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Biscuits were prepared from eighteen different recipe formulations. The biscuits were made from flour containing 7.53%, 8.99%, and 10.05% protein with 30, 40, and 50 grams of shortening and 0 or 2.2 grams of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Biscuit quality was assessed by objective and sensory evaluation. The caloric content of the biscuits was also determined by bomb calorimetry. No significant differences were detected in biscuit volume, crumb and crust color, or tenderness. The biscuits prepared with lower levels of shortening were moister than the biscuits prepared with higher levels of shortening. Wo significant differences were found by sensory panelists with regard to evenness of exterior color, aroma, evenness of cell structure, size of cell structure, interior color, center moistness, tenderness, biscuit flavor, or aftertaste. Flakiness and exterior color were found to be significantly different. Biscuits with added MCC were detected to be less flaky. Biscuits prepared from medium protein level flour and low-shortening with MCC were darker than high-shortening biscuits without MCC. High-protein, high-shortening biscuits with MCC were darker than medium-protein, high-shortening biscuits without MCC. The caloric content of the biscuits prepared with lower amounts of shortening was found to be significantly less than biscuits prepared with the higher levels of shortening. In conclusion, high quality biscuits can be produced from flour of varying protein content with less shortening and without the incorporation of MCC. / Master of Science

The ovicidal properties of various vegetable, animal, and mineral oils were tested in an effort to develop a supplementary method of control for the codling moth and the oriental fruit moth. The reasons for undertaking this problem are twofold: first, the codling moth has become exceedingly difficult to hold in check; and, second, in the case of the oriental fruit moth there is no satisfactory method of control. The studies could be carried on with both insects because they are very closely related and also, because the oriental fruit moth is a pest of apples as well as peaches. / Master of Science

Beginning January 1, 2006 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration mandated that the amount of trans fats per serving be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel. Consequently new soybean breeds that would no longer be subject to the hydrogenation process, thus reducing trans fats, were developed. By traditional plant breeding techniques, plant breeders have developed a low linolenic soybean with 83.36% less alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-3) than conventional soybean. A number of studies have demonstrated that the influence of dietary fats on cancer depends on the quantity as well as the type of lipids and diets with a disproportionately high omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3) ratio are thought to contribute to cardiovascular disease, inflammation and cancer. Conventional soybean oil (SO) has an n-6/n-3 ratio of 8/1 while the new low linolenic soy bean oil (LLSO) has an n-6/n-3 ratio of 56/1. In this study, we evaluated the effects of dietary LLSO, SO and lard on the progression of breast cancer (BC). Thirty-five, 6-wk old, ovariectomized, athymic mice received human pre-malignant breast cells (MCF-10AT1 1 x 105 cells/40μl/ Matrigel/spot, 4 spots/mouse). Mice were divided into three groups and then fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with disparate fat sources: LLSO (20% of total energy intake), SO (20%) and lard (20%). The dietary treatment lasted 24 weeks upon which the study was terminated and tumors, tissues and blood samples were analyzed. Average tumor surface area at termination for the LLSO group was 45.11 ± 4.46 mm2, 40.08 ± 4.2 mm2 for lard and 56.63 ± 5.42 mm2 for SO. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of HER2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), H-ras, Bcl-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in tumors were analyzed using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We found that dietary LLSO supplementation significantly (p < 0.05, Tukey's test) increased tumor expression of oncogenes HER2/neu, EGFR, FAS, and H-ras, but not in the SO or lard supplemented groups. Relative mRNA expression was also significantly increased in both LLSO and SO groups, however, there was no marked difference in mRNA expression for Bcl-2 and COX-2. Removed tumors were evaluated microscopically for histologic lesion progression corresponding to human breast cancer progression. Tumors from the LLSO group showed more advanced lesions (grade 2) (p < 0.05, Chi Square test) with areas of four or more layers of epithelial cells and irregularly shaped lumens. These data suggest that dietary intake of LLSO may accelerate mammary tumor progression at a faster rate than conventional SO or lard. / Master of Science

Orientador: Daniel Barrera Arellano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:56:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gandra_KellyMoreira_D.pdf: 1962114 bytes, checksum: b863c0d311a5f84450122b2a375cd93e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O desafio das indústrias de alimentos na substituição da gordura trans em diversos produtos consiste no desenvolvimento de formulações que apresentem funcionalidade equivalente e viabilidade econômica. A interesterificação química tem-se mostrado a principal alternativa para a obtenção de gorduras plásticas zero ou low trans. Apesar da evolução tecnológica dos processos de produção das matérias-primas, os métodos convencionais utilizados pelas indústrias alimentícias na formulação de gorduras especiais são demorados e trabalhosos e, além de cálculos, muitos procedimentos de tentativa e erro são necessários. As redes neurais constituem um campo da ciência da computação ligado à inteligência artificial, que tem sido utilizado com sucesso na área de óleos e gorduras. Mediante a dificuldade enfrentada pelas indústrias na etapa de formulação de gorduras, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a técnica de redes neurais artificiais na formulação de blends zero trans para recheios de biscoito. Foram construídas e treinadas redes neurais do tipo perceptron multicamadas, utilizando três matérias-primas: óleo de soja e duas bases interesterificadas. O treinamento das redes neurais foi realizado utilizando-se como variáveis de saída o conteúdo de gordura sólida e o ponto de fusão de 62 exemplos de blends elaborados com as três matérias-primas e, como variáveis de entrada, a proporção de cada matéria-prima utilizada nos diferentes blends. A verificação da aprendizagem e da eficiência das redes neurais em generalizar dados foi realizada solicitando-se formulações de 16 blends utilizados e 16 não utilizados no treinamento, respectivamente. Desta forma, observou-se o alto desempenho das redes neurais na predição do conteúdo de gordura sólida e ponto de fusão de blends formulados com as matérias-primas do treinamento. Para averiguar a amplitude de aplicação, formulações de gorduras para recheio de biscoito foram requisitadas à rede. Foram selecionadas três formulações para cada gordura comercial usada como padrão, sendo que todas apresentaram maior desvio do conteúdo de gordura sólida, em relação ao solicitado, nas temperaturas de 10°C e 20°C. Já o conteúdo de gordura sólida e ponto de fusão determinados experimentalmente para cada formulação foram muito semelhantes aos preditos. Os recheios produzidos com as formulações propostas pela rede e com as gorduras comerciais apresentaram excelente estabilidade térmica. As formulações propostas pela rede, apesar de se apresentarem mais macias que as gorduras comerciais, foram capazes de manter a estrutura dos recheios e os biscoitos unidos sem a expulsão do recheio. A rede neural pode ser considerada uma ferramenta de grande valor na indústria, como alternativa aos procedimentos convencionais de formulação, assim como na produção de alimentos com zero ou baixo teor de isômeros trans / Abstract: The challenge for food industries to replace trans fats in various products lies in the development of formulations that yield fats with equivalent functionality and economic feasibility. Chemical interesterification has been used as the main alternative for obtaining zero trans plastic fats. Despite the technological evolution of raw material production processes, conventional methods used by food industries to formulate specialty fats are time-consuming and laborious and, in addition to calculations, many trial and error procedures are necessary. Neural networks are a field of computer science related to artificial intelligence, which has been used successfully in the area of oils and fats. Considering the difficulties faced by industries in the formulation stage of fats, the objective of this study was to apply the technique of artificial neural networks in the formulation of blends for zero trans biscuit fillings. Multilayer perceptron neural networks were constructed and trained using three raw materials: soybean oil and two interesterified fat bases. The neural network training phase was performed using as input variables the solid fat content and melting point of 62 examples of blends prepared with the three raw materials and, as output variables, the proportion of each raw material used in the different blends. The assessment of the learning capacity and efficiency of the neural networks in generalizing data was performed by requesting formulations of 16 blends used in training and 16 not used in training, respectively. The high performance of the neural networks to predict the solid fat content and melting point of blends formulated with the raw materials used for training was observed. To determine the range of application, formulations of fats for biscuit filling were requested to the network. Three formulations for each commercial fat used as standard were selected, all of which presented deviations greater than the solid fat content requested at temperatures of 10°C and 20°C. However, the solid fat content and the melting point determined experimentally for each formulation were very similar to those predicted. The fillings made with the formulations proposed by the network and commercial fats showed excellent thermal stability. The formulations proposed by the network, even though softer than the commercial fats, were able to maintain the structure of both filling and biscuit together without the expulsion of the filling. Neural networks can be considered a very valuable resource for the industry, as an alternative to conventional formulation procedures, as well as for the design and production of foods with low or zero trans isomer contents / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Lireny Aparecida Guaraldo Gonçalves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T20:31:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_AnaPaulaBadan_D.pdf: 3296918 bytes, checksum: 6db9ad1434cf0e381ae7ff2fa67d14b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A interesterificação química tem-se mostrado a principal alternativa para a obtenção de gorduras plásticas zero trans. Em particular, a interestesterificação de óleos líquidos com óleos totalmente hidrogenados (ou hardfats) consiste na alternativa de maior versatilidade para a produção de gorduras zero trans, produzindo bases gordurosas com propriedades diferentes para a aplicação em alimentos. Neste trabalho, misturas de óleo de soja (SO)/óleo de soja totalmente hidrogenado (FHSBO), com teores de FHSBO iguais a 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% (m/m) e óleo de canola (CaO)/óleo de algodão totalmente hidrogenado (FHCSO), com teores de FHCSO iguais a 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40% (m/m), foram interesterificadas nas seguintes condições: 20 minutos de reação, 0,4% de catalisador metóxido de sódio, agitação de 500 rpm, a 100°C. As misturas originais e interesterificadas foram avaliadas quanto à composição triacilglicerólica, ponto de fusão, conteúdo de gordura sólida (SFC), consistência, comportamento térmico, microestrutura, cinética de cristalização e polimorfismo. A interesterificação promoveu expressivo rearranjo das espécies triacilglicerólicas em todas as misturas, com diminuição nos teores de triacilgliceróis trissaturados e aumento dos triacilgliceróis monoinsaturadosdissaturados e diinsaturados-monossaturados, o que resultou no respectivo decréscimo dos pontos de fusão. As misturas interesterificadas apresentaram diminuição do SFC em todas as temperaturas e perfis de fusão mais lineares quando comparadas às misturas originais. Os valores de yield value mostraram aumento da plasticidade das misturas após a reação e relação com o conteúdo de gordura sólida. Os diagramas de curvas iso-sólidas para as misturas CaO:FHCSO originais indicaram interações monotéticas, que foram atenuadas com a randomização promovida pela interesterifcação. Os termogramas de fusão e cristalização das misturas foram significativamente modificados pela randomização, que também promoveu a diminuição significativa do diâmetro dos cristais em todas as misturas, além de modificação da morfologia cristalina. A caracterização da cinética de cristalização permitiu verificar que o período de indução para formação dos cristais e o teor máximo de gordura sólida foram alterados em função do teor de óleo totalmente hidrogenado nas misturas originais e como resultado do rearranjo ao acaso. Mudanças na constante (k) e expoente (n) do modelo de Avrami indicaram, respectivamente, que a interesterificação promoveu a queda na velocidade de cristalização das misturas e modificação na forma de cristalização das misturas originais. Análises de difração de raios-x revelaram que a interesterificação alterou o polimorfismo cristalino das misturas SO:FHSBO, mas não modificou o hábito cristalino das misturas CaO:FHCSO. As misturas interesterificadas 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 e 60:40 SO:FHSBO mostraram características adequadas à aplicação como shortening líquido, margarina de mesa, gordura para panificação e confeitaria, all-purpose shortenings e base para recheios, respectivamente; enquanto as misturas interesterificadas 80:20, 75:25, 70:30 e 65:35 CaO:FHCSO mostraram-se compatíveis ao uso em margarinas culinárias, spreads,gordura para panificação e all-purpose shortenings, coberturas do tipo glazers,respectivamente / Abstract: Chemical interesterification has been used as the main alternative for obtaining zero trans plastic fats. In particular, interesterification of liquid oils with fully hydrogenated oils (or hardfats) is the most versatile way for producing zero trans fats, yielding fat bases with different properties for food applications. In this work, blends of soybean oil (SO)/fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO), with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% FHSBO (w/w) content and blends of canola oil (CaO)/fully hydrogenated cottonseed oil (FHCSO), with 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% FHCSO (w/w) were interesterified under the following conditions: 20 minutes reaction time, 0.4% sodium methoxide, 500 rpm stirring, 100°C. The original and interesterified blends were examined for triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content (SFC), consistency, thermal behavior, microstructure, crystallization kinetics and polymorphism. Interesterification caused considerable rearrangement of triacylglycerol species, reduction of trisaturated triacylglycerol content and increase in monounsaturateddisaturated and diunsaturated-monosaturated triacylglycerols, lowering the initial melting points. The interesterified blends displayed reduced SFC at all temperatures and more linear melting profiles as compared with the original blends. Yield values showed a higher plasticity in the blends after the reaction, related to SFC. Iso-solid curves for original CaO:FHCSO blends indicated monotetic interactions, which were attenuated after randomization due to interesterification. Blend melting and crystallization thermograms were significantly modified by the randomization. Interesterification caused significant reductions in crystal diameter in all blends, in addition to modifying crystal morphology. Characterization of crystallization kinetics revealed that crystal formation induction period and maximum solid fat content were altered according to hardfat content in the original blends and as a result of the random rearrangement. Changes in Avrami model constant (k) and exponent (n) indicated, respectively, that ¿ as compared with the original blends ¿ interesterification decreased crystallization velocities and modified crystallization processes. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that interesterification altered crystalline polymorphism of SO:FHSBO blends, but did not modify CaO:FHCSO blends crystalline habit. The 90:10, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40 interesterified SO:FHSBO blends showed characteristics suited to application, respectively, as liquid shortening, table margarine, baking/confectionery fat and all-purpose shortenings/ biscuit-filling base; while the 80:20, 75:25, 70:30 and 65:35 interesterified CaO:FHCSO blends showed characteristics suited to application as soft margarines, spreads, bakery fats/all-purpose shortenings and icing shortenings, respectively / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Caroline Joy Steel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:50:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marangoni_AndreLuis_D.pdf: 1214013 bytes, checksum: a252edf1c913d6c97e6f9530017bb9cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A interesterificação é uma ferramenta fundamental para o desenvolvimento de gorduras "zero trans"; entretanto, comparada ao processo de hidrogenação, esta apresenta limitações, sobretudo no desenvolvimento de gorduras para uso em panificação. De acordo com a literatura, na produção de pão de forma, a gordura exerce diversas funções, como a lubrificação e o aumento da extensibilidade da massa, e o aumento do volume e do sabor do pão. A gordura afeta a textura, mantendo os pães macios por mais tempo; isto se deve possivelmente à sua interação com o amido da farinha, retardando o processo de retrogradação e, assim, estendendo a vida de prateleira do pão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar a tecnologia de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) na formulação de gorduras "zero trans" à base de óleo de soja e gorduras interesterificadas de soja para facilitar o processo de formulação por blending, específicas para produtos de panificação, e determinar a influência das mesmas na qualidade dos pães de forma e nas interações entre as gorduras e o amido da farinha. Para tanto, foram produzidos pré-misturas e pães de forma com a adição de 4% de gordura. Como padrões, foram utilizadas gorduras comerciais, hidrogenada (GHS) e low trans (GLT), além de óleo de soja (OLS). Também foram utilizados os blends de gordura formulados através da RNA (BL1, BL2, BL3 e BL4). Para efeito de controle, foi produzido um pão sem adição de gordura (C). A análise farinográfica mostrou que a absorção de água (ABS) da farinha de trigo pura (59,0%) foi em média 6,5% maior que a das pré-misturas adicionadas de gordura. O tempo de desenvolvimento (Td) foi menor para as amostras GHS, GLT e BL4. A extensografia mostrou que, dentre todas as amostras, a BL4 foi a mais resistente (980 UE) e a menos extensível (114 mm). Isto provavelmente ocorreu devido ao menor teor de óleo de soja em sua constituição (54%), o que pode ter contribuído para uma massa de maior consistência. A análise dos pães produzidos revelou que apenas os volumes específicos das amostras OLS (3,46 mL/g) e BL4 (4,07 mL/g) diferiram significativamente entre si. A análise de firmeza dos pães mostrou que ao longo da estocagem houve diferença significativa entre a firmeza dos pães com gordura e a amostra controle (1005,75 gf), sendo este valor 13% superior ao da amostra GHS - a mais firme dentre os pães com adição de gordura. A uniformidade do miolo foi maior com a utilização de gordura. Nos pães controle (C), a porosidade (26,73%) foi quase 3 vezes superior ao das amostras com a adição dos blends. Os miolos dos pães BL1, BL2, BL3 e BL4 apresentaram alvéolos pequenos e espalhados mais uniformemente, quando comparados aos pães C, GHS, GLT e OLS. Quanto à umidade, os pães com gordura apresentaram um menor teor em relação ao da amostra controle (35%), pois as suas massas absorveram menos água durante a mistura. A análise térmica através de DSC sugeriu um efeito da gordura sobre o envelhecimento dos pães, uma vez que as variações de entalpia de retrogradação foram menores para os pães com gorduras. Os blends de gordura desenvolvidos usando a RNA e aqui utilizados, além do baixo teor de ácidos graxos trans (1,18% em média), apresentaram-se viáveis para aplicação em panificação, sobretudo o BL4 / Abstract: Interesterification is a fundamental tool in the development of "zero trans" fats; however, when compared to the hydrogenation process, it presents limitations, especially when developing shortenings for bakery products. According to literature, in the production of pan bread, fat has several functions, such as lubrication and an increase in dough extensibility, and an increase in bread volume and flavor. Fat affects texture, maintaining breads soft for a longer period of time; this is possibly due to its interaction with starch in flour, retarding the retrogradation process and, thus, extending bread shelf-life. The aim of this study was to apply Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technology in the formulation of "zero trans" fats based on soybean oil and soybean interesterified fats to ease the formulation process through blending, for use in bakery products, and determine their influence on the quality of pan bread and on their interaction with starch in flour. For this, pre-mixes and breads with the addition of 4% fat were produced. As standards, commercial fats (hydrogenated soybean fat ¿ GHS and low trans fat ¿ GLT) were used, as well as soybean oil (OLS). The fat blends formulated using the ANN (BL1, BL2, BL3 e BL4) were also used. As control (C), bread without fat addition was prepared. The farinographic analysis showed that water absorption (ABS) of pure wheat flour (59.0%) was in average 6.5% higher than that of the pre-mixes of flour and fats. Dough development time (Td) was lower for the samples GHS, GLT and BL4. The extensographic analysis showed that, amongst all samples, BL4 showed the highest resistance to extension (980 EU) and the lowest extensibility (114 mm). This probably occurred due to the lower soybean oil content in its constitution (54%) that could have contributed to a more consistent dough. The analysis of the breads produced revealed that only the specific volumes of the samples OLS (3.46 mL/g) and BL4 (4.07 mL/g) differed significantly. Firmness analysis of breads showed that throughout the storage period studied there was a significant difference between the firmness of the breads with fats and the control sample (1005.75 gf), being this value 13% higher than that of GHS ¿ the firmest amongst samples with fat. Crumb uniformity was greater with the use of fat. In the control breads (C), porosity (26.73%) was almost 3 times greater than that of the samples with the addition of the blends. The crumbs of breads BL1, BL2, BL3 and BL4 presented small and more uniformly distributed alveoli, when compared to breads C, GHS, GLT and OLS. As to moisture content, breads with fat presented lower values when compared to the control sample (35%), as their doughs absorbed less water during mixing. Thermal analysis through DSC suggested an effect of fat on bread staling, once retrogradation enthalpy changes were lower for breads with fats. The fat blends developed using the ANN and used in this study, as well as having a low trans fatty acid content (1.18% in average), showed feasibility for application in pan bread, especially BL4 / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M375 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 V36 / Master of Science