Euro-Western early childhood education physical activity curriculum foregrounds practices of physical literacy, childhood obesity prevention, and normative health promotion. Arguing that these pedagogical frameworks delimit how children and educators can engage with bodies in early childhood education, this dissertation utilizes documentation from pedagogical research with children and educators to think with fat(s), muscle(s), movement, and physiological knowledges. I contend that Euro-Western physical activity pedagogies define and obscure the physiological knowledges that sustain the epistemic authority these pedagogies hold and thus curate how early childhood education research and practice can mobilize physiological knowledges. In this dissertation, I integrate feminist science studies, post-developmental pedagogies, and post-qualitative education research to argue that early childhood education can generatively engage (with) physiological knowledges while attending to how fat(s), muscle(s), and movement matter amid intentional and situated pedagogical practices. Drawing upon a pedagogical inquiry project focused on movement with preschool and toddler-aged children and educators, this dissertation details how fat(s), muscle(s), movement, and physiological knowledges were encountered, foregrounded, questioned, and complexified in one child care center in Canada. Throughout the four articles that comprise this project, I position Physiological Sciences as a settler colonial epistemological structure that is highly consequential for early childhood education. I argue that because I am a white settler trained in the conventions of Physiological Sciences, I am complicit in this knowledge system and must work to unsettle the epistemic authority Physiology exerts in education. The articles present four interventions that aim to confront predominant Euro-Western practices for thinking with Physiology in early childhood education research and pedagogy. In the first article, I situate my project within post-qualitative education research, asserting that post-qualitative research can mobilize physiological knowledges with non-essentialist, answerable methodological practices. The second article elaborates two pedagogical propositions aimed at taking physiological knowledges to account with post-developmental early childhood education pedagogies. I focus on how muscle(s) mattered in our pedagogical inquiry with children and educators in Article 3 and outline ‘muscling’ as the ongoing work of thinking muscles with pedagogies. Finally, in Article 4 I explore how thinking with post-developmental fat(s) might reconfigure existing educational entanglements with fat(s) through tentative, risky, uncertain, and situated pedagogical practices of making and relating with fat(s). Together, the four articles contribute to ongoing conversations in early childhood education concerned with how pedagogies might complexify predominant Euro-Western scientific knowledge systems, take seriously the materialities of flesh, and generate alternatives to neoliberal health and fitness-oriented programming in early childhood education in Canada. / Graduate

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jim L. Nelssen / Five-hundred and four barrows and gilts were used in four experiments to determine the influence of dietary ingredients on fat quality. Experiment 1 evaluated feeding duration of choice white grease (CWG) and soybean oil. Increasing feeding duration of pigs fed CWG or soybean oil increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) iodine value (IV) in jowl fat and backfat. Pigs fed soybean oil had increased (P < 0.01) IV in jowl and backfat compared with pigs fed CWG. In Exp. 2 dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), extruded expelled soybean meal (EESM), and CWG were used to evaluate diets with common iodine value product (IVP) from ingredients varying in unsaturated fat level and concentration. Pigs fed either diet with DDGS had increased (P = 0.02) backfat and jowl fat IV, compared with all other treatments. Pigs fed EESM had increased (P = 0.04) backfat and jowl fat IV compared with the control, low CWG, and high CWG. Pigs fed low CWG and high CWG had increased (P = 0.04) jowl fat IV compared to the control. Increasing dietary fat increased carcass fat IV, with unsaturated fats from DDGS and EESM having a greater affect than more saturated fats, such as CWG, even when formulated to the same IVP. Experiment 3 evaluated the effects of increasing CWG in corn- and sorghum-based diets on fat quality. There was a grain source X fat level interaction (P = 0.04) for IV in both backfat and jowl fat. Adding CWG increased IV in backfat and jowl fat for pigs fed corn- and sorghum-based diets; however, the greatest increase was between 0 and 2.5% CWG in sorghum-based diets and between 2.5 and 5% CWG in corn-based diets. Despite this interaction, pigs fed corn-based diets had increased (P < 0.01) backfat and jowl fat IV compared with pigs fed sorghum-based diets. Increasing CWG increased (linear, P < 0.01) IV in backfat and jowl fat. Experiment 4 examined the effects of DDGS on fat quality. Backfat, jowl fat, and belly fat IV increased (linear, P = 0.02) with increasing DDGS in both the pigs marketed on d 57 and 78.

Master of Science / Department of Human Nutrition / Mark D. Haub / BACKGROUND: Dietary supplements are increasing in popularity; individuals are looking beyond traditional methods of calorie restriction and exercise to improve health. Calcium is a critical nutrient for bone metabolism that has also been shown to enhance weight loss effects secondary to diet. PURPOSE: To determine whether eight months of calcium supplementation, in a liquid, shelf-stable form, increases bone mineral density or decreases body weight and/or body fat in free-living young adult women. METHODS: Volunteer subjects (n=42) were randomly assigned to a supplement group receiving 1,125 mg Ca2+/day (CA-BEV) or to a free-living control group (CON), which did not receive the supplement. At baseline and after the 8-month intervention (POST), dietary intake was assessed using 3-day diet records. Total body composition (body fat percentage, %FatTB; abdominal percentage fat, %FatAb; fat mass, FM; non-bone fat-free mass, FFM) and bone mineral density (lumbar spine and femoral neck; BMD) were measured via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Subjects also completed a sub-maximal treadmill exercise test to estimate respiratory fitness at baseline and POST. RESULTS: At POST, the CA-BEV group's calcium intake (1,868[plus or minus]941 mg/d) was significantly greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (867[plus or minus]405 mg/d) and the calcium:protein ratio of the CA-BEV group (29.5[plus or minus]17.1 mg/g) was greater than (p<0.05) the CON group (12.9 ±6.2 mg/g). Those differences in calcium did not lead to predicted differences (p<0.05) between groups for BMD, body weight, %FatTB, %FatAB, FM or FFM. CONCLUSION: Our findings do not support the hypothesis that increasing calcium intake increases BMD or decreases body weight or body fat in healthy young women over an 8-month period despite a nearly two-fold increase in calcium intake.

It has been shown that post-menarcheal girls are more likely to have increased their body weight and body mass index (BMI) than pre-menarcheal girls of the same age. In addition to the metabolic changes which occur during this interval, behavioural risk factors synergize to promote weight gain, putting adolescents at a much higher risk for excess weight gain and its associated health complications. Moreover, obesity during adolescence increase the risk of becoming an obese adult. A systematic review of English and French articles using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL was conducted. Studies underwent a three level screening assessment by two independent assessors. Only studies with post-menarcheal weight change information were selected for data extraction and quality assessment, which was conducted by two independent reviewers. A meta-analysis was conducted for weight change and included 389 girls. Five studies discussed the effects of menarche on body weight change. Pooled results for three studies indicated a 10.39 kg increase from pre to post-menarche (95% CI, 9.16-11.62). The other two studies showed significant increases in body fat mass (p<0.05) and higher skinfolds measurements for post-menarcheal girls compared to pre-menarcheal girls. It is important to further explore the bio-psychosocial and environmental factors influencing the weight, especially the total fat mass and body fat distributions in young adolescent girls during the menarche transition in order to develop and evaluate preventive intervention strategies to prevent adolescent and adult obesity.

The adolescent period has been proposed to be exquisitely sensitive to the impacts of stress and juvenile stressor exposure is associated with anxiety- and depressive- like characteristics in adulthood. Among adult rats, access to a palatable diet has shown to mitigate the effects of stressors, a form of ‘self-medication.’ The present collection of studies sought to further characterize the long-term consequences of stressor exposure early in the juvenile period, as well as the use of palatable food as a coping strategy. The first study (Chapter 2) highlighted the importance of methodological rigor in the design of experiments employing social stressors. The second study (Chapter 3) provided further evidence that exposure to juvenile social defeat can have long-lasting consequences into adulthood, and access to a palatable diet may impart some resilience to initial stressor exposure. The third study (Chapter 4) demonstrated that access to a palatable diet can mitigate the long-term behavioral consequences of a 3-day sub chronic non-social stressor applied during juvenility in pair housed rats. The fourth study (Chapter 5) sought to replicate these findings in individually housed (purportedly more stressed) animals. Interestingly, access to a palatable diet was sufficient to protect against the neuroendocrine consequences of juvenile stress but did not mitigate the behavioral consequences, raising the question of an effectiveness “threshold” of self-medication via a palatable diet. The final study (Chapter 6) provided some preliminary evidence that exposure to juvenile stress amid access to a palatable diet has long-lasting changes on dopamine receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens, although the functional significance needs further characterization. Collectively, all studies provided further evidence that self-medication with a palatable diet comes at the price of poor metabolic outcomes. The results of this body of work provide further evidence that exposure to stress during juvenility can have protracted effects into adulthood, at the cost of poor metabolic outcomes. It also raises the suggestion of an effectiveness threshold of palatable food to cope with stress. Further understanding of the interplay between stress and diet may serve to inform the development of prevention based programs to mitigate the rising tide of concurrent childhood obesity and levels of perceived stress.

Animal studies have shown that chronic high consumption of saturated fat (SF) leads to hypothalamic inflammation and ultimately, alters appetite control. This has been shown to be partly due to an increase in the activity of the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), a major regulator of the inflammatory response. The goal of the study was to first confirm the association between SF measurements and anthropometric traits, then to determine the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the NF-κB1 gene and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and finally, to test the interaction between variants in this gene and dietary SF and circulating saturated fatty acids (CSFA) on these anthropometric traits in young adults. A significant positive association was identified between quartiles of CSFA and anthropometric measurements in the total sample (BMI: p = 0.0003, WC: p = 0.0001) and in South Asians (BMI: p = 0.004, WC: p = 0.01), but only marginally among Caucasians (BMI: p = 0.08, WC: p = 0.051) and East Asians (BMI: p = 0.13, WC: p = 0.053). After correcting for false discovery rate, carriers of the T allele in SNP rs4648022 had higher BMI and WC compared to those with the dominant CC genotype (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Among Caucasians, there was a significant interaction between SNPs in the NF-κB1 gene and quartiles of CSFA on WC for rs4648095 (p = 0.002). Thus, certain SNPs in the NF-κB1 gene appear to influence BMI and WC and also to modify the association between CSFA and anthropometric traits.

Orientadores: Mirna Lúcia Gigante, Renato Grimaldi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T07:11:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Queiros_MayaradeSouza_M.pdf: 10790431 bytes, checksum: 9180a58c6d003d9587519df936a3423e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Embora muito valorizada por suas características de sabor e aroma, a manteiga tem como desvantagem a difícil espalhabilidade a baixas temperaturas. A modificação das características funcionais da manteiga pode ser alcançada modificando-se sua composição e estrutura física. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de oleína sobre as características de composição e estrutura da manteiga. A fração oleína adicionada ao creme de leite antes da fabricação da manteiga foi obtida através do fracionamento a seco duplo da gordura anidra do leite (GAL). O fracionamento duplo da GAL para obtenção da oleína foi realizado em reator encamisado com controle de agitação e temperatura. As frações obtidas foram caracterizadas quanto à composição em ácidos graxos, conteúdo de gordura sólida, isoterma de cristalização, e comportamento térmico. A manteiga foi fabricada utilizando-se creme de leite ou creme de leite adicionado de 50% de oleína. As manteigas foram caracterizadas quanto à composição físico-química e de ácidos graxos, cor instrumental, conteúdo de gordura sólida, ponto de fusão, isoterma de cristalização e comportamento térmico. Foi ainda avaliado o efeito do tempo de exposição à temperatura ambiente sobre a firmeza das manteigas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um esquema fatorial 2 x 2 em blocos inteiramente casualizados. O experimento completo foi repetido três vezes e os dados foram avaliados por Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey para comparação de médias ao nível de significância de 5%. A oleína obtida após duplo fracionamento apresentou características físicas que evidenciaram seu potencial para ser adicionada ao creme de leite, a fim de modificar a funcionalidade da manteiga. A manteiga adicionada de oleína diferiu significativamente da manteiga controle e apresentou menor conteúdo de gordura sólida, maior tempo para cristalizar, menor ponto de fusão, menor gasto de energia para fundir e consequentemente menor firmeza. Estas características sugerem que a menor firmeza observada para a manteiga adicionada de oleína deveu-se, possivelmente, à forma de organização da rede de cristais de gordura sólida na gordura líquida. Quando exposta à temperatura ambiente, a firmeza das manteigas diminuiu ao longo do tempo, no entanto, a manteiga adicionada de oleína apresentou significativamente menor firmeza, tanto após 01 dia de armazenamento a 5 °C, como após 07 dias. O conjunto dos resultados indicou que a manteiga com adição de oleína apresentou menor firmeza sob refrigeração e quando exposta ao ambiente, possivelmente devido à organização da rede de cristais de gordura sólida na maior fração de gordura líquida na manteiga adicionada de oleína / Abstract: Although butter is highly valued for its flavor and aroma characteristics, it has the disadvantage of unsatisfactory spreadability at low temperatures. The functional characteristics of butter can be modified by changing its composition or physical structure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of olein addition on the composition and structure of butter. The olein fraction added to the cream before butter manufacture was obtained by double dry fractionation of anhydrous milk fat (AMF), which was carried out in jacketed reactor with agitation and temperature control. The obtained fractions were characterized according to the fatty acid composition, solid fat content, isothermal crystallization and thermal behavior. Butter was manufactured using commercial cream or cream containing 50% olein. Butter samples were characterized for physicochemical composition and fatty acids, instrumental color, solid fat content, melting point, isothermal crystallization and thermal behavior. The effect of exposure time at room temperature on the firmness of butter was also assessed. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement in completely randomized blocks with three repetitions. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test for means comparison at 5% significance level. The olein fractions obtained by double fractionation presented physical characteristics with potential to be added to the cream to modify butter functionality. Butter containing olein was significantly different from the control, and presented lower solid fat content, higher crystallization time, lower melting point, lower energy required to melt and consequently lower firmness. These results suggest that the lower firmness observed for butter containing olein was possibly due to the structural organization of the solid fat crystals network in the liquid fat. Despite the firmness of butter decreased over time when exposed to room temperature, butter containing olein exhibited significantly lower firmness, both after 01 and 07 days of storage. The results indicated that butter containing olein presented less firmness under refrigeration conditions and when exposed to the environment, possibly due to the organization of solid fat crystals network in the higher liquid fat fraction of butter containing olein / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Marciane Milanski Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reginato_Andressa_M.pdf: 3622201 bytes, checksum: 6c4d49212fa7262052afb4aec8d81f48 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O excesso na ingestão calórica e a obesidade têm afetado um número crescente de pessoas em diferentes países, sendo que a obesidade durante a gestação e lactação desempenha impacto negativo no fenótipo prole. Na vida adulta, a obesidade e a sobrecarga de lipídeos constituem fatores que resultam no comprometimento da autofagia, um processo de degradação lisossomal essencial para a manutenção da homeostase celular. A autofagia é responsável pela degradação e reciclagem de componentes citoplasmáticos como organelas senescentes, proteínas agregadas ou mal formadas, microrganismos invasores e macromoléculas. Apesar do conhecimento acerca do prejuízo na atividade autofágica no contexto da obesidade, alterações na homeostase deste processo na prole de mães obesas ainda não foram investigadas. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a hipótese de que a obesidade materna induzida por dieta hiperlipídica seria capaz de modular proteínas da via autofágica no hipotálamo e no fígado da prole de camundongos. Embora sem nenhuma alteração na atividade de autofagia no hipotálamo, a prole de mães obesas ao nascimento (d0) apresentou prejuízo nos marcadores de autofagia no fígado representado por aumento no conteúdo proteico de p62 e diminuição no conteúdo proteico de LC3-II. Ao desmame (d18), a prole de mães obesas teve comprometimento no conteúdo proteico dos marcadores de autofagia em ambos os tecidos (fígado e hipotálamo) quando comparados à prole de mães magras. Após o desmame, a prole de mãe controle e a prole de mãe obesa receberam dieta controle até a vida adulta (d82). Nessa condição não houve modulação dos marcadores de autofagia em nenhum dos tecidos avaliados, sendo que somente a reexposição à dieta hiperlipídica (dos 42 dias até 82 dias) foi responsável por alterar o conteúdo proteico dos marcadores de autofagia quando comparados aos animais com dieta hiperlipídica sem reexposição. Assim, parece que dieta hiperlipídica é essencial para a modulação negativa dos marcadores de autofagia na prole de mães obesas. Em conclusão, a prole de mãe obesa apresentou comprometimento precoce de marcadores de autofagia no fígado e no hipotálamo, o que poderia estar associado ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios metabólicos na prole na idade adulta / Abstract: The nutritional excess and obesity have affected a growing number of people in different countries, being that obesity during pregnancy and lactation has negative impact on offspring phenotype. In adulthood, obesity and lipids overload constitute factors that result in impairment of autophagy, a lysosomal degradation process essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Thus, autophagy is responsible for degradation and recycling of cytoplasmic components as senescent organelles, aggregated proteins or proteins poorly formed, microorganisms invaders and macromolecules. It is known that obesity and the use of high fat diet have a negative impact on cellular homeostasis. However, modulation of autophagy in the offspring of obese mothers has yet to be investigated. This study tested the hypothesis that maternal obesity induced by high fat diet would be able to modulate proteins of autophagy in the hypothalamus and liver of mice offspring. At birth (d0), the offspring exhibited prejudice in autophagy markers in liver and after weaning (d18) both tissues (liver and hypothalamus) had compromised autophagy markers. The animals receiving control diet after weaning until adulthood (d82) had no impairment of autophagy proteins in both tissues examined. However, when the animals were re-exposed to high-fat diet they had alteration in protein content of autophagy, when compared to animals with high fat diet without re-exposure. Thus, high fat diet seems to be essential for negative modulation of autophagy markers. In conclusion, the offspring of obese mothers presented early impairment of autophagy proteins in the liver and hypothalamus, which may be associated with the development of metabolic disorders in the offspring in adulthood / Mestrado / Metabolismo e Biologia Molecular / Mestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolismo

Regression testing is important but time consuming. Automating the testing have many benefits. It will save money for companies because they will not have to pay testers to manually test their applications. It will produce better software with less bugs as testing can be done more frequently so bugs will be found faster. This thesis has compared two techniques used to automate regression testing. The more traditional component level record and replay tools and Visual GUI testing tools that uses image recognition. Eight tools in total was tested and compared, four from each technique. The system under test for this project was a fat client application used by Trafikverket. After automating a test suite using all tools, it could be concluded that the component level record and replay had some advantages over visual GUI testing tools, especially when it comes to verifying the state of the system under test. The benefits of visual GUI testing tools comes from their independence from the system under test and that the technique more correctly mimics how a real user interacts with the GUI. / Regressionstestning är en viktig men tidskrävande del av mjukvaruutveckling. Att automatisera testningen har flera fördelar. Det sparar pengar för företag eftersom de inte behöver betala testare för att manuellt utföra testerna. Det resulterar i bättre mjukvara med färre buggar eftersom man kan testa oftare och därmed hitta buggar tidigare. Det här projektet har undersökt och jämfört två tekniker som kan användas för att automatisera regressionstestning och verktyg som använder dessa tekniker. Dels de traditionella verktygen som identifierar objekt på komponentnivå samt verktyg som istället använder sig av bildigenkänning för att identifiera objekt. Totalt testades och utvärderades åtta verktyg, fyra av varje tekniktyp. Systemet som testades under projektet är en skrivbordsapplikation som används av Trafikverket. Efter att ha automatiserat en testsekvens med varje verktyg kunde konstateras att verktygen som identifierar objekt på komponentnivå har flera fördelar över verktyg som enbart använder bildigenkänning. Detta gäller främst när det kommer till verifiering av systemets tillstånd. Den största fördelen med bildigenkänningsverktygen visade sig vara dess oberoende från systemet, samt att tekniken mer efterliknar en verklig användare.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22365号 / 医博第4606号 / 新制||医||1043(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 岩田 想, 教授 川上 浩司, 教授 横出 正之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM