Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2006. / Submitted by wesley oliveira leite (leite.wesley@yahoo.com.br) on 2009-11-10T22:30:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Karla Neves Laranjeira Braga dissertacao completa.pdf: 1993358 bytes, checksum: d98df231f48395264ee40a94b1bdcc0f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Carolina Campos(carolinacamposmaia@gmail.com) on 2010-03-12T15:41:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Karla Neves Laranjeira Braga dissertacao completa.pdf: 1993358 bytes, checksum: d98df231f48395264ee40a94b1bdcc0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-12T15:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karla Neves Laranjeira Braga dissertacao completa.pdf: 1993358 bytes, checksum: d98df231f48395264ee40a94b1bdcc0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Os rotavírus são caracterizados por uma ampla diversidade genética, que possui implicações na epidemiologia das diarréias agudas infecciosas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a variabilidade dos genótipos G dos rotavírus do grupo A circulantes no Distrito Federal, região Central do Brasil, nos períodos de 1986 a 1990; de 1994 a 1996 e de 2004 a 2005. Foram analisadas cento e três amostras fecais cedidas pelo Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública do Distrito Federal. Essas amostras foram coletadas em três períodos distintos: 1986 a 1990, 1994 a 1996, e de 2004 a 2005. A detecção dos rotavírus foi inicialmente realizada por meio das técnicas de EIARA (Ensaio Imunoenzimático para Rotavírus e Adenovírus) e PAGE (Eletroforese em Gel de Policriamida). Os resultados obtidos pelas duas técnicas apresentaram concordância de 98%. Apenas duas amostras foram positivas em PAGE e não reagentes no EIARA. Todas as amostras apresentaram perfil característico dos rotavírus do grupo A em PAGE. Das 103 amostras analisadas, 94 apresentaram perfil longo, oito perfil curto e um perfil curto atípico. Os RNAs foram transcritos reversamente e amplificados pela PCR, utilizando-se os primers 9con1 e 9con2, para a obtenção de um fragmento de 904 pb, correspondente ao gene que codifica a proteína VP7. Os produtos da PCR foram submetidos ao seqüenciamento automático a as seqüências obtidas analisadas pelos programas FASTA e BLAST. Quando os dados dos três períodos foram analisados conjuntamente, o genótipo predominante foi o G1 (50,48%), seguido pelos genótipos G9 (18,45%), G2 (10,68%), G5 (10,68%), G3 (5,83%) e G4 (3,88%). No primeiro período (1986-1990) 41% das amostras eram do genótipo G1; 24% do genótipo G5; 18% do genótipo G3 e 9% dos genótipos G2 e G4. No segundo período (1994-1996), 74,47% foram do genótipo G1; 17,02% G2; 6,38% G5 e 2,13% G4. No terceiro período (2004-2005) o genótipo mais prevalente foi o G9 (86,36%), seguido do G1 em 13,64% das amostras. A análise filogenética foi realizada pelo método de neighbor-joining e a separação dos ramos em genótipos apresentou valores de bootstrap elevados, confirmando os dados de homologia obtidos por meio dos programas FASTA e BLAST. As informações geradas por este trabalho estão de acordo com os dados da literatura e poderão subsidiar estudos futuros de eficácia da vacina que foi introduzida no Calendário Nacional de Imunização no Brasil, bem como o monitoramento dos genótipos de rotavírus circulantes no Distrito Federal e Entorno. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Rotaviruses are characterized by a high genetic diversity. Such diversity has potential implication on the epidemiology of acute infectious diarrhea. This work aimed to describe the variability of G genotypes from group A rotaviruses circulating in the Federal District, Central Brazil. One hundred and three fecal samples kindly provided by the Public Health Laboratory of the Federal District were analyzed. The samples were collected at three distinct timeframes: 1986 to 1990, 1994 to 1996 and 2004 to 3005. The rotavirus detection was initially performed by EIARA and PAGE. The results from these two procedures presented 98% of agreement. Only two samples were positive by PAGE and non reactive by EIARA. All samples showed electrophoretic profile compatible with group A rotaviruses. From the 103 samples analyzed, 94 showed long electropherotype, whereas eight showed short and one atypical electropherotype. The extracted RNAs were reversely transcribed and amplified by PCR, using 9con1 and 9con2 primers, generating DNA fragments with approximately 904 bp corresponding to part of the VP7 protein gene. The PCR products were submitted to automated sequencing and the generated sequences were analyzed by the FASTA and BLAST programs. When the three seasons were evaluated, the predominant genotype was G1 (50.48%), followed by G9 (18.45%), G2 (10.68%), G5 (10.68%), G3 (5.83%) and G4 (3.88%) genotypes. In the first season (1986-1990), 41.18% of the samples were described as genotype G1; 23.53% genotype G5; 17.65 G3 and 8.82% G2 and G4. During the second season (1994-1996), 74.47% of the samples were characterized as G1; 17.02% G2; 6.38% G5 and 2.13% G4. The most prevalent genotype of the third season (2004-2005) was G9 (86.36%) folowed by G1 (13.64%). Phylogenetic analysis was performed by the neighbor-joining method and the segregation of the genotypes confirmed the homology results obtained by FASTA and BLAST. The information generated by this study is in agreement with the literature and may subsidize future evaluation of vaccine efficacy as well as the monitoring of rotavirus genotypes in the Federal District and in Brazil.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, 2007. / Submitted by Larissa Ferreira dos Angelos (ferreirangelos@gmail.com) on 2009-12-16T13:26:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_AndresaSoaresRodrigues.pdf: 4607807 bytes, checksum: 654f3e452aa78d1c2a9f3c1222270334 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Daniel Ribeiro(daniel@bce.unb.br) on 2009-12-16T20:54:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_AndresaSoaresRodrigues.pdf: 4607807 bytes, checksum: 654f3e452aa78d1c2a9f3c1222270334 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-12-16T20:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_AndresaSoaresRodrigues.pdf: 4607807 bytes, checksum: 654f3e452aa78d1c2a9f3c1222270334 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-29 / O Distrito Federal está situado no Brasil Central, entre as coordenadas geográficas 15°30’-16°03’S e 47°19’-48°12’W, totalizando uma área de 5.783km². Sua vegetação abrange formas bem variadas, desde campos com plantas rasteiras, às vezes com arbustos e subarbustos, até florestas. A família Euphorbiaceae abrange aproximadamente 290 gêneros e cerca de 7.500 espécies. No Distrito Federal está representada por 22 gêneros e entre os mais representativos estão Croton L., Manihot Mill. e Sebastiania Bertol. O presente trabalho objetiva contribuir com a “Flora do Distrito Federal, Brasil”, através do levantamento das tribos Manihoteae Melchior e Dalechampieae Müll., baseandose em coletas de campo e na análise de materiais herborizados de coleções dos seguintes herbários: Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CEN); Universidade de Brasília (UB), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística(IBGE), Jardim Botânico de Brasília (HEPH) e Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo(SP). As tribos Manihoteae e Dalechampieae são monogenéricas. O gênero Manihot é natural das Américas, com dois principais centros de diversidade, um localizado no Brasil (Minas Gerais, Goiás e interior da Bahia), com cerca de 80 espécies e outro no México, com cerca de 18 espécies. O gênero Dalechampia é natural dos trópicos, bem representado nas Américas com cerca de 100 espécies. No Distrito Federal foram identificadas quatro espécies de Dalechampia: D. caperonioides Baillon, D. humilis Müll. Arg., D. linearis Baillon, D. triphylla Lam., e 13 espécies e 1 variedade de Manihot: M. anomala Pohl, M. fruticulosa (Pax) Rogers & Appan, M. gracilis Pohl, M. hilariana Baillon, M. longepetiolata Pohl, M. nana Müll. Arg., M. nogueirae Allem, M. sparsifolia Pohl, M. pusilla Pohl, M. tripartita (Spreg) Müll. Arg., M. triphylla Pohl, M. tomentosa Pohl, M. violacea var. violacea Müll. Arg. e M. violacea var. cecropiifolia (Pohl) Müll. Arg., totalizando 18 táxons destas tribos no Distrito Federal. Oitenta por cento dos táxons foram observados no campo e coletados. Manihot nogueirae é endêmica da bacia do rio São Bartolomeu, M. hilariana, M. longepetiolata e D. triphylla estão sendo citadas pela primeira vez para o Distrito Federal. São apresentadas: chaves de identificação, descrições, ilustrações e comentários. ________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The Federal District is located in Central Brazil, within the geographical coordinates 15°30’-16°03’S and 47°19’-48°12’W, in an area of 5,783 km². The vegetation in the Federal District is very varied in form, ranging from dense grasslands, usually with a sparse covering of shrubs and small trees, to almost closed woodlands. The family Euphorbiaceae has approximately 290 genera and around 7,500 species, distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. In the Federal District it is represented by 22 genera, among which the most representative are Croton L., Manihot Mill. and Sebastiania Bertol. This paper is to contribute to the Federal District Flora by identifying the Manihoteae Melchior and Dalechampieae Müll. tribes, based on field collects and on the analysis of vouchers from the foollowing herbaria: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (CEN); University of Brasília (UB), Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Brasília Botanic Garden (HEPH) and Botanical Institute of São Paulo (SP). The tribes Manihoteae and Dalechampieae are monogeneric. The genus Manihot is natural from the Americas, with two main diversity centers – one located in Brazil (Minas Gerais, Goiás and inland Bahia), with around 80 species, and the other in Mexico, with around 18 species. The genus Dalechampia is tropical, well represented in the Americas with around 100 species. 18 taxa of these tribes were identified in the Federal District: four species of Dalechampia: D. caperonioides Baillon, D. humilis Müll. Arg., D. linearis Baillon D. triphylla Lam., and 13 species and a variety of Manihot: M. anomala Pohl, M. fruticulosa (Pax) Rogers & Appan, M. gracilis Pohl, M. hilariana Baillon, M. longepetiolata Pohl, M. nana Müll. Arg., M. nogueirae Allem, M. sparsifolia Pohl, M. pusilla Pohl, M. tripartita (Spreg) Müll. Arg., M. triphylla Pohl, M. tomentosa Pohl, M. violacea var. violacea Müll. Arg. and M. violacea var. cecropiifolia (Pohl) Müll. Arg. 80% of this taxa were observed at the field and collected. Manihot nogueirae is endemic from the São Bartolomeu river basin, M. hilariana, M. longepetiolata and D. triphylla are mentioned for the first time for the Federal District. Identifying keys, descriptions, illustrations and comments are presented.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2009. / Submitted by Larissa Ferreira dos Angelos (ferreirangelos@gmail.com) on 2010-04-07T15:25:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_PatriciaMauricioCampos.pdf: 909190 bytes, checksum: eef498a4443384e33e20a74756ba9c4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Carolina Campos(carolinacamposmaia@gmail.com) on 2010-05-19T19:05:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_PatriciaMauricioCampos.pdf: 909190 bytes, checksum: eef498a4443384e33e20a74756ba9c4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-19T19:05:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_PatriciaMauricioCampos.pdf: 909190 bytes, checksum: eef498a4443384e33e20a74756ba9c4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20 / Os Latossolos Vermelhos e os Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos são os solos predominantes no Cerrado. A classe Latossolo Vermelho ocorre, sobretudo, nos topos das chapadas, enquanto a classe Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo ocorre, principalmente, nas bordas de chapada e divisores, em superfícies planas, sempre adjacentes à classe dos Latossolos Vermelhos, e está associado ao desenvolvimento de concreções ferruginosas em subsuperfície do seu perfil. A existência dessas concreções ferruginosas nos Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos pode ser considerada um obstáculo na percolação de água no perfil. A presença do lençol freático acima dessas concreções e, portanto, em contato com o solo, promove um ambiente com deficiência de drenagem interna e de oxigênio, podendo limitar o desenvolvimento da vegetação e possíveis práticas agrícolas. O recurso solo requer um levantamento detalhado devido à variabilidade dos Latossolos de maior potencial agrícola do Distrito Federal, além de técnicas cada vez mais ágeis em função do acelerado crescimento populacional. Portanto, a caracterização do ambiente físico é ferramenta fundamental para o planejamento, gerenciamento racional do uso do solo e para a conservação deste recurso natural, base de qualquer atividade agrícola sustentável. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a influência das características físico-hídricas nos atributos morfológicos, químicos, físicos e mineralógicos dos Latossolos do Distrito Federal. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The Typic Rhodustox and the Tropic Plintustox are the predominant soils in the Savannas. The Typic Rhodustox class occurs especially in the tops at the plateau, while the Tropic Plintustox occurs, mostly, at the plateau border and dividers, on flat surfaces, always adjacent to the Typic Rhodustox, associated with the ferruginous concretions in its profile subsurface. The existence of these ferruginous concretions at the Tropic Plintustox may be considered an obstacle to the water percolation at the profile. The presence of groundwater sheet over these ferruginous concretions and, therefore, in contact with the soil propitiates an environment with internal drainage and oxygen deficiency, which can limit the vegetation development and agricultural practices. The soil resource requires a detailed study due to the variability of oxisols, higher agricultural potential soils, in Distrito Federal, besides of agile techniques regarding to the accelerated population growth. Therefore, the physical environment characterization is a fundamental tool for planning, soil rational management usage and the conservation of this natural resource, which is base of any sustainable agricultural activity. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of physical-water properties in the morphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes in Oxisols of the Distrito Federal.

Desde a criação do Supremo Tribunal Federal, em 1891, a forma de escolha dos ministros da corte é a mesma: o presidente da República faz a nomeação dos ministros, escolhidos entre cidadãos com mais de trinta e cinco e menos de sessenta e cinco anos de idade, com “notável saber jurídico” e “conduta ilibada”, depois de passarem pela sabatina do Senado Federal. O debate acerca da forma de escolha dos ministros do STF não é novo, mas foi reascendido no Governo Lula, quando o presidente pretendia nomear “companheiros” políticos para o cargo. Propostas de emenda constitucional foram encaminhadas à Câmara e ao Senado, no intuito de modificar a atual forma de escolha dos ministros. Este trabalho pretende analisar a forma de escolha dos ministros do STF, desde a criação da instituição até hoje, além de analisar a formação e funcionamento de outras cortes supremas pelo mundo. Além disso, pretende analisar se a escolha dos ministros deve ser atribuição do presidente da república, ou deve ser função de uma comissão de caráter jurídico. Da mesma forma, pretende verificar se a atual forma de escolha dos Ministros do STF é a mais apropriada à democracia brasileira, e se auxilia para a ocorrência do fenômeno da politização da justiça.

No description available.

This study investigates the implementation phase of reorganization. Although determination of reorganization success or failure is a rather intractable problem, this study sheds light on this issue by performing a structured study of the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports to answer the question, what do GAO reports say about the implementation of federal agency reorganization? More specifically this study explores what portion of reorganization plans are implemented, what are both expected and unexpected costs, and what issues occurred during the implementation process. GAO reports on reorganization are used as a data source to gather information on a number of implementations of varying sizes. Content analysis is the tool to be used to extract data over a large number of implementations. This study provides a more nuanced view of implementation by evaluating a number of reorganization implementations as a data set. As Destler (1981a) said, 'For reorganization, as for any other change, implementation is the bottom line. Without it, the whole exercise is show and symbolism' (p. 155)Findings of this study reinforce observations on reorganization and implementation by many scholars. The results of the content analysis show the precepts of classical organization theory still influence implementation of reorganization. Economy and efficiency were found to be motivations in a large majority of reorganizations. This study also showed the primacy of personnel issues in implementation, especially when implementation resulted in a net loss of personnel. The desire to avoid layoffs combined with reduction in force procedures exacerbated uncertainty in implementation. Neither the implementation schedule nor the resulting workforce was completely under agency control in many cases. Finally, this study showed the conflict between advocates of less government and advocates of reinventing government was evidenced in reorganization implementation. / Ph. D.

No description available.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os processos de configuração identitária profissional de docentes de um Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. A problematização desta pesquisa se dá a partir da demanda atípica que os Institutos Federais trazem aos professores, uma vez que estes atuam simultaneamente em diversos níveis e modalidades de ensino no âmbito desta instituição educacional. Ancorado nos princípios metodológicos da pesquisa qualitativa, este estudo foi desenvolvido em dois momentos: o primeiro, por meio de revisão bibliográfica, buscou compreender os conceitos de identidade e identidade profissional com base nas contribuições de Ciampa (1997, 1998, 2017), Dubar (2005, 2009), Hall (2006) e Melucci (2004). Em particular, a abordagem da identidade profissional docente fundamenta-se em Silva (2007, 2009, 2010, 2015), Gatti (1996, 2012, 2016), Ferreira (2000) e Nóvoa (1999, 2009, 2017). No bojo do contexto contemporâneo líquido, a identidade profissional é tomada em seu caráter processual que se dá entre o individual (Eu professor) e o coletivo (Nós professores), o relacional e o biográfico; o sujeito é considerado como ser ativo no processo de (re)configuração identitária. Ainda no primeiro momento, buscamos também compreender o histórico da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional e dos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, que foram instituídos em 2008 com a sanção da Lei 11.892. O segundo momento da pesquisa foi para realização da pesquisa de campo, em que procedemos entrevistas semiestruturadas, bem como aplicamos a escala EIPST com treze professores de um Instituto Federal. Os resultados da pesquisa foram organizados em quatro categorias de análise. Dentre os principais aspectos representativos dos processos de configuração identitária dos professores entrevistados temos que contraditoriamente os professores identificam a docência de maneira valorizada, ampliada e delimitada no âmbito do Instituto Federal. Valorizada, pois, ainda que se confirme certa tendência de intensificação do trabalho docente, as condições objetivas relacionadas à carreira, salário e jornada de trabalho são compreendidas como elementos de valorização da docência. Ampliada, pois os docentes referem à possibilidade de trabalhar com vários níveis ou modalidade de ensino como enriquecedora, além de ressaltarem o quanto são mobilizados a construírem maneiras para lidar com esta demanda atípica. E delimitada, pois, frente às incertezas do cenário político e educacional brasileiro à época das entrevistas, os professores expressaram insegurança quanto ao futuro dos Institutos Federais o que influencia de maneira restritiva em seus projetos pessoais, bem como em seus planos relacionados à profissão e à formação continuada. / The objective of this research is to analyze the identity configuration processes of teachers in an Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. This paper examines the atypical demand that the Federal Institutes present to its faculty, since the teachers have to act simultaneously in different education levels and modalities in the institution. Based on methodological principles of a qualitative research, this study was carried out in two moments: first, the review of literature, which aimed to understand the concepts of identity and professional identity, based on the contributions of Ciampa (1997, 1998, 2017), Dubar (2005, 2009), Hall (2006), and Melucci (2004). The approach of teachers professional identity is largely based on Silva (2007, 2009, 2010, 2015), Gatti (1996, 2012, 2016), Ferreira (2000) and Nóvoa (1999, 2009, 2017). Amidst the liquid contemporary context, professional identity is understood in its processual character between the individual (I, teacher) and the collective (We, teachers), the relational and the biographic. The subject is considered an active being in the identity reconfiguration process. We sought to understand the history of the Rede Federal de Educação Profissional and the Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, which were set up in 2008 after the promulgation of the law 11.892. In the second moment of the research, we carried out semi-structured interviews, as well as applied the EIPST scale, with 13 teachers of a Federal Institute. The data collected was organized and divided into four categories of analysis. Amongst the main representative aspects of the identity configuration processes of the teachers interviewed, we have found that teachers identify the teaching experience in a conflicting way within the scope of the Federal Institute: as both valued, expanded and limited experiences. Valued, because they see the objective conditions regarding their career, salary and working hours as elements that highlight the teaching experience, despite noting a certain tendency for intensification of the work load. Expanded, because the possibility of working with various levels or modalities of teaching is referred to as fulfilling, and teachers emphasise how much they feel mobilized to search for new ways of dealing with this atypical demand. And it is seen as a limited experience, since the political and educational sceneries at the time of the interviews were filled with uncertainty, thus teachers demonstrated a sense of insecurity regarding the future of Federal Institutes in Brazil and this influences their personal projects in a restrictive manner, as well as their professional plans or continuing education.

Within the Canadian government, studies associated with staffing the federal public service have been endemic for over a century. Despite this, concerns about lack of change and dissatisfaction with staffing (too slow, too complex) remain hallmarks. The Public Service Modernization Act (PSMA) was introduced in 2003 as a means to bring about transformative change and yet, following a nearly two year study, the PSMA Review Report (2011) found that virtually no one was satisfied with changes in key aspects of the human resource and staffing regime. A strong desire for change was noted as existing, however, a diluted sense of ownership and powerlessness to change were also noted, even among the most powerful federal communities – deputy ministers, executives, and central agencies. As Canada’s largest employer, with an annual payroll that has been estimated at $22 billion and, with another era of potential change launched with the Public Service Commission’s 2016 introduction of New Directions in Staffing, federal staffing can be viewed as both timely and warranting academic examination. This dissertation combines the strengths of institutional change literature from political science, sociology and economics to examine the institution of federal staffing in the core public administration. It focuses on an extended period of time in order to identify if any substantive changes have occurred despite popular views of negligible change and to examine why change may not have occurred to advance toward the long expressed goal of simplified, efficient staffing of highly qualified (meritorious) public servants. This mixed methods case study uses documentary, archival, and qualitative and quantitative secondary source material as well as input from 49 semi-structured interviews with a variety of Canadian federal managerial and human resource representatives. It identifies and addresses issues that have only at times been identified and, others not typically detailed in government reports, particularly those associated with culture and path dependent history. Issues examined include power relations and key narratives as well as evolving ideas and logics of appropriateness that shape behaviour, some of which continue to exert pressure on current organizational and institutional choices despite having been in existence for, in some cases, 50 or 100 years. Some ideas for change are offered but this study suggests without attention to long-standing and systemic issues only highly incremental change should be expected.

This dissertation uses historical analysis to understand the political and social conditions that allowed for the creation of a cabinet-level Department of Education when many congressional representatives, state governments, and citizens of the United States were ideologically against federal involvement in education. A cabinet-level Department of Education posed problems for the United States because nowhere in the nation’s Constitution is education mentioned, thus leaving education to be a function of the states according to the 10th Amendment. This dissertation looks at calls for a department of education leading up to and including the one initiated by Jimmy Carter. Conducting a historical analysis of the creation of a cabinet-level Department of Education allows for the analysis not only of educational policies but also of culture and society both outside of and within the political sphere. This study relies on documents from the Carter presidency, the National Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers, Congressional records, education polls, and the New York Times and Washington Post, as well as secondary sources related to the various calls for a creation of a cabinet-level Department of Education and policy pieces associated with the creation. The study concludes that while the legislation for the creation of a cabinet-level Department of Education was politically motivated, it would have been difficult to pass if the groundwork for federal involvement in education had not already been put in place through previous congressional legislation and court decisions. By easing public sentiment and creating a need for managerial and administrative reform these prior acts of Congress and the courts paved the way for a cabinet-level Department of Education.