Nombreuses sont les écrivaines en Iran et en France qui portent un regard critique sur leur société et profitent de leur statut d’auteure pour exiger l’égalité des droits pour toutes les femmes. Zoyâ Pirzâd et Annie Ernaux ont pour but de présenter les réalités sociales d’une époque, chacune à sa manière et avec un style adapté à des sociétés aussi différentes que la France et l’Iran. En jouant le rôle de témoins du passé et du présent, ces deux écrivaines abordent la réalité quotidienne de la femme dans sa vie intime, de la naissance à l’âge adulte, ainsi que son statut familial et sa vie sociale, et les menaces qui guettent la femme dans la société. À travers leurs œuvres respectives, les deux auteures présentent une émancipation féminine qui ne s’est pas réalisée au même moment ni de la même façon dans ces deux pays ; dans ces deux sociétés, la publication de livres par les femmes a été une entreprise difficile et conflictuelle, surtout par le passé : malgré certains acquis, les femmes iraniennes sont néanmoins encore loin de jouir des mêmes droits que les hommes – la maternité ayant longtemps été vue comme le seul rôle de la femme. Les écrivaines parlent en général des sujets acceptables dans la société où l’œuvre est produite, mais pour des questions controversées comme la sexualité féminine, elles sont obligées de transgresser les normes sociales qui pèsent sur la littérature, au risque des critiques les plus violentes. Certaines théoriciennes, comme Hélène Cixous et Béatrice Didier, affirment la spécificité de l’écriture féminine. Cette distinction de genre peut en effet montrer l’influence d’une tradition machiste ou une culture sexiste sur la littérature. Pourtant, quoique les œuvres d’Annie Ernaux et de Zoyâ Pirzâd ne semblent pas relever exclusivement de l’écriture féminine, cette distinction genrée peut valoriser les écrits des femmes qui ont toujours été marginalisées et minorées. / Many are the female writers, both in Iran and France, who look at society with a critical eye, and capitalize on their status as female authors to demand equality of rights for all women. Zoyâ Pirzâd and Annie Ernaux aim at presenting the social realities of an era, both in a way and in a style that are adapted to societies as different as Iranian and French ones. As witnesses of the past and the present, these two female writers tackle the issues of daily life reality for women, their intimacy, from birth to adult age, as well as their family status and social lives, along with all the threats that surround them in society. Through their respective works, the two authors present a process of feminine emancipation that has not taken place at the same time or in the same way in the two countries; both in France and in Iran, the publication of books by female writers has been a difficult and contentious enterprise, especially in the past. Despite some victories, women in Iran are far from enjoying the same rights as men, since maternity has been, for a long time, considered as the one and only role women can play in society. The two authors deal with subjects that are deemed acceptable in the society in which they write. However, from the moment they choose to handle more controversial issues, like female sexuality, they have to transgress the social norms established in literature, risking harsh criticism doing so. Such female writing theoreticians as Hélène Cixous and Béatrice Didier affirm the idea of the specificity of female writing. This difference in gender can in fact show the influence of a male chauvinist tradition or sexist culture on literature. Yet, for as much as Annie Ernaux’ and Zoyâ Pirzâd’s works do not apparently partake of the school of female writing, this difference in genres may help promoting the writings of those women who have always been marginalized and “minored”.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-30T13:09:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulete Maria Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 5762811 bytes, checksum: 28834997c0c9ab30319d461d7b95a7bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T13:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulete Maria Cunha dos Santos.pdf: 5762811 bytes, checksum: 28834997c0c9ab30319d461d7b95a7bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-01 / Milton Valente / A presente tese busca analisar as experiências da educadora baiana Leolinda Daltro (c.1859-1935) como catequista entre os povos indígenas do Brasil central - região entre os rios Araguaia e Tocantins - e sua trajetória como mediadora e feminista, após o regresso ao Rio de Janeiro, na passagem do século XIX para o XX. Em decorrência desta percepção, optamos por, efetivamente, conceder relevo às repercussões da experiência de missão de Leolinda e sua articulação com uma ampla rede de personagens (ilustres ou não) da sociedade regional e nacional. Por esta proposição, situaremos aqui a memória individual da protagonista entendida como uma das práticas culturais dos registros de uma "produção de si". Leolinda, com certeza, sentiu, pensou e viveu experiências simultâneas e, por vezes, díspares - entre a sua atuação política em defesa da causa indígena e da emancipação da mulher -, que a colocaram como uma testemunha de tempos e espaços múltiplos nos anos que sucederam à instauração da República. Em relação a sua trajetória, esclarecemos que, após abordarmos sua atuação pela causa indígena, iremos nos deter também, mesmo que não de forma aprofundada, na fase inicial de sua atuação no Rio de Janeiro. Atuação que é tida como decisiva para alavancar o longo percurso do movimento pela emancipação feminina, especialmente, na luta pela igualdade política entre homens e mulheres e pelo pleno exercício da cidadania. / The present thesis aims to analyze the experiences from the educator Leolinda Daltro (c.1859-1935) as a catechist among the indigenous of central Brazil – a region between the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers – and her journey as a mediator and a feminist, after returning to Rio de Janeiro, in the late nineteenth century to the twentieth. As a result of this perception, we chose to effectively provide relief to the impact of the experience of mission Leolinda and its articulation with a wide network of characters (distinguished or not) of regional and national society. For this proposition, we will place here the memory of the individual protagonist understood as one of those cultural practices from records of a "self-production". Leolinda surely felt, thought and lived simultaneous experiences and sometimes disparate – among her political action in defense of indigenous cause and women emancipation – which put her as a witness for multiple spaces and times in the years followed the establishment of the Republic. Related to her journey, we clarify that after we discuss her actions for indigenous cause, we’ll also discourse, even if not deeply, the initial stage of her action in Rio de Janeiro. Action that is seen as crucial to leverage the long course of the movement for women's emancipation, especially in the struggle for political equality between men and women and the full exercise of citizenship.

This thesis looks at the emergence of women's equal rights movement in Czech society and its transformation in the curriculum. It centers on the evolution of female movement and women's emancipation from the initial efforts of informal equality, initiated by Bozena Nemcova, to the achievement of formal liberation and equal rights for women in the society in Czechoslovak republic, in 1920, by achieving an active voting rights, in other words by full and equal citizenship. The theoretical part examines sociological terminology and findings, describes secondary literature by various female writers who focus on the women's movement and gender, and describes women's action in 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The thesis discusses men who played a role in the women's civil rights movement, and also places the topic in the European context. It stresses the importance of women's work, particularly female writers, teachers and politicians. In the practical section the thesis centers on placing the topic within the curriculum reform. It highlights places of remembrance which can be valuable for low secondary school pupils, outlines Czech female emancipation in the context of Framework Educational Programme for Basic Education and summarizes information about gender in educational setting. This is...