Resumo: O interesse pela exploração petrolífera em armadilhas associadas à halocinese motivou a realização deste trabalho, que teve como objetivo caracterizar e descrever a evolução halocinética da região centro-norte da Bacia de Santos. Dados sísmicos e de poços foram utilizados na determinação do arcabouço estrutural-estratigráfico e na evolução cinemática do sal, por meio de técnicas de restauração palinspática. O contexto geológico-estrutural estabelecido serviu de alicerce para análise da dinâmica do sal em experimentos físicos análogos em caixa de areia com silicone. A área foi palco de intensa atividade halocinética a partir do Albiano, em resposta à distensão provocada pela abertura do Atlântico Sul e pela sobrecarga sedimentar, especialmente durante o Senoniano, quando imensas cunhas clásticas progradantes adentraram a bacia e expulsaram a espessa camada de sal, resultando numa extensa zona de falhas antitéticas, cujo bloco baixo consiste numa cicatriz da halocinese. Concomitantemente, falhas lístricas sintéticas se desenvolveram na porção norte da área, coexistindo dois sistemas de cisalhamento que resultou na instalação da zona de acomodação da distensão. No Paleoceno-Eoceno, importante sedimentação adentrou na porção sul da área exercendo sobrecarga diferencial sobre os diápiros adjacentes às mini-bacias senonianas, resultando na remobilização do sal e na inversão das mini-bacias para anticlinal tipo casco de tartaruga / Abstract: The interest in petroleum traps associated to salt tectonics was the motivation to conduct this work. The objective of the thesis is to characterize and explain the halokinetic evolution of north-central region of Santos Basin. Seismic data and wells were used to construct the structural-stratigraphic framework leading to halokinetics evolution by using palinspatic restoration techniques. The structural geologic framework was the basis of salt dynamics analyses using silicone in sandbox analogues experiments. The studied area underwent intense halokinetic activities since Albian age in response to stretching associated to Atlantic South opening and sediment loading. During Senonian huge prograding clastics wedges entered the basin expelling thick layer of salt creating an extensive antithetic fault zone, known as Cabo Frio Fault Zone, where the hangingwall rests on a salt weld. Two sets of synthetic listric fault developed concomintantly in the northern portion of area, producing an accommodation zone. During Paleocene-Eocene an important sedimentation event estabilished in the southern area causing differential loading on diapirs adjacent to senonian mini basins, resulting in salt remobilization and inversion of mini basins to form turtle structures / Orientador: Chang Hung Kiang / Coorientador: Jean Letouzey / Banca: Claudio Ricomini / Banca: Mario Luis Assine / Banca: Sidnei Pires Rostirolla / Banca: Flavio Luis Fernandes / Doutor

The Chelungpu thrust fault, Taiwan, and the Mozumi right-lateral fault, Japan, provide an opportunity to characterize active faults in clastic sedimentary rocks and provide constraints to seismologic models. The northern Chelungpu fault has a 10-30 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures and chemical alteration. The southern Chelungpu fault has a 25-70 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures, alteration, intensely sheared rock, and secondary faults. The complexity of the damage zone, geochemistry, and clay mineralogy of the southern fault zone reflects its greater maturity (~1 Ma) relative to the northern fault zone (~46-100 Ka). A transition exists from smectite in exhumed fault core to illite-rich fault core at depth (200 - 1000 m) due to co-seismic fluid flow and radiated seismic energy. Clay composition plays a role in fault weakening. Microstructures in deformed Mozumi siltstone indicate syn-tectonic fluid pressurization and flow, and shear concentrated in sericite-rich matrix. Kaolinite and illite clays dominate the host rock and fault breccia; illite, smectite, and kaolinite dominate clay-rich fault breccia. Whole-rock geochemistry shows a depletion of most oxides in fault rocks relative to unaltered host rock (up to ~90%). Resistivity values are depressed by 0-50 ohm-m, and νp and νs are decreased by ~0.30 km/s and ~0.40 km/s across the main fault relative to wall rock, and an average of ~0.70 km/s and ~1.0 km/s relative to host rock, respectively. Calculated values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of fault rocks range from 16.2 to 44.9 GPa and 0.263 to 0.393, respectively. The protolith has a calculated Young’s modulus of 55.4 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.242. Lowest values of Young’s modulus and highest values of Poisson’s ratio correspond to fault breccia with high fluid content, and are offset from the most altered and damaged fault rocks. Fluid-rich pockets, and thus alteration, apparently migrate through the fault zone and may facilitate creep on the Mozumi fault because these fluid rich rocks are unable to sustain the shear stresses needed for brittle failure. The Chelungpu and Mozumi faults illustrate the temporally dynamic and heterogeneous nature of active fault zones.

In the equatorial Pacific Ocean, earthquakes are used as an indicator of tectonic stress for normal faults in the Galapagos Spreading Center, transform faults along the East Pacific Rise and thrust faults in the Middle American subduction zone. Linkages between seafloor tectonic processes and oceanographic and lunar conditions were explored using time-series cross-correlation analyses on two different time scales. Data for earthquakes in the eastern tropical Pacific study area are obtained using the hydrophone arrays of the NOAA-VENTS Program. Hydroacoustic monitoring (listening to underwater sounds) provides scientists with a detailed dataset that includes even small earthquakes, starting as low as magnitude 0.6, that are not perceived by land-based seismographs. Data for sea surface heights (SSH) consist of two different datasets. On a moon's quarter time scale, SSH data used to investigate the influence of the earth tide and changes in oceanic conditions were remotely acquired by the altimeter on board the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite. SSH data used to investigate the influence of the ocean tides were obtained from the Tidal Model Driver (Padman and Erofeeva 2003), that predicts SSH for locations every hour. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for the visual display of the data and to compute basic descriptive statistics. A lab-book was created for the educational-outreach section of this work, explaining step by step how GIS has been used. Significant results show correlations between normal faults and ocean tides and between the thrust fault and earth tides. Also, the Quebrada and the Discovery transform faults show high correlation of earthquake events, suggesting that at such temporal and spatial resolution, the plate moves as a rigid block. / Graduation date: 2006

Η μελέτη του αναγλύφου με τη χρήση μορφοτεκτονικών παραμέτρων κατά μήκος ρηξιγενών ζωνών μας δίνει σημαντικές πληροφορίες για την ενεργότητα ή όχι των ζωνών αυτών και επίσης για την κατανόηση των επιφανειακών επιπτώσεων των σεισμών και τη σεισμική επικινδυνότητά τους. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή ειδίκευσης μελετήθηκαν, με τη βοήθεια της μορφοτεκτονικής ανάλυσης, οι ΒΒΔ– διεύθυνσης ρηξιγενείς ζώνες της Κατούνας (ΡΖΚ) και Αμφιλοχίας (ΡΖΑ) στην περιοχή της Αιτωλοακαρνανίας (Δυτ. Ελλάδα). Για τον ποιοτικό και ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό της τεκτονικής ενεργότητας των ΡΖΚ και ΡΖΑ εφαρμόστηκαν διάφοροι μορφοτεκτονικοί δείκτες, όπως ο δείκτης ευθυγράμμισης ορεογραφικού μετώπου (Smf), ο δείκτης λόγου πλάτους προς ύψος κοιλάδας (Vf), ο δείκτης μήκους-κλίσης ρέματος (SL), ο συντελεστής ασυμμετρίας λεκάνης απορροής (AF), ο δείκτης σχήματος λεκάνης απορροής (Bs), και το ποσοστό τριγωνικών γεωμορφών (Pf), οι οποίοι υπολογίστηκαν με τη βοήθεια ψηφιακών μοντέλων εδάφους (DEM). Από την ανάλυση των διαγραμμάτων κατακόρυφης μετατόπισης με το μήκος στις δύο ρηξιγενείς ζώνες φαίνεται ότι αυτές παρουσιάζονται τμηματοποιημένες, ενώ μεγαλύτερη κατακόρυφη μετατόπιση, της τάξης των 750–800m παρουσιάζεται στη ΡΖΑ. Από τη συσχέτιση των δεικτών Smf και Vf, προκύπτει ότι και οι δύο ρηξιγενείς ζώνες είναι ενεργές και συγκεκριμένα ανήκουν στην τάξη 1 της τεκτονικής ενεργότητας, με ρυθμό ανύψωσης μεγαλύτερο από 1mm/yr. Επίσης, από την συσχέτιση των τιμών των δεικτών Vf – Bs – SL προκύπτει ότι η αυξημένη ενεργότητα και για τις δύο ρηξιγενείς ζώνες, συγκεντρώνεται στις περιοχές επικάλυψης και αλληλεπίδρασης των επιμέρους ρηξιγενών τμημάτων. Η ύπαρξη επιμήκων και ασύμμετρων λεκανών απορροής στη βάση των ρηξιγενών ζωνών και η σεισμικότητα κατά μήκος τους επιβεβαιώνει ότι οι ευθύγραμμοι αυτοί ρηξιγενείς πρόποδες είναι τεκτονικά ενεργοί. Τα ποσοστά τριγωνικών γεωμορφών υποδηλώνουν ότι η παραμόρφωση πραγματοποιείται με αργό ρυθμό. Οι ρηξιγενείς ζώνες Κατούνας και Αμφιλοχίας χαρακτηρίζονται από ένα ενδιάμεσο τύπο παραμόρφωσης μεταξύ εφελκυσμού, κάθετα στις ΒΒΔ – διευθυνόμενες ζώνες, και αριστερόστροφης διατμητικής παραμόρφωσης, προσδίδοντας σε αυτές ένα χαρακτήρα ζωνών μεταβίβασης (transfer zone) με διαγώνια διαστολή μεταξύ των ΔΒΔ – διευθυνόμενων τεκτονικών τάφρων του Πατραϊκού και Αμβρακικού κόλπου. / The study of the topographic relief along fault zones using geomorphological indices provides important information about the activity of these zones and understanding of the surface effects of earthquakes and possible seismic risk. In this study, a morphotectonic analysis was applied along the NNW-trending fault zones of Katouna (PZK) and Amfilochia (PZA), which are located in Aitoloakarnania (W. Greece). For the qualitative and quantitative determination of tectonic activity along the PZK and PZA zones several morphotectonic indices were implemented, such as the mountain – front sinuosity index (Smf), the ratio of valley–floor width to valley height (Vf), the stream length–Gradient index (SL), the Basin Asymmetry Factor (AF), the Drainage Basin Shape (Bs), and the percentage of triangular facets along mountain fronts (Pf). All these morphotectonic indices and the drainage basin pattern were calculated using a 30 m Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The distribution of the throw along the fault zones implies that these zones are segmented and consist of several individual fault segments, while the highest throw values, on the order of 750-800m, are located in the central segments of the PZA. The maximum throw in PZK is lower and reaches a value of 250-300m. From the correlation of morphotectonic indices Smf and Vf, it seems that both fault zones are active (class 1 of tectonic activity), with a rate of uplift > 1mm/yr. Furthermore, the correlation of Vf , Bs and SL shows that the highest tectonic uplift and subsequent activity for both fault zones concentrates on the relay zones (overlapping or underlapping) between the interacting fault segments. The presence of long and asymmetric basins on the footwall block of the fault zones and the associated seismicity along them confirms that the segments are tectonically active. The percentage of triangular facets (22-55%) suggests the low rates of deformation along these fault zones and the increased activity of them towards the southern tip zones. The fault zones of Katouna and Amfilochia appear to be characterized by an intermediate type of deformation, showing extensional deformation in a NE-orientation and sinistral shear deformation along their NNW-orientation. The Katouna and Amfilochia fault zones appears to act as a composite transfer zone accommodating left-lateral oblique extension between the more active WNW-directed grabens of Amvrakikos and Gulf of Patras.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (pages 173-186). / This thesis investigates the long-term evolution of rift-bounding normal faults. To first order, the observed diversity of extensional tectonic styles reflects differences in the maximum offset that can be accommodated on individual faults during their life span. My main objective is to develop a theoretical framework that explains these differences in terms of a few key mechanical and geological controls. I start by laying out the energy cost associated with slip on a normal fault, which consists of (1) overcoming the frictional resistance on the fault, (2) bending the faulted layer and (3) sustaining the growth of topography. In Chapter 2, I propose that flexural rotation of the active fault plane enables faults to evolve along a path of minimal energy, thereby enhancing their life span. Flexural rotation occurs more rapidly in thinner faulted layers, and can potentially explain the wide range of normal fault dips documented with focal mechanisms. In Chapter 3, I show that surface processes can enhance the life span of continental normal faults by reducing the energy cost associated with topography buildup. In Chapter 4, I focus on lithospheric bending induced by fault growth, which is well described by elasto-plastic flexure models. I demonstrate that numerical models that treat the lithosphere as a visco-plastic solid can properly predict fault evolution only when the rate-dependent viscous flexural wavelength of the lithosphere is accommodated within the numerical domain. In Chapter 5, I consider the interplay of faulting and crustal emplacement at a slow mid-ocean ridge. I show that a depth-variable rate of magma emplacement can reconcile the formation of long-lived detachment faults, which requires a moderate melt supply, and the exhumation of large volumes of lower crustal material. Finally, in Chapter 6 I investigate the three-dimensional interactions between normal faults in a lithosphere of varying thickness. I suggest that large along-axis gradients in lithospheric thickness can prevent the growth of continuous faults along-axis, and instead decouple the modes of faulting at the segment center and at the segment end. / by Jean-Arthur Louis Olive. / Ph. D.

The structure of fault zones (FZs) plays an important role in understanding fault mechanics, earthquake rupture and seismic hazards. Fault zone seismic guided waves (GW) carry important information about internal structure of the low-velocity fault damage zone. Numerical modeling of observed FZGWs has been used to construct models of FZ structure. However, the depth extent of the waveguide and the uniqueness of deep structure in the models have been debated. Elastic finite-difference synthetic seismograms were generated for FZ models that include an increase in seismic velocity with depth both inside and outside the FZ. Strong GWs were created from sources both in and out of the waveguide, in contrast with previous homogenous-FZ studies that required an in-fault source to create GW. This is because the frequency-dependent trapping efficiency of the waveguide changes with depth. The near-surface fault structure efficiently guides waves at lower frequencies than the deeper fault. Fault structure at seismogenic depth requires the analysis of data at higher frequencies than the GWs that dominate at the surface. Adapting a two-station technique from surface wave studies, dispersive differential group arrival times between two earthquakes can be used to solve for FZ structures between the earthquakes. This method was tested with synthetic data and shallow events recorded in the SAFOD borehole in the San Andreas Fault. A pair of deep earthquakes recorded in the SAFOD borehole indicate a ~150 m wide San Andreas Fault waveguide with >20% velocity contrast at 10-12 km depth. With additional earthquakes, the full FZ structure at seismogenic depth could be imaged. Subsurface FZ structure can also be derived from a surface source and receiver array analogous to a body-wave refraction survey. Synthetic seismograms for such source-receiver geometry were generated and verified that FZGWs are refracted by the increase in velocity with depth. Synthetic data from a surface array were successfully inverted to derive FZ structure in the subsurface. The new methods presented in this dissertation extend the potential of FZGWs to image deeper FZ structure than has been uniquely constrained in the past. / Ph. D.

Fault zones are potential paths for release of radioactive nuclides from radioactive-waste repositories in granitic rock. This research considers detailed maps of en echelon fault zones at two sites in southern Sweden, as a basis for analyses of how their internal geometry can influence groundwater flow and transport of radioactive nuclides. Fracture intensity within these zones is anisotropic and correlated over scales of several meters along strike, corresponding to the length and spacing of the en echelon steps. Flow modeling indicates these properties lead to correlation of zone transmissivity over similar scales. Intensity of fractures in the damage zone adjoining en echelon segments decreases exponentially with distance. These fractures are linked to en echelon segments as a hierarchical pattern of branches. Echelon steps also show a hierarchical internal structure. These traits suggest a fractal increase in the amount of pore volume that solute can access by diffusive mass transfer, with increasing distance from en echelon segments. Consequences may include tailing of solute breakthrough curves, similar to that observed in underground tracer experiments at one of the mapping sites. The implications of echelon-zone architecture are evaluated by numerical simulation of flow and solute transport in 2-D network models, including deterministic models based directly on mapping data, and a statistical model. The simulations account for advection, diffusion-controlled mixing across streamlines within fractures and at intersections, and diffusion into both stagnant branch fractures and macroscopically unfractured matrix. The simulations show that secondary fractures contribute to retardation of solute, although their net effect is sensitive to assumptions regarding heterogeneity of transmissivity and transport aperture. Detailed results provide insight into the function of secondary fractures as an immobile domain affecting mass transfer on time scales relevant to field characterization and repository safety assessment. In practical terms, secondary fractures in these en echelon zones are not indicated to limit release of radiation to the surface environment, to a degree that is significant for improving repository safety. Thus en echelon zones are to be regarded as detrimental geologic features, with potentially complex transport behavior which should be considered in the interpretation of in-situ experiments. / Graduation date: 2005

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os ungulados viventes (Cetartiodactyla e Perissodactyla), nas regiões estudadas, são representados por 11 gêneros e 24 espécies. O presente estudo propõe reconhecer os padrões de distribuição destas espécies, a partir da aplicação do método pan-biogeográfico de análise de traços. Este método auxilia no entendimento a priori dos padrões congruentes de distribuição e numa compreensão de padrões e processos de diferenciação geográfica no tempo e no espaço, reconstruindo a biogeografia de táxons. Em relação a aspectos conservacionistas, o método foi aplicado na identificação de áreas prioritárias para conservação. A aplicação do método consiste basicamente na marcação das localidades de ocorrência dos diferentes táxons em mapas, sendo estas localidades conectadas por intermédio de linhas seguindo um critério de mínima distância, resultando nos chamados traços individuais que foram plotados nos mapas de biomas da América Central e do Sul do programa ArcView GIS 3.2. A superposição destes traços individuais define um traço generalizado, sugerindo uma história comum, ou seja, a preexistência de uma biota ancestral subsequentemente fragmentada por eventos vicariantes. A interseção de dois ou mais traços generalizados corresponde a um nó biogeográfico, que representa áreas compostas e complexas, nas quais se agrupam distintas histórias biogeográficas. Para a análise pan-biogeográfica foi utilizado o software ArcView GIS 3.2 e a extensão Trazos 2004. A partir da superposição dos 24 traços individuais, foram reconhecidos cinco traços generalizados (TGs): TG1, Mesoamericano/Chocó, composto por Mazama pandora, M. temama e Tapirus bairdii; TG2, Andes do Norte (Mazama rufina, Pudu mephistophiles e Tapirus pinchaque); TG 3, Andes Centrais (Hippocamelus antisensis, Lama guanicoe, Mazama chunyi e Vicugna vicugna) ; TG4, Patagônia chilena (Hippocamelus bisulcus e Pudu puda).; TG5, Chaco/Centro oeste do Brasil (Blastocerus dichotomus, Catagonus wagneri e Ozotocerus bezoarticus); e um nó biogeográfico em Antioquia no noroeste da Colômbia. As espécies Mazama americana, M.bricenii, M.goazoubira, M.nana, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari e T. tajacu não participaram de nenhum dos traços generalizados. Os padrões de distribuição formados a partir dos traços generalizados indicam que os ungulados viventes sofreram uma fragmentação e diferenciação no Pleistoceno, relacionadas a eventos históricos ocorridos na região Neotropical, na Zona de Transição Sul-americana e na região Andina, explicados pelos movimentos ocorridos nas Zonas de Falhas Tectônicas da América Central e do Sul, por vulcanismo e pelas mudanças climáticas. A formação do platô Altiplano-Puna revelou ser uma barreira geográfica, tanto em tempos pretéritos como em tempos atuais, para a maioria da biota sul-americana, com exceção dos camelídeos, que habitam estas áreas da Argentina, do oeste da Bolívia e sudoeste do Peru. O nó biogeográfico confirmou a presença de componentes bióticos de diferentes origens, constituindo uma área com grande diversidade biológica e endêmica, sugerindo assim uma unidade de conservação no noroeste da América do Sul. / The living ungulates (Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla) are represented in the studied regions by 11 genera and 24 species. This study proposes to recognize the distribution patterns of these species, using the panbiogeographical method of track analysis. This method is a useful tool in a priori understanding of the congruent distribution patterns and in the knowledge of patterns and processes of geographical differentiation in time and space, reconstructing the biogeography of taxa. Regarding conservationist approaches, it was applied in order to identify priority conservation areas. The panbiogeographical method consists basically of plotting locality records of different taxa on maps and connecting them using lines following a criterion of minimum distance, resulting in the so-called individual tracks, which were plotted on maps of biomes of Central America and South America from the ArcView GIS 3.2. The individual tracks are superimposed and the coincidence of them corresponds to generalized tracks, indicating a common history, that is, the existence of an ancestral biota widespread in the past and later fragmented by vicariant events. The intersection of two or more generalized tracks corresponds to a biogeographic node, which represents composite and complex areas, implying that different ancestral biotas interrelated, possibly in different geologic times. The analysis was carried out with the aid of the software ArcView v3.2 and the Trazos2004 extension. From the overlapping of the 24 individual tracks, five generalized tracks (GTs) were recognized: GT1, Mesoamerican/Chocó, composed by Mazama pandora, M. temama and Tapirus bairdii; GT2, Northern Andes (Mazama rufina, Pudu mephistophiles and Tapirus pinchaque); GT 3, Central Andes (Hippocamelus antisensis, Lama guanicoe, Mazama chunyi and Vicugna vicugna); GT4, Chilean Patagonia (Hippocamelus bisulcus and Pudu puda); GT5, Chaco/Center-West Brazil (Blastocerus dichotomus, Catagonus wagneri and Ozotocerus bezoarticus); and a biogeographic node in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. The species Mazama americana, M. bricenii, M. goazoubira, M. nana, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu did not participate in the composition of any generalized track. The distribution patterns formed from the generalized tracks indicate that living ungulates were fragmented and differentiated in the Pleistocene, related to historical events in Neotropical region, South American Transition Zone and Andean region, explained by movements in Tectonic Fault Zones of Central America and South America, by volcanism and climate change. The formation of the Altiplano-Puna plateau seemed to be a geographic barrier in past and present times for most of the South American biota, except for camelids, which inhabit these areas in Argentina, western Bolivia and southeastern Peru. The biogeographic node confirmed the presence of biotic components of different origins, being an area with great biological diversity and endemicity, therefore suggesting a conservation unit in northwestern South America.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 correa_fs_dr_rcla.pdf: 17492057 bytes, checksum: 8cc4d1d3ffe575008117e1eb0708fac5 (MD5) / O interesse pela exploração petrolífera em armadilhas associadas à halocinese motivou a realização deste trabalho, que teve como objetivo caracterizar e descrever a evolução halocinética da região centro-norte da Bacia de Santos. Dados sísmicos e de poços foram utilizados na determinação do arcabouço estrutural-estratigráfico e na evolução cinemática do sal, por meio de técnicas de restauração palinspática. O contexto geológico-estrutural estabelecido serviu de alicerce para análise da dinâmica do sal em experimentos físicos análogos em caixa de areia com silicone. A área foi palco de intensa atividade halocinética a partir do Albiano, em resposta à distensão provocada pela abertura do Atlântico Sul e pela sobrecarga sedimentar, especialmente durante o Senoniano, quando imensas cunhas clásticas progradantes adentraram a bacia e expulsaram a espessa camada de sal, resultando numa extensa zona de falhas antitéticas, cujo bloco baixo consiste numa cicatriz da halocinese. Concomitantemente, falhas lístricas sintéticas se desenvolveram na porção norte da área, coexistindo dois sistemas de cisalhamento que resultou na instalação da zona de acomodação da distensão. No Paleoceno-Eoceno, importante sedimentação adentrou na porção sul da área exercendo sobrecarga diferencial sobre os diápiros adjacentes às mini-bacias senonianas, resultando na remobilização do sal e na inversão das mini-bacias para anticlinal tipo casco de tartaruga / The interest in petroleum traps associated to salt tectonics was the motivation to conduct this work. The objective of the thesis is to characterize and explain the halokinetic evolution of north-central region of Santos Basin. Seismic data and wells were used to construct the structural-stratigraphic framework leading to halokinetics evolution by using palinspatic restoration techniques. The structural geologic framework was the basis of salt dynamics analyses using silicone in sandbox analogues experiments. The studied area underwent intense halokinetic activities since Albian age in response to stretching associated to Atlantic South opening and sediment loading. During Senonian huge prograding clastics wedges entered the basin expelling thick layer of salt creating an extensive antithetic fault zone, known as Cabo Frio Fault Zone, where the hangingwall rests on a salt weld. Two sets of synthetic listric fault developed concomintantly in the northern portion of area, producing an accommodation zone. During Paleocene-Eocene an important sedimentation event estabilished in the southern area causing differential loading on diapirs adjacent to senonian mini basins, resulting in salt remobilization and inversion of mini basins to form turtle structures

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os ungulados viventes (Cetartiodactyla e Perissodactyla), nas regiões estudadas, são representados por 11 gêneros e 24 espécies. O presente estudo propõe reconhecer os padrões de distribuição destas espécies, a partir da aplicação do método pan-biogeográfico de análise de traços. Este método auxilia no entendimento a priori dos padrões congruentes de distribuição e numa compreensão de padrões e processos de diferenciação geográfica no tempo e no espaço, reconstruindo a biogeografia de táxons. Em relação a aspectos conservacionistas, o método foi aplicado na identificação de áreas prioritárias para conservação. A aplicação do método consiste basicamente na marcação das localidades de ocorrência dos diferentes táxons em mapas, sendo estas localidades conectadas por intermédio de linhas seguindo um critério de mínima distância, resultando nos chamados traços individuais que foram plotados nos mapas de biomas da América Central e do Sul do programa ArcView GIS 3.2. A superposição destes traços individuais define um traço generalizado, sugerindo uma história comum, ou seja, a preexistência de uma biota ancestral subsequentemente fragmentada por eventos vicariantes. A interseção de dois ou mais traços generalizados corresponde a um nó biogeográfico, que representa áreas compostas e complexas, nas quais se agrupam distintas histórias biogeográficas. Para a análise pan-biogeográfica foi utilizado o software ArcView GIS 3.2 e a extensão Trazos 2004. A partir da superposição dos 24 traços individuais, foram reconhecidos cinco traços generalizados (TGs): TG1, Mesoamericano/Chocó, composto por Mazama pandora, M. temama e Tapirus bairdii; TG2, Andes do Norte (Mazama rufina, Pudu mephistophiles e Tapirus pinchaque); TG 3, Andes Centrais (Hippocamelus antisensis, Lama guanicoe, Mazama chunyi e Vicugna vicugna) ; TG4, Patagônia chilena (Hippocamelus bisulcus e Pudu puda).; TG5, Chaco/Centro oeste do Brasil (Blastocerus dichotomus, Catagonus wagneri e Ozotocerus bezoarticus); e um nó biogeográfico em Antioquia no noroeste da Colômbia. As espécies Mazama americana, M.bricenii, M.goazoubira, M.nana, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari e T. tajacu não participaram de nenhum dos traços generalizados. Os padrões de distribuição formados a partir dos traços generalizados indicam que os ungulados viventes sofreram uma fragmentação e diferenciação no Pleistoceno, relacionadas a eventos históricos ocorridos na região Neotropical, na Zona de Transição Sul-americana e na região Andina, explicados pelos movimentos ocorridos nas Zonas de Falhas Tectônicas da América Central e do Sul, por vulcanismo e pelas mudanças climáticas. A formação do platô Altiplano-Puna revelou ser uma barreira geográfica, tanto em tempos pretéritos como em tempos atuais, para a maioria da biota sul-americana, com exceção dos camelídeos, que habitam estas áreas da Argentina, do oeste da Bolívia e sudoeste do Peru. O nó biogeográfico confirmou a presença de componentes bióticos de diferentes origens, constituindo uma área com grande diversidade biológica e endêmica, sugerindo assim uma unidade de conservação no noroeste da América do Sul. / The living ungulates (Cetartiodactyla and Perissodactyla) are represented in the studied regions by 11 genera and 24 species. This study proposes to recognize the distribution patterns of these species, using the panbiogeographical method of track analysis. This method is a useful tool in a priori understanding of the congruent distribution patterns and in the knowledge of patterns and processes of geographical differentiation in time and space, reconstructing the biogeography of taxa. Regarding conservationist approaches, it was applied in order to identify priority conservation areas. The panbiogeographical method consists basically of plotting locality records of different taxa on maps and connecting them using lines following a criterion of minimum distance, resulting in the so-called individual tracks, which were plotted on maps of biomes of Central America and South America from the ArcView GIS 3.2. The individual tracks are superimposed and the coincidence of them corresponds to generalized tracks, indicating a common history, that is, the existence of an ancestral biota widespread in the past and later fragmented by vicariant events. The intersection of two or more generalized tracks corresponds to a biogeographic node, which represents composite and complex areas, implying that different ancestral biotas interrelated, possibly in different geologic times. The analysis was carried out with the aid of the software ArcView v3.2 and the Trazos2004 extension. From the overlapping of the 24 individual tracks, five generalized tracks (GTs) were recognized: GT1, Mesoamerican/Chocó, composed by Mazama pandora, M. temama and Tapirus bairdii; GT2, Northern Andes (Mazama rufina, Pudu mephistophiles and Tapirus pinchaque); GT 3, Central Andes (Hippocamelus antisensis, Lama guanicoe, Mazama chunyi and Vicugna vicugna); GT4, Chilean Patagonia (Hippocamelus bisulcus and Pudu puda); GT5, Chaco/Center-West Brazil (Blastocerus dichotomus, Catagonus wagneri and Ozotocerus bezoarticus); and a biogeographic node in Antioquia, northwestern Colombia. The species Mazama americana, M. bricenii, M. goazoubira, M. nana, Tapirus terrestris, Tayassu pecari and T. tajacu did not participate in the composition of any generalized track. The distribution patterns formed from the generalized tracks indicate that living ungulates were fragmented and differentiated in the Pleistocene, related to historical events in Neotropical region, South American Transition Zone and Andean region, explained by movements in Tectonic Fault Zones of Central America and South America, by volcanism and climate change. The formation of the Altiplano-Puna plateau seemed to be a geographic barrier in past and present times for most of the South American biota, except for camelids, which inhabit these areas in Argentina, western Bolivia and southeastern Peru. The biogeographic node confirmed the presence of biotic components of different origins, being an area with great biological diversity and endemicity, therefore suggesting a conservation unit in northwestern South America.