus valores médios) mostraram que a relação não é linear, não é monotônica, e difere dentre as regiões, o que é um desafio para a elaboração de políticas de redistribuição de terras. / Nonparametric kernel regression analysis disregards any influence of the functional forms commonly employed in parametric regression analyzes, allowing the data to \"speak for itself.\" While parametric estimators are considered global, nonparametric kernels use a sample of nearby data (defined by the bandwidth) at a point to adjust the estimation, which allows focusing on local peculiarities of the data. Both analyzes were applied to data from the 2006 IBGE Census of Agriculture, aggregated in municipalities and in seventeen areas, to estimate a production function with the objective of establishing the relationship between the size of agricultural properties and the value of production by hectare (productivity). The observed relationship was reversed, but the local analysis made by the kernels estimators explained a direct relationship between the elasticities of production of the inputs and the size of the agricultural properties, which does not justify a policy of redistribution of land in order to increase productivity. In addition, graphical analyzes against factors (which kept the inputs, except the area, constant in their mean values) showed that the relationship is not linear, is not monotonic, and differs among regions, which is a challenge for the elaboration of land redistribution policies.

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Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit ist die gesellschaftliche Problematisierung des Größenstrukturwandels in der deutschen Landwirtschaft. Zuerst wird anhand einer strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse von Positionspapieren zur Reform der Gemeinsamen Agrarpolitik herausgearbeitet, dass der Größenstrukturwandel sowohl als Gerechtigkeits- als auch als Multifunktionalitätsproblem gedeutet wird. Die Positionen überlappen im Prinzip der Leistungsgerechtigkeit und in dem Ziel, möglichst viele Betriebe zu erhalten. Viele der präsenten Annahmen über die Vorteile kleiner Betriebe lassen sich wissenschaftlich nicht bestätigen. Hinsichtlich sozialer Funktionen von Landwirtschaft wird eine Forschungslücke identifiziert. Es folgt eine systematische Literaturanalyse, die konzeptuelle Zugänge zu sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft voneinander abgegrenzt und in einem Analyserahmen integriert. Dieser Analyserahmen berücksichtigt landwirtschaftliche Betriebe, die von ihnen ausgeübten Tätigkeiten sowie deren Wirkungen hinsichtlich sozialer Ziele (Funktionen). Aus der Literatur werden zudem elf verschiedene Typen sozialer Funktionen abgeleitet. Daran knüpft eine empirische Fallstudie an, die basierend auf umfangreichen qualitativen Daten soziale Funktionen von Landwirtschaft in Dithmarschen analysiert und Zusammenhänge mit dem regionalen Größenstrukturwandel exploriert. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich der mit dem Größenstrukturwandel verbundene, zunehmend industrielle Charakter landwirtschaftlicher Tätigkeiten sowie die abnehmende Anzahl von Landwirt/innen in ehrenamtlichen Strukturen negativ auf soziale Funktionen auswirken. Einkommensdiversifizierung gewinnt im Kontext des Größenstrukturwandels an Bedeutung und stärkt soziale Funktionen, wobei kapital- und arbeitsintensiven Tätigkeiten unterschiedlich wirken. Die Dissertation ermöglicht eine sachlichere Debatte zum Größenstrukturwandel und eine differenzierte Auseinandersetzung mit sozialen Funktionen von Landwirtschaft. / This dissertations’ starting point is the societal problematisation of the changing farm size structure in Germany. In the first article, a structuring content analysis of position papers on the post-2020 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy shows that the shift towards fewer and larger farms is framed as a problem of both equity and multifunctionality. The respective positions overlap when it comes to the principle of performance equity and the goal of maintaining as many (small) farms as possible. Many of the claims made in the debate about benefits of small farms are not supported by empirical research, and a research gap is identified, particularly regarding social functions of agriculture. The second article presents a systematic literature review. Different conceptual approaches to the social functions of agriculture are distinguished and integrated into an analytical framework. This framework considers farms, the activities they carry out and the functions that can be fulfilled through these activities. In addition, eleven different types of social functions are derived from the literature reviewed. The third article builds up on the second and presents an empirical case study, which analyses the social functions of agriculture in Dithmarschen and explores how these relate to regional structural change on the basis of an extensive qualitative data set. The results indicate that both, the increasingly industrial character of agricultural activities associated with the change in farm size structure and the decreasing number of farmers in voluntary structures have a negative impact on social functions. Income diversification becomes more important in the context of farm exits and strengthens social functions, although the effects of capital-intensive and labour-intensive activities differ. Overall, this dissertation facilitates a more objective debate on structural change and a differentiated analysis of the social functions of agriculture.