No description available.

No description available.

In consideration of the rising prevalence of obesity and its effect on metabolic health and disease, this study was conducted to examine mechanisms involved in adipose tissue function following an acute bout of exercise in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Sedentary, overweight/obese women (n=10, BMI=30.6±6.0 kg∙m-2, VO2peak=30.3±5.4 mL•kg-1•min-1) completed 2 visits to the lab in which they either exercised for 1 hour or a rested in bed for the equivalent time (control). Experiments were executed randomly using a randomized cross-over study design. Gas exchange measures were measured at three time points before biopsies and subcutaneous adipose biopsies were obtained pre-condition, immediately after condition (0hr), two hours post (2hr), and four hours post (4hr). Acute exercise had significant effects whole body fat oxidation and phosphorylation of insulin signalling proteins, but had no effect on the phosphorylation of proteins regulating the expression of glyceroneogenic genes. In combination, these results suggest that acute exercise can transiently decrease insulin signalling although the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Additionally, acute exercise had no effect on the phosphorylation of proteins that are thought to regulate glyceroneogenic gene expression, suggesting that there are either alternative mechanisms involved or that time since the consumption of a meal is a greater stimulus for the activation/upregulation of glyceroneogenesis. Our findings suggest that acute exercise may acutely alter function of adipose tissue such that it contributes to elevations in whole body fatty acid metabolism, however, whether or not chronic adaptations are induced remains an important area for future study. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-25 20:39:11.506

Background Maintenance of lean muscle mass and related strength is associated with lower risk for numerous chronic diseases of aging in women. Objective Our aim was to evaluate whether the association between dietary protein and lean mass differs by physical activity level, amino acid composition, and body mass index categories. Design We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort. Participants/setting Participants were postmenopausal women from the Womens Health Initiative with body composition measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (n=8,298). Main outcome measures Our study measured percent lean mass, percent fat mass, and lean body mass index. Statistical analyses performed Linear regression models adjusted for scanner serial number, age, calibrated energy intake, race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and recreational physical activity were used to determine the relationship between protein intake and body composition measures. Likelihood ratio tests and stratified analysis were used to investigate physical activity and body mass index as potential effect modifiers. Results Biomarker-calibrated protein intake was positively associated with percent lean mass; women in the highest protein quintile had 6.3 percentage points higher lean mass than the lowest quintile (P<0.001). This difference rose to 8.5 percentage points for physically active women in the highest protein quintile (P-interaction=0.023). Percent fat mass and lean body mass index were both inversely related to protein intake (both P<0.001). Physical activity further reduced percent fat mass (P-interaction=0.022) and lean body mass index (P-interaction=0.011). Leucine intake was associated with lean mass, as were branched chain amino acids combined (both P<0.001), but not independent of total protein. All associations were observed for normal-weight, overweight, and obese women. Conclusions Protein consumption up to 2.02 g/kg body weight daily is positively associated with lean mass in postmenopausal women. Importantly, those that also engage in physical activity have the highest lean mass across body mass index categories.

No description available.

Given the great promise of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) as a therapeutic modality, the aim of the present study is to develop and optimise a technique that uses externally applied focused ultrasound energy and remote, ultrasound-based treatment monitoring to destroy subcutaneous fat safely, effectively and non-invasively. Based on initial cavitation and temperature measurements performed ex vivo in excised porcine fat at four different frequencies (0.5, 1.1, 1.6 & 3.4MHz) over a range of pressure amplitudes and exposure durations, it was concluded that 0.5MHz is the optimal frequency for this application since it is capable of instigating inertial cavitation at relatively modest pressures while enhancing focal heat deposition. Histological assessment of tissue treated above the cavitation threshold at 0.5MHz both ex vivo and in vivo demonstrated damage to adipocytes and connective tissue. Furthermore, a good correlation was identified between the energy of broadband emissions detected by the passive cavitation detector (PCD) and the focal temperature rise at 0.5MHz during ex vivo experimentation, which could be exploited as a tool for non-invasive monitoring of successful treatment delivery. In addition, localisation of cavitation activity by means of passive cavitation detection was achieved and shown to provide a strong indicator of the location of induced histological damage. Based on the specific requirements identified during initial experimentation, an application-specific HIFU transducer, cavitation detector and real-time treatment monitoring software was developed and tested ex vivo. This treatment system was found capable of producing extensive damage to adipocytes and collagen confined to the subcutaneous fat layer at the desired treatment depth, which coincided with the location of cavitation activity as displayed by the real-time treatment monitoring software.

Recent evidence suggests that sustained consumption of a high-fat diet is associated with reduced CB1 receptor expression in some brain areas. Many of the neuromodulatory functions of endogenous cannabinoids are mediated by the CB1 receptor. The CB1 receptor also mediates the behavioral and physiological effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana. While high-fat diets are associated with region-specific changes in CB1 receptor expression, it is not clear whether such changes are behaviorally relevant. To that end, separate groups of male and female rats were placed on either a high-fat diet or a standard diet. Cannabinoid function was determined in a triad of measures (e.g., hypothermia, gross locomotion, time on bar apparatus) at postnatal day 30 (PD30), PD44, PD68 and PD114. These age points respectively correspond to rodent models of early adolescence, late adolescence, early adulthood and full maturity in humans. Male rats were also tested at PD37 and PD61. Subsequently, the antinociceptive properties of delta-9-THC and the effect of delta-9-THC on food intake were also measured. After 38 days, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet were significantly less sensitive to the psychomotor effects of delta-9-THC than were the female rats maintained on the control diet. These diet-related differences persisted into full maturity. Female rats maintained on a high-fat diet were also less sensitive to changes in food intake caused by delta-9-THC than were female rats maintained on the control diet. In contrast, the hypothermic effects of delta-9-THC were not differentially affected by the type of diet consumed. Likewise, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet exhibited tail-flick latencies that were indistinguishable from those of female rats maintained on the control diet. With two minor exceptions, and in sharp contrast to female rats, sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of delta-9-THC was not differentially affected by the type of diet in male rats. In short, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet appeared to be cross-tolerant to the psychomotor and hyperphagic effects of delta-9-THC while male rats maintained on a high-fat diet exhibited responses to delta-9-THC that were virtually indistinguishable from control animals.

After spending a decade losing weight following a traumatic high school experience, Mark has a great life with a beautiful girlfriend, good job which he's passionate about, and a wonderful group of friends. Everything changes when his high school bully reenters his life and shakes his confidence to the point of developing a severe case of body dysmorphia at a time when it's crucial he's confident, as he promised to do a private dance for his girlfriend.

Combined intakes of specific dietary fiber and fat subtypes protect against colon cancer in animal models. We evaluated associations between self-reported individual and combinations of fiber (insoluble, soluble, and pectins, specifically) and fat (omega-6, omega-3, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), specifically) and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in the Women's Health Initiative prospective cohort (n = 134,017). During a mean 11.7 years (1993-2010), 1952 incident CRC cases were identified. Cox regression models computed multivariate adjusted hazard ratios to estimate the association between dietary factors and CRC risk. Assessing fiber and fat individually, there was a modest trend for lower CRC risk with increasing intakes of total and insoluble fiber (p-trend 0.09 and 0.08). An interaction (p = 0.01) was observed between soluble fiber and DHA + EPA, with protective effects of DHA + EPA with lower intakes of soluble fiber and an attenuation at higher intakes, however this association was no longer significant after correction for multiple testing. These results suggest a modest protective effect of higher fiber intake on CRC risk, but not in combination with dietary fat subtypes. Given the robust results in preclinical models and mixed results in observational studies, controlled dietary interventions with standardized intakes are needed to better understand the interaction of specific fat and fiber subtypes on colon biology and ultimately CRC susceptibility in humans.

I det moderna västerländska samhället skildras och uppmuntras sedan länge ett allt mer ouppnåeligt skönhetsideal, där det smala kroppsidealet står i fokus och avbildas som det önskvärda och överlägsna. I motsats porträtteras den tjocka kroppen som underlägsen och avvikande. Detta resulterar i att den smala kroppen premieras på bekostnad av den tjocka, vilket är bekymmersamt då det medför att tjocka människor stigmatiseras och diskrimineras i samhället. I den här studien undersöks, utifrån ett språkvetenskapligt perspektiv, hur normaliserade föreställningar av tjocka människor realiseras språkligt på tre av Sveriges största internetforum. Metodologiskt görs detta genom en kritisk diskursanalys av 225 kommentarer insamlade från; Flashback forum, Familjelivs forum samt Passagen Debatt. Då denna studie har en emancipatorisk ansats utgår jag från teorier som grundar sig i bland annat socialkonstruktivism och tredje vågens feminism. Resultatet har bland annat visat att skribenterna på forumen kategoriserar tjocka människor som en enhetlig socialt avvikande grupp, vilka de tillskriver diverse negativa egenskaper. Vidare har resultatet åskådliggjort att det skrivs betydligt mer om tjocka kvinnor på forumen överlag samt att dessa kommentarer generellt sett är mer diskriminerande än de som påträffats gällande tjocka män. / The purpose of this study is that, from a linguistic perspective, analyze how normalized performances by thick people is realized linguistically in three of Sweden's largest internet forums. Methodologically, this is done through a critical discourse analysis of 225 comments collected from Flashback forum, Familjelivs forum and Passagen Debatt. As this study has an emancipatory approach, I adopted theories based in social constructivism and feministic intersectionality. The results show that the writers on the forums categorize thick people as a unified socially deviant group, which they attribute to various negative qualities. Furthermore, the results illustrated that there is much more written about fat women in the forums in general and that these comments are generally more fat-shaming than those encountered regarding thick men.