A structure property relationship relating photostability with the axial and peripheral substituents of Boronsubphthalocyanine (BsubPc) derivatives has been outlined: peripherally halogenating BsubPc has been determined to be the best way to increase the photostability, while axial substituents are found to have little effect. A solid state photostability test using BsubPc doped polymer films has been developed and was used to form this structure property relationship. The polymer in which BsubPc is tested is found to have an effect on the photostability and should be further explored. In addition to the structure property relationship, processes to make new BsubPc precursors, HO-BsubPc and Br-BsubPc, have been developed in order to further expand the derivatives available for study.

A structure property relationship relating photostability with the axial and peripheral substituents of Boronsubphthalocyanine (BsubPc) derivatives has been outlined: peripherally halogenating BsubPc has been determined to be the best way to increase the photostability, while axial substituents are found to have little effect. A solid state photostability test using BsubPc doped polymer films has been developed and was used to form this structure property relationship. The polymer in which BsubPc is tested is found to have an effect on the photostability and should be further explored. In addition to the structure property relationship, processes to make new BsubPc precursors, HO-BsubPc and Br-BsubPc, have been developed in order to further expand the derivatives available for study.

This research has investigated the modification of cotton fabric and pigment dyeing system in order to improve the colouration properties, such as rub fastness, wash fastness, colour strength and fabric handle of the textile material. It involved four different approaches based on pre-cationization of the fabric, incorporation of crosslinkers into the binder formulation, UVO pre-treatment of the fabric, and wet fluorocarbon treatment and dry plasma polymerisation treatments.It has been reported that the Matrix OSD pigment dyeing system offers benefits in terms of processing cost and environmental impact and from the initial studies it was apparent that while dry rub fastness, mechanical rigidity and washing performance were generally acceptable the wet rub fastness of the printed fabrics presented a technical challenge. Therefore in this study the colour wet rub fastness was regarded as the main performance indicator to be targeted and improved. Cationizing the cotton fabrics prior to pigment dyeing improved the wet rub fastness performance of the Matrix OSD dyeing system, while the other fastness properties were in general unchanged. Similarly crosslinking treatments enhanced the colour fastness performance, due to the improvement of the bonding between the binder and fabrics. The crosslinking/crease resist pre-treatment offers better performance than the combined application method in terms of improving the wet rub fastness. Surface modification of textile materials is able to modify the textile wettability, adhesion, dyeability and handle and therefore has been studied with a view to improving the durability of the surface pigment dyed coating. However in this study the benefits of a UV/Ozone (UVO) pre-treatment previously observed for other long liquor fabric dyeing studies of textiles was not observed and it was established that the pigment dyeing performance was reduced after the sensitised photo-oxidation treatment. The investigation demonstrated that the fluorocarbon treatments had a beneficial effect on colour wash fastness and wet rub fastness, while dry rub fastness was marginally reduced at higher fluorocarbon application levels. Different fluorocarbons were examined in this study, and the aftertreatment with Shield F-01 and Shield extender FCD offered the best results. A range of plasma pre-treatments prior to pigment dyeing were also examined but only a marginal benefit on the colour fastness properties and to some extent slightly decreased dry rub fastness was observed. In contrast the plasma after-treatments, using both argon (Ar) and nitrogen (N2) atmospheres, improved the fastness, particularly wet fastness, particularly when the binder heat curing process was before plasma after-treatment.

En pigmentpasta består av ett antal olika kemikalier som alla bidrar med en specifik egenskap. Färgpigment, bindemedel och förtjockare är de tre komponenter som måste finnas i tryckpastan. Nackdelar med pigmenttryck är att trycket kan få dålig färg- och gnidhärdighet eftersom pigmentet inte tas upp av fibern utan binder till substratet genom ett bindemedel. Gnid- och tvätthärdighet bestäms nästan helt av vilket bindemedel som används. Vid pigmentryckning är bindemedlen som används oftast vattenbaserade syntetiska emulsionspolymerer.Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka hur man kan optimera pigmenttryck och dess färg- och gnidhärdighet. En del av arbetet bestod av en laborationsdel där målet var att utvärdera hur olika fixeringsparametrar och olika bindemedel i en pigmentpasta kan påverka slutresultatet.I experimentet användes fyra olika bindemedel; Jaypol B2, Jaypol B3, Tubifast AS 40 och Tubifast ABN 10. För varje bindemedel gjordes två olika pastor. En pasta med 200 g/kg bindemedel och en pasta med 300 g/kg bindemedel. På proverna utfördes tester för gnidhärdighet och färghärdighet mot tvätt för att kunna utvärdera de olika bindemedlen. Testerna visade ett klart samband mellan en ökad koncentration av bindemedel i tryckpastan och en bättre färg- och gnidhärdighet. För att få bra egenskaper på ett pigmenttryck är det viktigt att det fixeras ordentligt. Om trycket inte fixeras tillräckligt kan inte bindemedlet binda fast pigmentet till textilen vilket ger dåliga härdigheter. Testerna visade att det inte finns någon optimal fixeringstid eller temperatur som gäller för alla tryck. Varje enskilt tryck kräver speciella förhållanden för att få så optimala egenskaper som möjligt. / <p>A pigment paste consists of a number of different chemicals that all contribute with a specific property. Color pigment, binder and thickener are the three components that must exist in the printing paste. The disadvantage of pigment printing is that the print may have poor color and crock fastness because the pigment is binding to the substrate by a binder and is not being absorbed by the fiber. Wash and crock fastness are determined almost entirely by which binder that are used. The binders that are used in pigment printing are usually water-based synthetic emulsion polymers. The purpose of this study was to examine how to optimize a pigment print and its color and crock fastness. The work included a laboratory test where the focus was to evaluate how different fixation parameters and different binders in a pigment paste can affect the final result. In the experiment four different binders were used; Jaypol B2, Jaypol B3, Tubifast AS 40, Tubifast ABN 10. For each binder two different pastes were made. One paste with 200 g/kg binder and one paste with 300 g/kg binder. Tests were made on the samples for crock fastness and color fastness to washing with the purpose to evaluate the various binders. The tests showed a clear correlation between an increased concentration of binder in the printing paste and a better color and crock fastness. In order to obtain good properties of a pigment print it is vital that the fixation is done properly. If the print is not adequately fixated the binder cannot attach the pigment to the fabric, resulting in poor fastness. The tests showed that there is no optimal fixation time or temperature for all prints. Each individual print requires special settings to obtain as optimal properties as possible</p><p>Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen</p>

Anodic oxidation of a commercial dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions using an electrochemical cell is reported. Data are provided on the effects of eight different types of supporting electrolytes, concentration of electrolytes, initial dye concentration, current and electrolytic time on the percentage removal of methylene blue. Anodic oxidation was found to be effective in achieving the removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The optimised electrolytic conditions, for the removal of methylene blue (MB), were applied to the removal of azure A (AA), azure B (AB), azure C (AC), toluidine blue 0 (TBO), new methylene blue (NMB), dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB), thionine (TH), methylene green (MG), methyl violet (MV), Nile blue (NB), neutral red (NR), acridine orange (AO) and resorufin (RS) from aqueous solutions containing sodium chloride. Results indicated that between 84 to 100% of each dye of phenothiazine was removed during 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removals for the phenothiazine dyes followed the following decreasing order: (MG ≈ MV) > (DMMB ≈ AA) > (AB ≈ AC ≈ NMB) > TBO > TH. However, the azine, acridine and oxazine dyes showed between 98 to 99% colour removal and the following decreasing order: NB ≈ NR > AO ≈ RS. Strongly electron withdrawing substituents such as nitro group or carbonyl group increases the degradation of the phenothiazine chromophore, whereas the electron donating groups such as amino and alkyl amino groups decrease the degradation. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of eight permitted food colours, with azo and triarylmethane chromophore, from aqueous solution containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Again, sodium chloride was found to be the best supporting electrolyte and between 97 to 100% colour removal was achieved after 60 minutes of electrolysis. The percentage removal for the single azo based colourants followed the following increasing order: carmoisine > sunset yellow FCF > amaranth > ponceau 411 > tartrazine. However, the binary and ternary mixtures of food colour showed the following increasing order: blue > green > yellow food colours. The extractions and applications of 54 different types of natural dyes (53 from plants and one from animal origin) are evaluated using simple techniques. The extracted natural dyes were applied in dyeing three types of textile fabrics viz: a) paj silk, b) brushed cotton twill and c) crystallized shimmering satin. The effects of two eco-friendly mordants (alum and iron) on the dyeing process were compared with the dyeing process without mordants. The colour fastness to wash and light (both natural and artificial sun light) of these natural dyes were also assessed. The results showed that out of the 54 dyestuffs studied, 32 plants are potentially able to produce marketable natural dyes. These dyes produced good colour and met minimal performance standards for colour fastness to light and washing. The addition of mordants generally increased the fastness properties. Silk gave the best performance of dyeing uptake and stability. Cotton gave the poorest fastness properties. The overall results showed that, considering molecular associations, the fastness properties were of the order: anthraquinones and tannins> indigoid > flavones> flavonols > flavanols> carotenoids> anthocyanins. Anodic oxidation studies were extended to the destruction of ten natural dyes from aqueous solutions containing either sodium chloride or sodium sulphate as a supporting electrolyte. Anodic oxidation was effective in achieving the removal of green tea (35%), spinach (69%), Langdale yellow and turmeric (95%), carmine, saffron, henna (97%), beetroot, karkade and sumac (98%). However, TOC measurements and the UV analyses indicated that some organic intermediate compounds were formed in the presence of sodium chloride.

A utilização da quitosana como fixante de corantes tem se mostrado relevante, devido a sua estrutura química que é responsável pelas suas propriedades biodegradável e antibacteriana. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal utilizar a quitosana para auxiliar na fixação de corantes pigmentados utilizados na estamparia digital. Também foi testada a carboximetilcelulose. A quitosana foi dissolvida em ácido acético 2% (v/v) nas concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 22,2 g/L, enquanto a carboximetilcelulose foi dissolvida em água na concentração de 14,28 g/L Os polímeros foram aplicados como pré e pós tratamentos em malha de algodão por dois processos diferentes, via Foulard e por estamparia de quadros. A presença dos polímeros impregnados nas fibras de algodão foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). As amostras de malha tratadas e não tratadas (controle) foram lavadas por 54 vezes simulando o uso de uma camiseta durante um ano e avaliadas em espectrofotômetro quanto à solidez da cor a lavagem utilizando os parâmetros escala cinza e sistema CIELAB E*. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a utilização da quitosana e da carboximetilcelulose como pós-tratamento melhoraram o desempenho da solidez da cor a lavagem em 64% quando avaliada por CIELAB E* e 68% respectivamente quando avaliada por escala cinza. As amostras com aplicação de quitosana e carboximetilcelulose como pré-tratamentos apresentaram valores menores de solidez, quando comparadas às amostras pós-tratadas / The use of chitosan as binder has become relevant due to its chemical structure which is responsible for its biodegradable and antibacterial good. The present study is aimed to the use of chitosan to aid in the fixation of pigmented dyes used in digital printing. A carboxymethylcellulose was also tested. The chitosan was dissolved in 2% (v / v) acetic acid at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 22.2 g / L, while a carboxymethylcellulose was dissolved in water at 14.28 g / L. applied as pre and post treatments in cotton mesh by two different processes, Foulard and silk-screen. The presence of polymers impregnated in the cotton fibers was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The treated and untreated mesh samples were washed 54 times simulating the use of a T-shirt for one year and evaluated in spectrophotometer for color fastness to wash, using the CIELAB E * system. The results showed that the use of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose as a post-treatment improved the color wash performance in 64% when evaluated by CIELAB E * and 68% when evaluated by gray scale. The samples with application of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose as pre-treatments presented lower values of color fastness, when compared to the post-treated samples

A utilização da quitosana como fixante de corantes tem se mostrado relevante, devido a sua estrutura química que é responsável pelas suas propriedades biodegradável e antibacteriana. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal utilizar a quitosana para auxiliar na fixação de corantes pigmentados utilizados na estamparia digital. Também foi testada a carboximetilcelulose. A quitosana foi dissolvida em ácido acético 2% (v/v) nas concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 22,2 g/L, enquanto a carboximetilcelulose foi dissolvida em água na concentração de 14,28 g/L Os polímeros foram aplicados como pré e pós tratamentos em malha de algodão por dois processos diferentes, via Foulard e por estamparia de quadros. A presença dos polímeros impregnados nas fibras de algodão foi avaliada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). As amostras de malha tratadas e não tratadas (controle) foram lavadas por 54 vezes simulando o uso de uma camiseta durante um ano e avaliadas em espectrofotômetro quanto à solidez da cor a lavagem utilizando os parâmetros escala cinza e sistema CIELAB E*. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a utilização da quitosana e da carboximetilcelulose como pós-tratamento melhoraram o desempenho da solidez da cor a lavagem em 64% quando avaliada por CIELAB E* e 68% respectivamente quando avaliada por escala cinza. As amostras com aplicação de quitosana e carboximetilcelulose como pré-tratamentos apresentaram valores menores de solidez, quando comparadas às amostras pós-tratadas / The use of chitosan as binder has become relevant due to its chemical structure which is responsible for its biodegradable and antibacterial good. The present study is aimed to the use of chitosan to aid in the fixation of pigmented dyes used in digital printing. A carboxymethylcellulose was also tested. The chitosan was dissolved in 2% (v / v) acetic acid at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15 and 22.2 g / L, while a carboxymethylcellulose was dissolved in water at 14.28 g / L. applied as pre and post treatments in cotton mesh by two different processes, Foulard and silk-screen. The presence of polymers impregnated in the cotton fibers was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The treated and untreated mesh samples were washed 54 times simulating the use of a T-shirt for one year and evaluated in spectrophotometer for color fastness to wash, using the CIELAB E * system. The results showed that the use of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose as a post-treatment improved the color wash performance in 64% when evaluated by CIELAB E * and 68% when evaluated by gray scale. The samples with application of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose as pre-treatments presented lower values of color fastness, when compared to the post-treated samples

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvagnerA.pdf: 540106 bytes, checksum: b84d22a8a60635bf45864a72607ced75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-04-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The increasing demand for natural dyes in place of synthetic ones is justified by the non-toxicity or low toxicity of the former. The synthetic dyes are associated with diseases like cancer as well as when released in the environment takes longer to degrade and the intermediates could be still more toxic. The Annatto (Bixa Orellana L.) is a carotenoid and one of the more important natural dyes used in the food industry. In the form of dye, it represents nearly 70% of the world natural dye production and 90% in Brazil. In the present work, annatto seeds were used of the species peruana paulista, which had nearly 2.1% of bixin. The process of dye extraction with ethyl alcohol showed 4% of dye in the form of powder with particle diameter of 28mm. The extraction process did not alter the chemical composition of the dye, which was confirmed by the electronic spectrum of absorption. Dyeings were carried out with different mordents to study the total colour difference as well as the wash fastness properties and friction fastness properties under wet and dry conditions. The samples treated with copper sulphate showed colour difference but at the same time showed better fastness results. The samples treated with resin (no formaldehyde) did not alter the colour significantly still better the fastness properties. From the results, it could be stated that the resin could be an alternative for heavy metallic mordents / A crescente demanda dos corantes naturais em detrimento dos sint?ticos ? justificada pela inocuidade e/ou baixa toxidade que os primeiros apresentam, uma vez que os corantes sint?ticos est?o associados ao surgimento de doen?as como o c?ncer, e quando descartados no meio ambiente al?m de necessitar de um longo per?odo para degradar os seus intermedi?rios podem ser ainda mais t?xicos. O urucum (Bixa orellana L.), um caroten?ide, ? um dos mais importantes corantes naturais usados na ind?stria de alimentos. Em volume, na forma de corante, representa cerca de 90% dos corantes naturais usados no Brasil e 70% dos corantes naturais usados no mundo. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas sementes de urucum da cultivar peruana paulista, que apresentaram 2,1% de bixina. O processo de extra??o com ?lcool et?lico mostrou um rendimento de 4% de corante em p?, cujo di?metro m?dio das part?culas foi de 28mm. O processo de extra??o n?o alterou a estrutura molecular do corante, comprovado pelo seu espectro eletr?nico de absor??o. Foram utilizados v?rios produtos no processo de tingimento de tecido de algod?o objetivando um estudo da diferen?a total de cor, como tamb?m melhoria dos ?ndices de solidez a lavagem e fric??o seco/?mido. As amostras tratadas com sulfato de cobre revelaram altera??o de cor, mas por outro lado apresentaram os melhores ?ndices de solidez. As amostras tratadas com resina (isenta de formaldeido) n?o alteraram significativamente a cor e ainda melhoraram razoavelmente os ?ndices de solidez. A resina reactante pode ser uma boa alternativa para substituir os mordentes met?licos, que possuem metal pesado em sua estrutura

Die Microfading-Methode, die eine kontrollierte, aber extrem hohe Beleuchtungsstärke und gleichzeitige Farbmessung auf einer maximal 0,5 mm großen Testfläche verbindet, erlaubt den Test der Lichtechtheit direkt auf Kunstobjekten. Lichtechtheitsinformationen zu Kunstwerken sind ohne einen Test nicht verfügbar, es sei denn indirekt über die Kenntnis der Materialzusammensetzung und deren Eigenschaften. Lichtechtheitsinformationen bilden jedoch die Grundlage für ein objektangepasstes Lichtmanagement. Darum ist ein erhöhter Bedarf nach Microfading-Testern (MFT) im Bereich Konservierung und Restaurierung festzustellen, wenngleich die Lichtechtheitsklassifizierung beim MFT noch nicht standardisiert ist. In dieser Arbeit wird ein mobiler Microfading-Tester zusammengestellt, aufgebaut, getestet und charakterisiert. In der Folge werden mehrere Studien vorgestellt, die dazu beitragen das Anwendungsfeld der Methode zu erweitern, die Qualität der Testaussagen zu optimieren und Farbveränderungsverläufe bei hohen Beleuchtungsstärken mit denen bei niedrigerer Beleuchtungsstärke zu vergleichen. Neue Anwendungsfälle der MFT-Methode werden exemplarisch analysiert und diskutiert. Eine bisher nicht analysierte Objektgruppe mit dem MFT sind lose Pulver, an denen exemplarische Messungen in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden. Als andere, wenig untersuchte Objektgruppe werden Gemälde mit dem MFT getestet. Für das Anwendungsfeld des MFT mit zusätzlicher UV-Strahlung im Beleuchtungsspektrum werden praktische Beispiele aus dem Bereich der Konservierungswissenschaften aufgezeigt, bei denen mittels Mehrfachtests mit und ohne UV-Anteil im Spektrum der Beleuchtung die Schadensursache bzw. das Schadenspotential von UV-Strahlung nachgewiesen werden konnte. Erstmals ist in einem direkten Vergleich zwischen Galerie-Belichtung und MFT-Belichtung anhand von selbst hergestellten Mustertafeln und Messpunkten auf Gemälden die Frage analysiert worden, inwieweit die MFT-Ergebnisse bei hoher Beleuchtungsstärke auf die tatsächlichen Farbveränderungen bei niedriger Beleuchtungsstärke übertragbar sind. Im Ergebnis ist festzuhalten, dass die realen Veränderungen von Preußisch Blau bei Galerie-Beleuchtungsstärke auf den untersuchten Gemälden durch die MFT-Untersuchung überschätzt werden, während die Veränderungen des Lichtechtheitsstandards BW1 vom MFT im Vergleich zu Real-Bedingungen unterschätzt werden. Bei den Farbaufstrichen kam es ebenfalls zu großen Unterschieden zwischen MFT-Belichtung und Galerie-Belichtung, die auf Vergilbungen des Bindemittels zurückzuführen sind. Der BW1-Lichtechtheitstyp ist für Microfading nicht ideal, trotzdem wird er mangels Alternativen zur relativen Bestimmung der Lichtechtheit eingesetzt. Als erster Schritt in die Richtung von MFT-spezifischen Lichtechtheitsstandards werden in dieser Arbeit neue Lichtechtheitsreferenzen auf Grundlage der bestehenden Referenzen durch Zerkleinerung und optional zusätzliche Pressung hergestellt und mit den Eigenschaften der ursprünglichen Standards verglichen. Die neuen Testkörper zeigen klare Vorteile (geringere Streuung der Messergebnisse, leichtere Handhabung) gegenüber den bisherigen Standards, weisen aber eine deutlich erhöhte Lichtempfindlichkeit im Test auf. Der weitere Forschungsbedarf in dieser Richtung wird aufgezeigt. Die Auswertungsmethode bei Microfading-Tests sieht vor, absolute Farbveränderungen zum Ende der Testbelichtung zu vergleichen. Dadurch wird außer Acht gelassen, wie die Farbveränderungen ablaufen. In der Folge kann es bei ungewöhnlichen Farbveränderungen (z. B. einem exponentiellen Anstieg der Veränderungen) aufgrund der Testergebnisse zu einer Unterschätzung der tatsächlichen Veränderungen kommen. Es wird eine Erweiterung der bisherigen Auswertungsmethode vorgestellt, die die Farbveränderungsrate bei der Lichtechtheitsklassifizierung mit einbezieht und so die Ausbleich-Charakteristik im Test berücksichtigt wird. Angewandt auf mehr als 40 Proben führt dies in ca. 30 % der Fälle zu einer anderen, meist niedrigeren Lichtechtheitsklassifizierung. Diese neue Auswertungsstrategie wird in dieser Arbeit genutzt, insofern es die Messergebnisse als notwendig erscheinen lassen.:Danksagung Kurzfassung Abstract Verzeichnis der verwendeten Abkürzungen Publikationen 1 Einleitung 2 Theorie 2.1 Photochemie 2.2 Farbmessung 2.2.1 CIELab-Farbsystem 2.2.2 Farbabstände 2.3 Microfading 3 Zielstellung 4 Methoden: Aufbau und Eigenschaften 4.1 Farbmessgerät 4.2 Micro-Fading-Tester 4.2.1 Aufbau 4.2.2 Beleuchtungsspektren 4.2.3 Größe des Messpunkts 4.2.4 Einfluss auf Probentemperatur 4.2.5 Drift und Messfehler 4.2.6 Zusammenfassung und Festlegung der Standardeinstellungen 4.3 Vergleich Farb- und Farbabstandsmessung mit Spektralphotometer und MFT 5 Praktische Untersuchungen 5.1 Weiterentwicklung des MFT-Auswertungsverfahrens 5.1.1 Pulver- und Pellet-Präparation der Blau-Woll-Standards 5.1.2 Einführung der Farbveränderungsrate in die MFT-Auswertung 5.2 Microfading mit UV-Anteil in der Beleuchtung 5.2.1 Test auf UV-Strahlung als Schadensursache 5.2.2 Test auf Wirksamkeit von UV-Schutzlack 5.2.3 Fazit zu den Tests bei Beleuchtung mit UV-Anteil 5.3 Microfading an Farbpulvern 5.3.1 Pulver von Wilhelm Ostwald 5.3.2 Pulver von Wolfram Jaensch 5.4 Microfading an Gemälden 5.4.1 Gemälde von Fritz Tröger 5.4.2 Gemälde von Hans Stübner 5.4.3 Gemälde von Gerhard Richter 5.4.4 Fazit der MFT-Untersuchungen an Gemälden 5.5 Vergleich Langzeit-Monitoring und Microfading 5.5.1 Vorbereitung und Datenerhebung 5.5.2 Microfading an Mustertafeln 5.5.3 Monitoring an Mustertafeln 5.5.3.1 Farbveränderungen der Aufstriche 5.5.3.2 Farbveränderungen der belichteten Blau-Woll-Standards 5.5.4 Vergleich Microfading und Monitoring an Mustertafeln 5.5.5 Microfading auf Gemälde und Partikel 5.5.6 Monitoring auf Gemälden 5.5.7 Vergleich Microfading und Monitoring auf Gemälden 5.5.8 Fazit 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Anhang A Einzelkomponenten MFT B CERAM Farbfliesen und Graumaßstab C Teilchengrößen der Blau-Woll-Pulver D Lackfarbstoffe – Übersicht und MFT-Messdaten E Dokumentation der MFT-Messpunkte auf Gal. Nr. 616 F Beleuchtungssituation und Datenerhebung der Belichtung in der Gemäldegalerie

Amid growing environmental concern and continuous depletion of natural resources (such as water), the textile industry is constantly searching for sustainable production process. Traditional dyeing processes, notorious for their enormous water consumption, have led society to search alternative dyeing method. Super critical carbon dioxide (scCO2), emerging as a promising dyeing medium shows a potential solution to mitigate water utilization, consequently raising sustainable textile material wet processing. As this innovative technology characterize by its waterless nature, no effluents are generated and conserves enormous amount of water, energy while increasing productivity. Although it has attained commercial focus in polyester fabric dyeing, the imperative remains to reduce energy demand during dyeing process including commercially available dyes. As a result, the optimization of dyeing conditions assumes crucial importance, broadening the feasibility of these eco-friendly dyeing techniques. The objective of this thesis work is to find out the optimum dyeing conditions of polyester (PET) fabric dyeing with an azo disperse dye (Corangar orange PE3330) utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a dyeing medium. The investigation aims to unravel the dynamic correlation withing scCO2 dyeing conditions and dye performance. To conduct this study, comprehensive methodology employing a statistical design of two-level three-factor (23) full factorial design was adopted. The studied factors enclose temperature, pressure and dyeing durations, enclosing ranges of 80-1200C, 10-25Mpa and 1-2 hours respectively. Dye concentration was kept constant at 0.2%. The study looks for individual conditions of studied parameters and their impacts on color strength (K/S). Moreover, an analysis of color fastness attributes, comprising washing, sublimation, rubbing and extraction, is carried out. The statistical analysis shows that the prominence of pressure and temperature as the principal factors in scCO2 dyeing medium. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis proves the negligible morphological transition in PET fabric following dyeing (crystallinity % for dyed and undyed fabric is 28.80 and 28.42% respectively). Findings also shows that comparable color properties to the traditional standard of PET fabric can be obtained by adapting dyeing pressure (20Mpa) and time (1 hour) while keeping the dyeing temperature (1200C). The findings concluded that satisfactory color strength (K/S) and color fastness related to the standard scCO2 dyeing process can be obtain with reduced energy and pressure. The outcome of this study subtle the relationship between temperature, pressure, and time towards color strength (K/S) and color fastness properties. Nonetheless, investigation of this study remained confined to laboratory-scale and for the purpose to upscale this finding for commercial use, it is crucial to carry out rigorous industrial trials.